Evaluación de la condición física en poblaciones de 6 a 14 años de México y Cuba

El presente estudio constituye un trabajo trascendente en el área del conocimiento de la condición física y representa el resultado de investigaciones realizadas en la República de Cuba y en los Estados Unidos Mexicanos como respuesta a la solicitud de ambos países. Fue diseñado estadísticamente, para representar datos oficiales y altamente confiables, con el objetivo de conocer el estado de la condición física de las dos naciones y valorar así, el efecto de los programas de Educación Física que se aplican. Se contó con el apoyo de las organizaciones deportivas y de cultura física al conformar los estudios, cuidadosamente tratados en el diseño de muestra, para ello se contó con un equipo de estadísticos especialistas que tuvieron a su cargo el procesamiento de la información. Los datos de este estudio se consideraron limitados para la publicación y una vez desclasificados se dan conocer. Se utilizaron iguales metodologías en su aplicación, lo que resulta una información valiosa para el perfeccionamiento de los planes y programas que en el campo de la Licenciatura en Cultura Física y se brinda una información que, en su comparación, llama a la reflexión de los especialistas de Educación Física, para continuar el perfeccionamiento de estas especialidades, en general.

O presente estudo constitui um trabalho transcendental na área do conhecimento da aptidão física e representa o resultado de uma pesquisa realizada na República de Cuba e nos Estados Unidos Mexicanos em resposta à solicitação de ambos os países. Foi projetado estatisticamente para representar dados oficiais e altamente confiáveis, com o objetivo de conhecer o estado da aptidão física em ambos os países e, assim, avaliar o efeito dos programas de Educação Física aplicados. As organizações esportivas e de cultura física foram apoiadas na elaboração dos estudos, cuidadosamente tratadas no desenho da amostra, com a ajuda de uma equipe de estatísticos especializados que foram responsáveis pelo processamento das informações. Os dados deste estudo foram considerados limitados para publicação e, uma vez desclassificados, são tornados públicos. Foram utilizadas as mesmas metodologias em sua aplicação, o que resulta em informações valiosas para o aprimoramento dos planos e programas no campo da cultura física e fornece informações que, em sua comparação, exigem a reflexão dos especialistas em educação física, a fim de continuar o aprimoramento dessas especialidades em geral.

The present study constitutes a transcendent work in the area of knowledge of physical condition and represents the result of research carried out in the Republic of Cuba and in the United Mexican States in response to the request of both countries. It was designed statistically, to represent official and highly reliable data, with the objective of knowing the state of the physical condition of the two nations and thus evaluating the effect of the Physical Education programs that are applied. It was had the support of sports and physical culture organizations when forming the studies, carefully treated in the sample design, for this it was had a team of specialist statisticians who were in charge of processing the information. The data from this study was considered limited for publication and will be released once declassified. The same methodologies were used in its application, which is valuable information for the improvement of plans and programs in the field of the Bachelor's Degree in Physical Culture and information is provided that, in comparison, calls for reflection by specialists. of Physical Education, to continue the improvement of these specialties, in general.

Complicaciones cerebrovasculares luego de angiografía coronaria en contexto de infarto agudo de miocardio. Estudio de cohorte / Cerebrovascular complications after invasive percutaneous coronary procedure for acute myocardial infarction in a patient cohort / Complicações cerebro-vasculares após procedimento coronário invasivo percutâneo para infarto do miocárdio aguda em um coorte do paciente

