Oral Sedation Anesthesia Protocol for In-Office Oculoplastic Surgery.

PURPOSE: To present an oral anesthesia protocol for in-office oculoplastic surgery and to compare safety outcomes and patient and physician experiences to ambulatory surgery center (ASC)-based surgery with intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. METHODS: A prospective study was performed on consecutive patients undergoing surgery at an oculofacial plastic surgery practice. Surgery was performed in an in-office setting using our standardized oral sedation protocol or at an ASC with intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. Preoperative and postoperative surveys were conducted by patients and physicians to compare surgical experience, safety, and efficacy of our oral sedation protocol for in-office surgery in the ASC setting. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-three patients (167 in-office and 86 at ASC) underwent surgery between March and November 2022. There was no significant difference in how patients or physicians rated their experience between the 2 locations. A significantly higher proportion of ASC patients would have rather had surgery in-office (34.9% vs. 19.2%; p = 0.006). A significantly higher number of physicians in the office setting would have rather performed surgery at the ASC than the reverse (12.7% vs. 2.3%, respectfully; p = 0.007). There were no safety complications reported in either setting. CONCLUSIONS: Within our patient cohort, the presented oral sedation protocol provided safe and effective anesthesia for in-office oculoplastic surgery that is comparable to an ASC.

Bilobed flap reconstruction after en-bloc removal of solitary fibrous tumor of the lacrimal sac.

Purpose: To report a rare case of a solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the lacrimal sac and discuss considerations for management of similar cases. Observations: We present the case of a 41-year-old woman who presented with a primary lacrimal sac SFT for which she underwent en-bloc surgical resection. We discuss management options for SFTs and our surgical approach for this case: bilobed flap reconstruction of the medial canthus and inferior orbit. Conclusions: We present an uncommon presentation of a rare tumor and a successful one-stage reconstruction with a bilobed flap.

Multiple Cases of Facial Disfigurement From Filler Use and One Injector.

PURPOSE: To present a case of facial disfigurement from an injectable permanent filler and describe the consequences to patients exposed to the same injector (common source outbreak). METHODS: Case report and discussion of a common source outbreak after a group of persons developed complications years after permanent filler given by one injector. RESULTS: A 39-year-old transgender model underwent polymethylmethacrylate (Artefill) facial filler injections to the lips, cheeks, and chin in 2018. A year later, the patient presented to the emergency room with severe facial swelling and difficulty breathing. Treatments have included 4 surgeries to remove filler and scar tissue and chronic low-dose oral steroid therapy. Upon questioning the patient, 6 additional people suffered from similar facial swelling years after injection by the same injector. The injector cannot be located. CONCLUSIONS: Care must be taken in giving all facial fillers, particularly permanent ones. When one source patient is identified, questioning the patient's knowledge of others affected is critical to help manage an epidemic problem and to report a rogue injector. Physicians have a duty to investigate and report such cases.

Implants and spacers for paralytic ectropion: Literature review and assessment of a thin-profile porous polyethylene implant.

Purpose: There is no ideal treatment paradigm for paralytic ectropion. This study evaluated lower eyelid spacers and the efficacy of a novel lower eyelid thin profile, bio-integratable, porous polyethylene. Methods: A retrospective review of 15 consecutive patients who underwent thin-profile porous polyethylene implantation and canthoplasty for paralytic ectropion was carried out. A comprehensive literature review of spacers for paralytic ectropion and retraction using the Pubmed database with search terms "[implant or graft or spacer] and [paralytic ectropion or paralytic retraction]," "graft and paralysis and ectropion," "implant and paralysis and ectropion," "graft and paralysis and retraction," and "implant and paralysis and retraction" was carried out. Results: The mean patient age was 69 years (range: 50-88). Lagophthalmos improved from a mean of 5.7 mm (SD = 3.3, range 3-14 mm) to 1.4 mm (SD = 1.1, range 0-3.5 mm), P < 0.0001. MRD 2 improved from a mean of 6.7 mm (SD = 2.3, range 2-12 mm) to 4.2 mm (SD = 0.9, range 3-6 mm), P = 0.0005. No patients needed additional lower eyelid surgery. There were no implant exposures at a mean follow-up of 7.6 months (SD = 7.9, range 0.7-21.6 months). Detailed literature review revealed that hard palate and ear cartilage are the most reported spacers, each with unique disadvantages. Conclusion: The thin-profile porous polyethylene implant is a useful addition to the management of symptomatic paralytic ectropion. Meaningful comparison of lower eyelid spacers is difficult because of variations in surgical technique, spacer size, and poorly reported outcome data. No spacer proves superior.

