RESUMO
Five dogs, 4 of which were Greyhounds, suffered adverse effects secondary to the ingestion of spent hops. Mean time to onset of clinical signs was 3 hours, and clinical signs included marked hyperthermia, restlessness, panting, vomiting, signs of abdominal pain, and seizures. Four of the 5 dogs died despite aggressive therapeutic measures, and there was rapid onset of rigor mortis in 3. The overrepresentation of Greyhounds, coupled with the clinical signs, was suggestive of a malignant hyperthermia-like response to the ingestion of hops. It also is possible that hops contain an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Hipertermia Maligna/veterinária , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Plantas Comestíveis , Plantas Medicinais , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Hipertermia Maligna/etiologia , Intoxicação por Plantas/complicações , Intoxicação por Plantas/etiologiaAssuntos
Ração Animal , Carcinógenos Ambientais/toxicidade , Ciclobutanos/toxicidade , Fumonisinas , Fusarium , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Vitamina A/sangue , Animais , Carcinógenos Ambientais/administração & dosagem , Galinhas , Ciclobutanos/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , Micotoxinas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Cases of melaleuca oil toxicosis have been reported by veterinarians to the National Animal Poison Control Center when the oil was applied dermally to dogs and cats. In most cases, the oil was used to treat dermatologic conditions at inappropriate high doses. The typical signs observed were depression, weakness, incoordination and muscle tremors. The active ingredients of commercial melaleuca oil are predominantly cyclic terpenes. Treatment of clinical signs and supportive care has been sufficient to achieve recovery without sequelae within 2-3 d.
Assuntos
Óleos Voláteis/toxicidade , Óleos de Plantas/toxicidade , Administração Cutânea , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Óleos Voláteis/farmacocinética , Óleos de Plantas/farmacocinética , Óleo de Melaleuca , Terpenos/farmacocinética , Terpenos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from broiler chicks that had ingested feed amended with autoclaved Fusarium proliferatum culture material containing fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2) and moniliformin. Lymphocyte viability was determined for birds that were placed on amended rations at day 1 or day 7 of age at three different levels of mycotoxins, ranging from 61-546 ppm FB1, 14-94 ppm FB2 and 66-367 ppm moniliformin. Reduction of the tetrazolium salt, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], to yield MTT formazan, based on mitochondrial metabolic activity, was used to assess cell viability. Lymphocyte cytotoxic effects were observed in all treatment groups on day 21; chicks that started on amended feed at day 1 of age were affected more than those that started at day 7. Abnormal erythrocytes resembling early stages of erythroblasts were observed in peripheral blood from test chicks. Abnormally shaped red cells (poikilocytes) having a spindle-shape with one or both ends pointed were present. Some red cells appeared to be undergoing mitosis. Both reduced lymphocyte viability and abnormal erythrogenesis occurred in chicks given feed amended with F. proliferatum culture material containing FB1, FB2 and moniliformin.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Ciclobutanos/toxicidade , Eritrócitos/citologia , Fumonisinas , Linfócitos/citologia , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Ração Animal , Animais , Carcinógenos Ambientais/toxicidade , Sobrevivência Celular , Fusarium/química , MasculinoRESUMO
Cottonseed meal (CSM) that contained a high concentration of free gossypol was inadvertently used as a protein supplement, without appropriate iron supplementation, for a swine herd in Illinois. Fifty percent of 300 grower and finishing swine died, and an additional 20% became ill during a 4- to 6-week period. Clinical signs included respiratory distress and abdominal distention. At necropsy, the hearts were diffusely pale, flaccid, and rounded because of dilatation of all 4 chambers, the livers were large and congested, and hydropericardium, hydrothorax, and ascites were evident. Histologic changes consisted of diffuse myocardial fiber atropy with perinuclear vacuolation, and multifocal myocardial and skeletal muscle necrosis. Changes in the liver included marked centrilobular congestion, loss of hepatocytes, and fatty degeneration. Differential diagnoses included monensin, selenium, and gossypol toxicoses, and vitamin E/selenium deficiency. Analyzed feed samples did not contain monensin. Feed selenium concentrations ranged from 428 to 1,513 micrograms/kg, and iron concentrations from 160 to 180 mg/kg. Cottonseed meal (3 to 10%) was detected by feed microscopy. A sample of the 40% protein supplement contained 19% CSM and 1,300 mg of free gossypol/kg, whereas feed samples contained 200 to 400 mg of free gossypol/kg. The history, clinical signs, pathologic findings, and feed analyses were compatible with a diagnosis of gossypol toxicosis. Cottonseed meal, a high-protein supplement used widely in southern United States, may contain gossypol (a polyphenolic binaphthalene pigment), which in its free form is especially toxic to simple-stomached animals. If CSM is used, supplementation with ferrous sulfate is recommended at a 1:1 weight ratio with free gossypol, up to 400 mg of FeSO4/kg.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/intoxicação , Óleo de Sementes de Algodão/análise , Gossipol/intoxicação , Miocárdio/patologia , Doenças dos Suínos/induzido quimicamente , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Feminino , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Miofibrilas/efeitos dos fármacos , Miofibrilas/patologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/patologiaRESUMO
Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) was given IV to pigs (0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight), cattle (0 and 0.5 mg/kg), and dogs (0 and 0.5 mg/kg). Blood was collected and hemograms were done at 0.5-hour intervals for 8 hours. The animals were euthanatized at 8 hours after treatment, and bone marrow samples were taken and examined by light microscopy. Moderate to severe necrosis of bone marrow hematopoietic elements was found in animals given DAS. The sequential increase in the type and number of abnormal cells in the blood suggested a successive destruction of the hematopoietic elements. A marked left shift in the neutrophil population was found in animals given DAS. Metarubricytes and large platelets were found in the blood of animals given DAS. Lymphocytes were replaced with immature cells. Pathologic changes were most severe in the pigs given a dosage of 1.0 mg of DAS/kg. The order of species sensitivity to DAS was pigs greater than dogs much greater than cattle.