Resumen: Introducción: los eventos cerebrovasculares son una complicación grave, pero infrecuente, de los procedimientos coronarios invasivos. La angioplastia coronaria aumenta el riesgo de presentarla en 17 veces. Los pacientes que la sufren tienen más complicaciones agregadas y mayores tasas de mortalidad. Objetivo: determinar las características clínicas y evolutivas de los pacientes que desarrollaron un evento cerebrovascular luego de una angiografía coronaria de urgencia en el contexto de un infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Secundariamente, analizar la relación temporal entre ambos eventos e identificar factores previos asociados al desarrollo de la complicación neurológica. Método: cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes que sufrieron un evento cerebrovascular de cualquier tipo dentro de los 30 días posteriores a un procedimiento coronario por IAM en el Centro Cardiovascular Universitario, entre 2008 y 2017. Se analizaron características demográficas, del procedimiento coronario y del evento cerebrovascular. Resultados: 24 pacientes, 54,2% hombres; 1/3 del total tenía ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) previo. El 66,7% sufrió IAM sin elevación del segmento ST. Todos los eventos cerebrovasculares fueron isquémicos; la mayoría sobre la circulación anterior. El 62% ocurrió en las primeras 48 horas luego del procedimiento coronario, asociándose a mayor duración del procedimiento y número de vasos tratados. En tres casos se utilizó activador tisular del plasminógeno recombinante para reperfusión del evento neurológico. La mediana de NIHSS (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale) fue de 4 puntos (IQ 2-8) en IAM sin elevación del ST, y 8 puntos (IQ 3-20) en IAM con elevación del ST (p=0,20). El 79% de los pacientes sufrió complicaciones adicionales durante la hospitalización; cinco fallecieron. Conclusiones: entre quienes sufrieron complicaciones cerebrovasculares luego de angiografía coronaria pos-IAM existió una proporción similar de ambos sexos y un porcentaje elevado de pacientes con antecedentes de ACV. La forma de presentación del evento cardiovascular fue predominantemente IAM sin elevación del ST. Los eventos cerebrovasculares fueron isquémicos, en su mayoría de la circulación cerebral anterior y ocurrieron en las primeras 48 horas. El ACV/AIT (ataque isquémico transitorio) en este contexto podría asociarse a una mayor estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad.

Summary: Introduction: cerebrovascular events are serious but infrequent complications of invasive percutaneous coronary procedure. Coronary angioplasty increases the risk 17 times. Patients suffering this complication have higher morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: to determine the clinical and evolutionary characteristics of the patients who developed a cerebrovascular event after an emergency coronary angiography in the context of an acute myocardial infarction. Secondly, analyze the temporal relationship between both events and identify previous factors associated with the development of neurological complications. Methods: demographic, characteristics of the angiographic procedure, and cerebrovascular features of a population of patients with stroke occurring within 30 days after of invasive percutaneous coronary procedure for myocardial infarctions are described. Data was retrospectively collected from the Cardiovascular University Center (Hospital de Clínicas, Montevideo, Uruguay) between 2008-2017. Results: 24 patients, 54.2% were men; 1/3 had prior stroke; 66.7% presented non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. All of the cerebrovascular events were ischemic, most were from the anterior circulation. 62% occurred in the first 48 hours after invasive percutaneous coronary procedure, having this group a higher percentage of percutaneous coronary angioplasty and longer procedures. In three patients recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was used for stroke treatment. NIHSS median was 4 points (IQ 2-8) in patients without ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and 8 points (IQ 3-20) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (p=0.20). 79% of patients had complications during the hospitalization, and 5 died. Conclusions: there was a similar proportion of men and women, and a high percentage of patients with a history of stroke. The presentation of the cardiovascular events was predominantly non ST myocardial infarction. All the cerebrovascular events were ischemic, it occurred for most patients in the first 48 hours after invasive percutaneous coronary procedure, and the anterior brain circulation was most commonly affected. Stroke/transient ischemic attack after invasive percutaneous coronary procedure could be associated with longer hospital stays and death.

Resumo: Introdução: o acidente vascular cerebral é uma complicação séria, mas pouco frequente, da procedimiento coronário invasivo percutâneo. Angioplastia coronariana aumenta o risco 17 vezes. Pacientes que sofrem dessa complicação têm mais complicações e maiores taxas de mortalidade. Objetivo: determinar as características clínicas e evolutivas dos pacientes que desenvolveram um evento cerebrovascular após uma angiografia coronária de emergência no contexto de um infarto agudo do miocárdio. Em segundo lugar, analise a relação temporal entre os dois eventos e identifique os fatores anteriores associados ao desenvolvimento de complicações neurológicas. Métodos: uma coorte retrospectiva dos pacientes que sofreram um acidente vascular cerebral nos primeiros 30 dias de um procedimento coronário para o infarto agudo do miocárdio, e a análise dos seus dados demográficos e características de processo coronária e acidente vascular cerebral é realizada é descrito. Dados do Centro Cardiovascular Universitário do Hospital de Clínicas de Montevidéu, Uruguai, foram obtidos retrospectivamente a partir das datas entre 2008 e 2017. Resultados: 24 pacientes; 54,2% eram homens; 1/3 haviam sofrido um ataque cerebrovascular prévio; 66,7% apresentavam infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Todos os eventos cerebrovasculares foram isquêmicos, a maioria era da circulação anterior. 62% dos eventos cerebrovasculares ocorreram nas primeiras 48 horas após o procedimento coronário, tendo encontrado nesse grupo procedimentos mais longos e com mais angioplastias coronarianas realizadas. Em 3 pacientes, a ativador do plasminogênio tissular recombinante foi usada para tratar o acidente vascular cerebral. O NIHSS mediana foi de 4 pontos (IQ 2-8) no infarto agudo do miocárdio, sem elevação do segmento ST, e 8 pontos (IQ 3- 20) no infarto agudo do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST (p = 0,20) . 79% dos pacientes sofreram complicações durante a internação e 5 morreram. Conclusões: houve uma proporção semelhante de ambos sexos e uma alta porcentagem de pacientes com história de acidente vascular cerebral. A apresentação do evento cardiovascular foi predominantemente IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. O ataque cerebrovascular foi isquêmico, ocorreu mais freqüentemente nas primeiras 48 horas e afetou principalmente a circulação cerebral anterior. Acidente vascular cerebral após intervenção coronária percutânea poderia estar associada a uma permanência hospitalar mais longa e mortalidade.