Perioperative Considerations for Antithrombotic Therapy in Oculofacial Surgery: A Review of Current Evidence and Practice Guidelines.

PURPOSE: Recent survey studies have demonstrated wide variability in practice patterns regarding the management of antithrombotic medications in oculofacial plastic surgery. Current evidence and consensus guidelines are reviewed to guide perioperative management of antithrombotic medications. METHODS: Comprehensive literature review of PubMed database on perioperative use of antithrombotic medication. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative antithrombotic management is largely guided by retrospective studies, consensus recommendations, and trials in other surgical fields due to the limited number of studies in oculoplastic surgery. This review summarizes evidence-based recommendations from related medical specialties and provides context for surgeons to tailor antithrombotic medication management based on patient's individual risk. The decision to continue or cease antithrombotic medications prior to surgery requires a careful understanding of risk: risk of intraoperative or postoperative bleeding versus risk of a perioperative thromboembolic event. Cessation and resumption of antithrombotic medications after surgery should always be individualized based on the patient's thrombotic risk, surgical and postoperative risk of bleeding, and the particular drugs involved, in conjunction with the prescribing doctors. In general, we recommend that high thromboembolic risk patients undergoing high bleeding risk procedures (orbital or lacrimal surgery) may stop antiplatelet agents, direct oral anticoagulants, and warfarin including bridging warfarin with low-molecular weight heparin. Low-risk patients, regardless of type of procedure performed, may stop all agents. Decision on perioperative management of antithrombotic medications should be made in conjunction with patient's internist, cardiologist, hematologist, or other involved physicians which may limit the role of guidelines depending on patient risk and should be used on a case-by-case basis. Further studies are needed to provide oculofacial-specific evidence-based guidelines.

Graded transantral orbital decompression outcomes in stable thyroid eye disease: a series of 47 orbits.

Purpose: To provide outcome data for transantral orbital decompression for functional and aesthetic rehabilitation for exophthalmos in stable thyroid eye disease (TED).Methods: Retrospective, non-comparative chart review of consecutive TED patients who underwent primary-graded transantral orbital decompression for exophthalmos by a single surgeon (MAB) between 2005 and 2018. Additional inclusion criteria included follow-up >90 days and no prior orbital surgery. Outcome data collection included millimeters of proptosis reduction, postoperative complications, and patient satisfaction.Results: A total 30 patients (47 orbits) were included. Average reduction in proptosis: 2.8 mm (range 0-9 mm, median 2.5 mm). Post-operatively, new onset diplopia occurred in four patients, V2 numbness in 15 patients (17 orbits), and sinusitis in 2 patients (2 orbits). Phone surveys reached 9/30 patients (14 orbits): cosmetic improvement was reported in 14/14 orbits, relief of orbital ache reported in 10/10 orbits with pre-operative ache, relief of dry eye in 8/13 orbits with preoperative dry eye, and overall satisfaction score: 8.9/10 (range 4-10, median 10).Conclusions: Graded transantral orbital decompression is a viable option for stable TED patients with orbital ache, exophthalmos, and exposure keratopathy, resulting in a high degree of functional and cosmetic satisfaction in our cohort.

What is in a Name? It is Time to Retire the Term "Asian Blepharoplasty".

