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INTRODUCTION: Due to the interaction between smoking and the virus and the antiretroviral therapy, the excess health hazard due to smoking is higher in HIV+ patients than in the general population. International studies suggest a higher prevalence of smoking in HIV+ subjects compared to the general population. It was the aim of the study to assess prevalence of smoking, to analyze determinants of smoking, and to evaluate readiness to quit in HIV+ patients in Germany and Austria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with positive tested HIV status, smokers and non-smokers, who are treated in seven different HIV care centres in Austria and Germany were included. Nicotine dependence was assessed with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependency (FTND), and stages of change by a standardized readiness to quit questionnaire. Self-reported smoking status was objectified by measuring exhaled carbon monoxide levels. Smokers who wanted to quit were offered a structured smoking cessation programme, and those who did not want to quit received a 1-minute consultation. After six months, the smoking status of all included subjects was reassessed. RESULTS: A total of 447 patients were included; the response rate was 92%. Prevalence of smoking was 49.4%. According to a multivariate logistic regression analysis, lower age, male sex, lower educational level, and smoking of the partner were significantly associated with the smoking status. According to the FTND, 25.3% showed a low (0-2 points), 27.6 a moderate (3-4 points) and 47.1% a high (5-10 points) dependency. Regarding stages of change, 15.4% of the smokers were in the stadium precontemplation, 48.4 in contemplation, 15.4 in preparation and 10.0 in the stadium action. 11.0% were not assignable in any stadium. Higher education level and lower grade of dependency were significantly associated with the wish to quit smoking. Six months after the baseline examination, smoking cessation visits (at least one session) was performed in 28.5% of the smokers. 13% of the smokers have quit smoking, 23% have reduced smoking and 63% did not change smoking habits positively 6 months after the first visit. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence rates for smoking in HIV+ subjects are higher than in the general population. Readiness to quit is, however, high, and 13% of smokers who have quit smoking after six months is a remarkable short-term success. This observation underlines the importance and feasibility of addressing smoking habits in HIV care.
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BACKGROUND: AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) remains a frequent complication of HIV infection. We analyzed the outcome of patients with ARL with respect to the use and efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and to potential prognostic factors. METHODS: This multicenter cohort study included patients with systemic ARL diagnosed between 1990-2001. We evaluated overall survival and the effects of several variables on overall survival using the Kaplan-Meier method and the extended Cox proportional hazards model. Response to HAART was used as a time-dependent variable and was defined as a CD4 cell count increase of >/= 100 x 106 cells/l and/or at least one viral load < 500 copies/ml during the first 2 years following diagnosis of ARL. RESULTS: Among 203 patients with ARL, median overall survival was 9.0 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 7.6-12.4 months]. In the univariate analyses, age < 60 years, no previous AIDS, CD4 cell counts >/= 200 x 106 cells/l, hemoglobin > 11 g/dl, Ann Arbor stages I-II and A, no extranodal lesion, response to HAART, and complete remission showed statistically significant association with prolonged overall survival. In the multivariate Cox model, the only factors independently associated with overall survival were response to HAART [relative hazard (RH), 0.32; 95% CI, 0.16-0.62], complete remission (RH, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.15-0.36), previous AIDS (RH, 1.92; 95%CI, 1.23-3.01) and extranodal involvement (RH, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.47-5.51). CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy of HAART was independently associated with prolonged survival in this large cohort of patients with ARL. Information on patient's response to HAART is crucial for the evaluation of future treatment strategies.