Feasibility of the AML profiler (Skyline™ Array) for patient risk stratification in a multicentre trial: a preliminary comparison with the conventional approach.

Deoxyribonucleic acid microarrays allow researchers to measure mRNA levels of thousands of genes in a single experiment and could be useful for diagnostic purposes in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We assessed the feasibility of the AML profiler (Skyline™ Array) in genetic stratification of patients with de novo AML and compared the results with those obtained using the standard cytogenetic and molecular approach. Diagnostic bone marrow from 31 consecutive de novo AML cases was used to test MLL-PTD, FLT3-ITD and TKD, NPM1 and CEBPAdm mutations. Purified RNA was used to assess RUNX1-RUNX1T1, PML-RARα and CBFß-MYH11 rearrangements. RNA remnants underwent gene expression profiling analysis using the AML profiler, which detects chromosomal aberrations: t(8;21), t(15;17), inv(16), mutations (CEBPAdm, ABD-NPM1) and BAALC and EVI1 expression. Thirty cases were successfully analysed with both methods. Five cases had FLT3-ITD. In one case, a t(8;21) was correctly detected by both methods. Four cases had inv(16); in one, the RNA quality was unsatisfactory and it was not hybridized, and in the other three, the AML profiler detected the genetic lesion - this being a rare type I translocation in one case. Two cases with acute promyelocytic leukaemia were diagnosed by both methods. Results for NPM1 mutations were concordant in all but two cases (2/11, non-ABD mutations). Analysis of costs and turnaround times showed that the AML profiler was no more expensive than the conventional molecular approach. These results suggest that the AML profiler could be useful in multicentre trials to rapidly identify patients with AML with a good prognosis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Profiling sirolimus-induced inflammatory syndrome: a prospective tricentric observational study.

BACKGROUND: The use of the immunosuppressant sirolimus in kidney transplantation has been made problematic by the frequent occurrence of various side effects, including paradoxical inflammatory manifestations, the pathophysiology of which has remained elusive. METHODS: 30 kidney transplant recipients that required a switch from calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus-based immunosuppression, were prospectively followed for 3 months. Inflammatory symptoms were quantified by the patients using visual analogue scales and serum samples were collected before, 15, 30, and 90 days after the switch. RESULTS: 66% of patients reported at least 1 inflammatory symptom, cutaneo-mucosal manifestations being the most frequent. Inflammatory symptoms were characterized by their lability and stochastic nature, each patient exhibiting a unique clinical presentation. The biochemical profile was more uniform with a drop of hemoglobin and a concomitant rise of inflammatory acute phase proteins, which peaked in the serum 1 month after the switch. Analyzing the impact of sirolimus introduction on cytokine microenvironment, we observed an increase of IL6 and TNFα without compensation of the negative feedback loops dependent on IL10 and soluble TNF receptors. IL6 and TNFα changes correlated with the intensity of biochemical and clinical inflammatory manifestations in a linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Sirolimus triggers a destabilization of the inflammatory cytokine balance in transplanted patients that promotes a paradoxical inflammatory response with mild stochastic clinical symptoms in the weeks following drug introduction. This pathophysiologic mechanism unifies the various individual inflammatory side effects recurrently reported with sirolimus suggesting that they should be considered as a single syndromic entity.