PURPOSE: This perspective explores the term "Asian blepharoplasty" and its socioemotional meaning to some patients. METHODS: N/A. RESULTS: Words have power. The term "Asian blepharoplasty" makes some patients uncomfortable. To our knowledge, it is the only medical descriptor that uses race. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the term "Asian Blepharoplasty" may unwittingly make patients uncomfortable and pathologize Asian features. Therefore, we suggest replacing the term "Asian Blepharoplasty" with "Double Eyelid Surgery." For the subset of procedures which do not include the creation of an eyelid crease, "Blepharoplasty" is appropriate.

On-Q pump for pain control after orbital implant surgery.

PURPOSE: To introduce an elastomeric continuous infusion pump for pain control after outpatient orbital implant surgery. METHODS: Retrospective, noncomparative consecutive case series of all patients undergoing enucleation, evisceration, or secondary orbital implantation using the On-Q pain system between August 2004 and January 2006. Postoperative pain score, need for narcotics, and adverse events were recorded. The On-Q catheter is inserted intraoperatively through the lateral lower eyelid into the muscle cone under direct visualization, prior to the orbital implant placement. The On-Q system continually infuses anesthesia (bupivacaine) to the retrobulbar site for 5 days. RESULTS: Among 20 patients, mean postoperative period pain score, with On-Q in place, was 1.3 (scale of 0 to 10). Nine patients (45%) did not need any adjunctive oral narcotics. Two patients experienced postoperative nausea. One catheter connector leaked, thereby decreasing delivery of retrobulbar anesthetic resulting a pain level of 6, the highest level in the study. There were no postoperative infections. No systemic toxic effects from bupivacaine were observed clinically. CONCLUSION: The On-Q pain pump is widely available, low cost, and requires minimal patient manipulation for the use in orbital implant surgery. The device was safe and appeared to minimize postoperative pain in the authors' case series.

PROSE scleral lens: a novel aid for staged eyelid reconstruction.

A 50-year-old man presented with a papillomatous tarsoconjunctival tumor involving the medial two-thirds of the left upper eyelid. Office biopsy revealed papillary squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA). Rapid tumor growth with caruncular and forniceal conjunctival involvement continued, despite a trial of weekly interferon-α2b intralesional injection therapy. Surgical excision with clear margins resulted in a large upper eyelid defect. The suspicion for recurrence remained, given the aggressive nature of the tumor. A temporary prosthetic replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem (PROSE) scleral lens was fit for preservation of the ocular surface and visual function during a 1-month observation period. No evidence of recurrence was noted, and the eyelid defect was successfully reconstructed with a Cutler-Beard procedure. Local disease was controlled; unfortunately, metastatic disease was found in the ipsilateral parotid gland 1 year later. Aggressive surgical removal is recommended in interferon-α2b nonresponsive SCCA tumors. The PROSE scleral contact lens may serve as a useful adjunct for the maintenance of a healthy ocular surface and visual function during delayed eyelid defect repair.

White-eyed medial wall orbital blowout fracture.

The white-eyed orbital floor blowout fracture is most commonly seen in children and adolescents. The orbital floor is the most common fracture location with entrapment of inferior orbital contents and/or the inferior rectus muscle in a "trapdoor" fashion. Other sites may also be fractured either simultaneous to the floor or in isolation. The authors describe an isolated orbital medial wall fracture with entrapment of the medial rectus muscle in an adolescent and discuss treatment options.

Salivary duct carcinoma metastatic to eyelid and orbit-a case report.

BACKGROUND: Salivary duct carcinoma is a rare, extremely aggressive malignant tumor, demonstrating invasive growth with early regional and distant metastasis. We describe a case of parotid gland salivary duct carcinoma metastatic to the eyelid and orbit, as confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such case reported in the literature. METHODS: A 43-year-old male had left lower eyelid and left inferior fornix/anterior orbital masses. The patient underwent left lower eyelid and anterior orbital biopsies for histopathological evaluation. Immunohistochemical analysis for markers like androgen receptors, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, cytokeratins, HER-2/neu, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 proteins, progesterone receptors, and estrogen receptors were performed to establish diagnosis. RESULTS: Specimens from the eyelid and orbit revealed lobules of tumor cells exhibiting solid, micopapillary, and glandular appearance with central necrosis-comedo patterns. The tumor cells showed immunohistochemical reactivity to androgen receptor proteins, pankeratin, HER-2/neu and epithelial membrane antigen. Focal reactivity to gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 was also present. Immunoreactivity to S-100 proteins, progesterone receptors, and estrogen receptors were negative. Diagnosis was metastatic paratoid duct carcinoma to the left lower eyelid and left inferior orbit. CONCLUSIONS: Although metastatic SDC of the eyelid and orbit is a rare phenomenon, the possibility of this extremely aggressive entity should be included in the differential diagnosis when dealing with a patient with an eyelid and/or orbital tumor.