Assuntos
Bovinos/sangue , Cães/sangue , Sesquiterpenos/toxicidade , Suínos/sangue , Tricotecenos/toxicidade , Animais , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Two male English Setters were noticed to be breathing rapidly, hyperexcitable, and atactic after roaming a rural area for 2 hours. Both dogs' cost were stained with yellow liquid. One dog died while en route to the veterinarian. Treatment was begun for the surviving dog for what was initially diagnosed to be organophosphorus or carbamate insecticide toxicosis. Before the diagnosis could be confirmed, the second dog died. The yellow liquid on the dogs' skin was identified as dinoseb in high concentrations. Dinoseb is an acutely toxic, substituted dinitrophenolic herbicide believed to act as an uncoupler of electron transport from oxidative phosphorylation.
Assuntos
2,4-Dinitrofenol/análogos & derivados , Dinitrofenóis/intoxicação , Doenças do Cão/induzido quimicamente , Herbicidas/intoxicação , Inseticidas/intoxicação , Difosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Animais , Cães , Transporte de Elétrons/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Fosforilação Oxidativa/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A gas chromatographic method for screening trichothecene mycotoxins in feeds is described. Feed is extracted with acetonitrile-water, and the toxins are purified with charcoal-alumina-Celite, Florisil, and silica mini-columns. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin, and their fungal metabolites are hydrolyzed to their corresponding parent alcohols (DON, NIV, scirpentriol, or T-2 tetraol) by alkaline hydrolysis. After derivatization to their pentafluoropropionyl analogs, they are quantitated by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Identity can be confirmed and sensitivity can be increased by using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry with no additional sample workup. Recoveries of DAS, DON, and T-2 toxin averaged, respectively, 80, 65, and 85% in corn; 84, 65, and 88% in soybeans; and 70, 57, and 96% in mixed feeds at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 ppm. Recoveries of 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), HT-2, NIV, and T-2 tetraol were 97, 97, 86, and 56%, respectively, in corn at a concentration of 0.25 ppm: A detection limit of 0.02 ppm in corn, soybeans, and mixed feeds, and 0.05 ppm in silages is estimated.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Sesquiterpenos/análise , Toxina T-2/análise , Tricotecenos/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa , Hidrólise , Indicadores e Reagentes , Espectrometria de Massas , Glycine max/análise , Zea mays/análiseRESUMO
In swine and cattle given 0, 0.1, or 0.5 and 0, 0.5 mg of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)/kg of body weight, IV, respectively; DAS had a large volume of distribution and total body clearance. The shortness of the interval between halothane and DAS exposures significantly (P greater than 0.05) decreased DAS biotransformation. Urinary excretion of DAS as a parent compound was not an important route of elimination. In swine and cattle, DAS was transformed by sequential deacetylation to monoacetoxyscirpenol and scirpentriol.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/metabolismo , Bovinos/metabolismo , Halotano/farmacologia , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Suínos/metabolismo , Tricotecenos/metabolismo , Anestesia Geral/veterinária , Animais , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/toxicidade , Biotransformação , Feminino , Cinética , Masculino , Micotoxinas/metabolismo , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Tricotecenos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Thirty-four, 9- to 11-week-old, male castrated, crossbred, specific pathogen-free derived pigs were exposed to a T-2 toxin aerosol at a nebulized dose of 0 or 9 mg/kg in pairs, each pair consisting of 1 control and 1 T-2 treated pig which were exposed on the same day. Twenty to 30% of the toxin (1.8 to 2.7 mg/kg) was retained by the pigs. Five pairs were killed on each of 1, 3 and 7 days after dosing. Two pairs of pigs were designated as a 0.33-day group when one T-2 treated pig died and the other was killed in a moribund state at 8 to 10 hours after dosing. The pulmonary and systemic immunity and morphologic changes of the lungs and other organs were examined. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to obtain alveolar macrophages (AM) and pulmonary lymphocytes (PL). The phagocytic ability of AM and mitogen-induced blastogenic responses of enriched PL and peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated. Clinically, all of the T-2 treated pigs vomited and were cyanotic, anorexic, lethargic and laterally recumbent. In the 0.33-, 1-, and 3-day T-2 treated pigs, there was a marked reduction in AM phagocytosis and mitogen-induced blastogenic responses of PL but not of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mild to moderate, multifocal interstitial pneumonia was seen in the majority of the T-2 treated pigs. In pigs dying following inhalation of T-2 toxin, there was a more severe pneumonia, as well as marked necrosis of lymphoid tissues, severe necrohemorrhagic gastroenteritis and edema of the gall bladder wall, and multifocal necrosis of the heart and pancreas. Thus, inhalation exposure to T-2 toxin can result in clinical signs and morphologic changes resembling those reported previously in pigs given T-2 toxin intravascularly (iv) at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg (approximate LD50) or greater, as well as death. Mild pulmonary injury as well as transient impairment of pulmonary immunity was present in pigs surviving inhalation exposure.