Retreatment by antithymocyte globulin for second kidney transplantation: efficacy, tolerance and safety.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether kidney transplant patients who receive rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) become immunized against rabbit antibodies, leading to reduced efficacy, or are at higher risk of cytomegalovirus infection or post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) on retreatment. The efficacy and tolerance of rATG when used as induction for the second time in patients undergoing retransplantation have not been evaluated. METHODS: In a retrospective case-control study, 54 retransplanted patients who received rATG (Thymoglobulin) induction for the second time during 2004-2010 were compared to a matched cohort of 108 patients receiving rATG induction for a first kidney transplantation during the same period. Maintenance treatment was similar in both groups. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 45.8 months and 47.3 months in the second and first treatment groups, respectively. No differences were observed between the two groups in terms of leukocyte, lymphocyte or platelet depletion. Dose and duration of rATG treatment were similar in both groups, suggesting a similar tolerance profile. Cytomegalovirus infection (including primoinfection and reactivation) occurred in 4/54 retreated patients versus 22/108 controls (p=0.108). Use of cytomegalovirus prophylaxis was similar between groups. PTLD occurred in one control patient and no retreated patients. CONCLUSION: A second course of rATG induction results in similar lymphocyte depletion and is as well tolerated as a first course. The incidence of cytomegalovirus infection and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease was not increased during retreatment. Further studies are required to evaluate specific T cell subpopulation depletion and compare long-term outcome in patients receiving a second induction with rATG.

Pancreas retransplantation: a second chance for diabetic patients?

BACKGROUND: If pancreas transplantation is a validated alternative for type 1 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease, the management of patients who have lost their primary graft is poorly defined. This study aims at evaluating pancreas retransplantation outcome. METHODS: Between 1976 and 2008, 569 pancreas transplantations were performed in Lyon and Geneva, including 37 second transplantations. Second graft survival was compared with primary graft survival of the same patients and the whole population. Predictive factors of second graft survival were sought. Patient survival and impact on kidney graft function and survival were evaluated. RESULTS: Second pancreas survival of the 17 patients transplanted from 1995 was close to primary graft survival of the whole population (71% vs. 79% at 1 year and 59% vs. 69% at 5 years; P=0.5075) and significantly better than their first pancreas survival (71% vs. 29% at 1 year and 59% vs. 7% at 5 years; P=0.0008) regardless of the cause of first pancreas loss. The same results were observed with all 37 retransplantations. Survival of second simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantations was better than survival of second pancreas after kidney. Patient survival was excellent (89% at 5 years). Pancreas retransplantation had no impact on kidney graft function and survival (100% at 5 years). CONCLUSION: Pancreas retransplantation is a safe procedure with acceptable graft survival that should be proposed to diabetic patients who have lost their primary graft.

Intervención educativa para elevar el nivel de conocimientos sobre rabia en adolescentes / Educational intervention to elevate the knowledge level on rabies in adolescents

La rabia humana es una zoonosis que afecta principalmente a la población que vive en condiciones de pobreza extrema, que convive con animales domésticos.Objetivo: elevar el nivel de conocimientos de los estudiantes sobre la rabia y la forma de prevenir la enfermedad.Método: Se realizó una intervención educativa para elevar el nivel de conocimientos acerca de la rabia en estudiantes de la escuela Secundaria Básica Pepito Mendoza, municipio Camagüey, desde de enero hasta diciembre de 2009. El universo estuvo constituido 381 alumnos, se tomó una muestra de 96 alumnos seleccionados a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se utilizó el programa estadístico EPIDAT, se les aplicó una encuesta que constituyó la fuente primaria de obtención de los datos.Resultados: después de la intervención aumentaron los conocimientos que poseían los estudiantes, la mayoría fueron evaluados de bien. Se demostró la importancia de métodos prácticos, didácticos y participativos para mejorar la comprensión de esta zoonosis.Conclusiones: después de aplicar la intervención se logró un aumento significativo del conocimiento en los estudiantes sobre la rabia y su prevención, por lo que se consideró efectiva la intervención

Human rabies is a zoonosis that affects the population who mainly lives under extreme poverty conditions and lives together with domestic animals.Objective: to elevate the knowledge level of students about rabies and the way to prevent the disease.Method: an educational intervention to elevate the knowledge level about rabies was carried out in students of the Secondary School Pepito Mendoza, Camagüey Municipality, from January 1st to December 31, 2009. The universe was constituted by 381 students, of them 96 were selected through a simple random sampling using the statistical program EPIDAT, to those students were applied a survey, which constituted the primary source of data.Results: After the intervention the students’ knowledge increased, the majority were evaluated as well. It was demonstrated the importance of educational, practical and participatory methods to improve the understanding of this zoonosis.Conclusion: after applying the intervention a significant increase of knowledge on rabies and its prevention, were achieved by the students. The intervention was considered as effective