Orbitotemporal neurofibromatosis: classification and treatment.

PURPOSE: To review the clinical findings in orbitotemporal neurofibromatosis and discuss treatment options. Clinical features, histopathologic characteristics, and treatment options are reviewed. METHODS: A Medline literature search from 1966 to 2004 was performed, using the key words: orbitotemporal neurofibromatosis, orbitopalpebral neurofibromatosis, orbitofacial neurofibromatosis, cranio-orbital neurofibromatosis, and cranio-orbital-temporal neurofibromatosis, and the pertinent literature was reviewed. Additionally, our experience with two patients is reported. The surgical procedures are discussed. CONCLUSION: The management of orbitotemporal neurofibromatosis is challenging. The planned surgical approach and extent of resection depend on the severity of the orbital soft tissue and bony involvement and on the visual potential. Ultimately, orbital exenteration may be needed for rehabilitation and cosmesis.

Clinical recommendations for repair of orbital facial fractures.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Orbital facial fractures are a common result of facial trauma. Enophthalmos, diplopia resulting from extraocular muscle dysfunction, and infraorbital nerve hypesthesia may occur. The indications and timing for fracture repair are debated. RECENT FINDINGS: The timing and treatment indications for orbital facial fractures are evolving. For orbital floor fractures, nonresolving oculocardiac reflex, the "white-eyed" blowout fracture, and early enophthalmos or hypoglobus are indications for immediate surgical repair. Surgery within 2 weeks is recommended in cases of symptomatic diplopia with positive forced ductions and evidence of orbital soft tissue entrapment on computed tomography examination or large orbital floor fractures, which may cause latent enophthalmos or hypo-ophthalmos. For midfacial, lateral, supraorbital, medial wall, and nasoethmoidal fractures, repair within 2 weeks is indicated to avoid difficult repair from immediate posttraumatic wound healing. SUMMARY: Orbital facial fracture management is germane to ophthalmologists, plastic surgeons, otolaryngologists, and others who treat patients.

Docetaxel-induced histologic changes in the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa.

PURPOSE: To identify histopathologic changes in the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa caused by docetaxel in 3 patients with canalicular narrowing and nasolacrimal duct obstruction. METHODS: Small case series. Lacrimal sac and nasal mucosal specimens were obtained at the time of dacryocystorhinostomy or during silicone intubation to correct epiphora in 3 patients receiving docetaxel. Histologic evaluation was performed. RESULTS: Extensive fibrotic changes in the stroma of the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa were the prominent histologic features in all 3 patients. A biopsy specimen was taken from the lower portion of the nasal mucosa (near the inferior turbinate) in one patient at the time of silicone intubation and showed both clinical and histologic evidence of keratinization with marked epidermalization of the surface epithelium, thickening, and parakeratosis of the squamous epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Nasolacrimal duct obstruction secondary to treatment with docetaxel may be in part due to stromal fibrosis in the mucosal lining of the lacrimal drainage apparatus.

Squamous metaplasia of the canaliculi associated with 5-fluorouracil: a clinicopathologic case report.

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate a newly recognized histopathologic change in a patient with canalicular obstruction after weekly administration of 5-fluorouracil for colon cancer. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A full-thickness section of canaliculus was obtained during surgical repair. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Histopathologic changes in the specimen. RESULTS: The prominent histologic feature of the canalicular specimen was severe squamous metaplasia with narrowing of the lumen. CONCLUSION: Canalicular obstruction may follow systemic use of 5-fluorouracil due to squamous metaplasia.