Assuntos
Imunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Sesquiterpenos/toxicidade , Toxina T-2/toxicidade , Administração por Inalação , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/patologia , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Linfoide/patologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Miocárdio/patologia , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , SuínosRESUMO
The efficacy of a variety of approaches for the treatment of animals with acute T-2 toxicosis was assessed utilizing young female rats. A single large dose of the water soluble salt of methylprednisolone significantly prolonged survival times in T-2 toxin treated animals. The use of diltiazem hydrochloride, dazemgrel, N-acetylcysteine, dimethyl sulfoxide, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ATP combined with magnesium chloride, ascorbic acid, and aprotinin did not prolong survival times at the dosages administered. Trichodermin, a trichothecene similar in structure and biochemical activity to T-2 toxin but much less acutely toxic, had a detrimental effect on survival times whether given 1 hr prior to or after T-2 toxin.
Assuntos
Intoxicação Alimentar por Cogumelos/terapia , Sesquiterpenos/antagonistas & inibidores , Toxina T-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Trifosfato de Adenosina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Diltiazem/uso terapêutico , Hemissuccinato de Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Tricodermina/uso terapêuticoAssuntos
Sesquiterpenos/análise , Tricotecenos/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Cromatografia Gasosa , Eletroquímica , Fezes/análise , Tricotecenos/urinaRESUMO
A gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolite DOM-1 in milk. Milk samples were extracted with ethyl acetate on a commercially available disposable extraction column, followed by hexane-acetonitrile partitioning. Final purification was accomplished on a reverse phase C-18 cartridge. The trimethylsilyl ether (TMS) derivatives of DON were prepared, chromatographed on an OV-17 column, and quantitated with an electron capture detector. Chromatography of the TMS derivatives of milk extracts was compared to that of the corresponding heptafluorobutyryl derivatives. The limit of detection using TMS derivatives was 1 ng/mL for both toxins with recoveries averaging 82% +/- 9% at 2.5 and 10 ng/mL milk for DON and 85% +/- 6% at 10 ng/mL for DOM-1.
Assuntos
Microbiologia de Alimentos , Leite/análise , Micotoxinas/análise , Sesquiterpenos/análise , Tricotecenos/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Cromatografia Gasosa , Tricotecenos/metabolismoRESUMO
Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS, anguidine) was given intravenously to swine at 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg body wt. In mitotically and metabolically active tissues such as gastrointestinal epithelium and lymphoid aggregates the effects of DAS mimicked radiation poisoning. A quadratic dose-response relationship between the cytotoxicity of DAS and damage to enterocytes was found. Enterocytes in different anatomical regions of the bowel had differing susceptibilities to the toxic effects of DAS. In lymphoid tissues, DAS was preferentially cytotoxic to B-lymphocyte-rich tissues as compared to T-lymphocyte-rich tissues. In all pigs dosed with DAS the bone marrow was void of hemopoietic elements. DAS was cytotoxic to cells with specialized ion pumps, namely, renal tubular, gastric parietal, and salivary ducts. Cell damage in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas and adrenal gland accounted for changes in blood glucose. Endothelial necrosis and hemorrhage were observed in the brain. These findings were compared with those reported for other 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes and ionizing radiation and we concluded that a similar mechanism of cytotoxicity could exist.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/toxicidade , Sesquiterpenos/toxicidade , Tricotecenos/toxicidade , Animais , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/administração & dosagem , Glicemia/análise , Peso Corporal , Creatinina/sangue , Sistema Digestório/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Digestório/patologia , Feminino , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Íleo/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/patologia , Injeções Intravenosas , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/patologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Tecido Linfoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Linfoide/patologia , Masculino , Necrose , Suínos , Tricotecenos/administração & dosagem , Tricotecenos/sangueRESUMO
A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of T-2 toxin in plasma is described. The toxin is extracted with benzene, washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide, and chromatographed on a small Florisil column; the heptafluorobutyryl derivative is prepared by reaction with heptafluorobutyrylimidazole. The T-2 HFB derivative is chromatographed on OV-1 at 230 degrees C and measured with an electron capture detector. Iso-T-2, an isomer of T-2 toxin, is added to samples as an internal standard before extraction. Recoveries averaged 98.0 +/- 5.5% at levels ranging from 50 to 1000 ng/mL. The limit of detection is 25 ng/mL.