HBsAg as predictor of outcome in renal transplant patients

Las hepatitis virales crónicas causadas por los virus B y C son un problema común en los pacientes trasplantados renales. No hay un consenso en cuanto a su influencia en la evolucíon del injerto y la sobrevida de los pacientes trasplantados renales. Evaluamos en forma retrospectiva la influencia de la positividad de antiHBc, antiHCV y HBsAg; sexo; edad mayor de 50 años al momento del trasplante; elevación de la alaninaminotransferasa en el período pre y postrasplante; rechazo agudo; tipo de injerto; número de trasplantes; y tratamiento inmunosupresor en la sobrevida del injerto renal y del paciente en los pacientes trasplantados en nuestro centro entre 1991 y 1998. El análisis univariado mostró que la presencia de antiHBc, anti HCV y HBsAg, más de un trasplante renal y uno o más episodios de rechazo agudo se asociaron con una disminución en la sobrevida de los pacientes. El análisis multivariado mostró que la presencia de positividad para HBsAg y uno o más episodios de rechazo agudo se asociaron con una disminución en la sobrevida del injerto, y ninguna de las variables se asoció con una disminución en la sobrevida de los pacientes. En conclusión: la presencia de antiHCV y HBsAg se asoció con un mayor riesgo de muerte, aunque esto no fue estadísticamente significativo.

Cumulative incidence, indications, morbidity and mortality of transplant nephrectomy and the most appropriate time for graft removal: only nonfunctioning transplants that cause intractable complications should be excised.

PURPOSE: We assessed the cumulative incidence of transplant nephrectomy in our population of patients who underwent transplantation and those in whom the transplant failed due to immunological causes. Transplant nephrectomy indications, morbidity and mortality were analyzed to establish the most appropriate time for graft removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included all patients who underwent transplantation and graft removal at our institution from January 1, 1970 through January 1, 2000. We estimated the noncumulative incidence of transplant nephrectomy, morbidity and mortality. The cumulative incidence of transplant nephrectomy was estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Of the 631 renal transplants performed in 598 patients we studied a total of 91 transplant nephrectomies in 85 patients. The cumulative incidence of transplant nephrectomy 15 years after the date of transplantation was 25% (95% CI 14 to 40). The cumulative incidence of transplant nephrectomy at 10 years after the date of return to dialysis was 74% (95% CI 49 to 90). The main indication for transplant nephrectomy was graft related complications associated with chronic rejection in 58.2% of cases. The morbidity rate was 48.3% (95% CI 37.7 to 59). Hemorrhagic events were the chief complication. In 7 patients there was a total of 10 reoperations (10.9%, 95% CI 5.3 to 19.2). The mortality rate was 7% (95% CI 2.6 to 14.7). These patients died of sepsis. Urgent transplant nephrectomies had statistically higher morbidity and mortality (p <0.01 and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Most transplant nephrectomies were performed within 2 years of the transplant date and almost half were done within year 1 after the return to dialysis. The advent of cyclosporine significantly decreased the transplant nephrectomy rate at the expense of fewer graft failures but not at the expense of a lower amount of graft related symptoms after patients returned to dialysis. Bleeding was the leading cause of morbidity and infection was the main cause of mortality. Considering the high morbidity and mortality of transplant nephrectomy, and the potential benefits of leaving nonfunctioning grafts in situ our current policy is to remove the graft only in cases of failed transplants that cause intractable complications.

Hemorragia digestiva alta en pacientes con trasplante renal funcionante durante la era ciclosporina: experiencia de 10 años / Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in kidney trasplant patients

La Hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) en pacientes trasplantados renales constituye un cuadro de gravedad no solo por poner en riesgo la vida del paciente, sino la funcionalidad del injerto. Se han documentado cuatro casos (1,2 por ciento) de HDA en pacientes trasplantados renales con riñon funcionante sobre un total de 340 trasplantes en 328 pacientes desde el advenimiento de la ciclosporina como droga inmunosupresora en el país en enero de 1986 hasta el 11 de abril de 1996. No hubo defunciones ni pérdidas del injerto directamente vinculadas a la HDA. La baja incidencia de HDA estaria relacionada a la profilaxis perioperatoria con bloqueantes H2 y a la rigurosa selección de los receptores. La cirugía profiláctica pre trasplante no está indicada. El tratamiento quirúrgico esta indicado en los casos refractarios a la terapéutica médica. El adecuado tratamiento y profilaxis de cualquier patología causante de una potencial HDA, especialmente la enfermedad ulceropéptica, y la selección de los pacientes receptores aseguran un trasplante renal con muy baja incidencia de complicaciones hemorrágicas esofagogastroduodenales