Load-velocity Relationship of the Bench Press Exercise is not Affected by Breast Cancer Surgery and Adjuvant Therapy.

We examined the effect of breast cancer surgery and adjuvant therapy on the relationship between bar velocity and relative intensity (load-velocity [L-V] relationship) of the bench press (BP) exercise. Twenty-two breast cancer survivors (age: 48.0±8.2 yr., relative strength: 0.40±0.08) completed a loading test up to the one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the BP using a lightweight carbon bar. General and individual relationships between relative intensity (%1RM) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) were studied. Furthermore, the mean test velocity (MPVTest) and velocity attained to the 1RM (MPV1RM) were analyzed. These procedures and analyses were also conducted in 22 healthy women (age: 47.8±7.1 yr., relative strength: 0.41±0.09) to examine the differences in velocity parameters derived from these L-V relationships. Polynomial regressions showed very close relationships (R2≥0.965) and reduced estimation errors (≤4.9% 1RM) for both groups. Between-group differences in MPV attained to each %1RM were small (≤0.01 m·s-1) and not significant (p≥0.685). Similarly, the MPVTest (0.59±0.06 m·s-1) and MPV1RM (0.17±0.03 m·s-1) were identical for breast cancer survivors and healthy women. These results suggest that practitioners could use the same velocity parameters derived from the BP L-V relationship to prescribe this exercise in middle-aged women, regardless of whether they have suffered from breast cancer.

La Epidemiologia en el marco de la Medicina Social / Epidemiology in the framework of social medicine

El Sector Salud necesita un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica que genere conocimiento, identifique condiciones de vida lo más local posible en unidades territoriopoblación, tiene que proponer intervenciones para superar las iniquidades y desigualdades, equipos de intervención con alta capacidad científica, técnica y resolutiva en cada Red de Salud, que cada red de salud actúe integralmente con plena participación social y comunitaria, revalorizar desde la epidemiologia a la salud intercultural.

The Health Sector needs an epidemiological surveillance system that generates knowledge, identifies living conditions as locally as possible in territory-population units, must propose interventions to overcome iniquities and inequalities, intervention teams with high scientific, technical and resolution capacity in each health network, that each health network acts integrally with full social and community participation, revaluing intercultural health from epidemiology.

Factores asociados a mortalidad por COVID-19 en el Seguro Social Universitario de la ciudad de La Paz, 2021 ­ 2022 / Factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in the University Social Security system of the city of La Paz, 2021 - 2022

Objetivo: determinar los factores asociados a mortalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes del Seguro Social Universitario de la ciudad de La Paz (S.S.U.) durante las gestiones 2021 y 2022. Material y Métodos: estudio transversal analítico, realizado en el S.S.U. con pacientes mayores a 18 años que acudieron a consulta con resultado positivo de COVID-19 en las gestiones 2021 y 2022 (marzo), llegando a un total de 1381 casos. Los datos fueron recolectados a partir de datos administrativos. Se determinó el número de fallecimientos mediante frecuencias y se procedió a relacionar la ocurrencia de muerte con los factores de estudio, utilizando la prueba Chi-cuadrado (X2) y la medición de riesgo mediante Razón de Posibilidades (RP). Resultados: 53 personas fallecieron entre las gestiones 2021 y 2022 (marzo), lo que representa una mortalidad del 3,8% respecto a los casos confirmados (1 381). Están asociados a la mortalidad por COVID-19 el ser mayor de 60 años, ser hombre, tener un diagnóstico grave, el ingreso a UTI, asimismo es factor protector el hecho de estar vacunado. Conclusiones: la vacuna es un protector efectivo contra la muerte por COVID-19

Objective: to determine the factors associated with mortality due to COVID-19 in patients of the Seguro Social Universitario of the city of La Paz (S.S.U.) during the 2021 and 2022. Material and methods: analytical cross-sectional study, carried out in the S.S.U. with patients over 18 years of age who came for consultation with a positive result of COVID-19 in 2021 and 2022 (march), reaching a total of 1381 cases. The data were collected from administrative information. The number of deaths was determined by frequencies and the occurrence of death was related to the study factors, using the Chi-square test (X2) and the risk measurement by Odds Ratio (OR). Results: 53 persons died between 2021 and 2022 (march), representing a mortality rate of 3.8% of confirmed cases (1 381). Mortality due to COVID-19 is associated with being older than 60 years, being male, having a serious diagnosis, being admitted to the ICU, and being vaccinated is also a protective factor. Conclusions: the vaccine is an effective protector against death from COVID-19

Factores relacionados a mortalidad por Covid 19, hospital la portada, La Paz - Bolivia, 2020 / Factors related to Covid 19 mortality, hospital la portada, La Paz - Bolivia, 2020

INTRODUCCIÓN: la reciente aparición del COVID-19 implica comprender de los patrones de transmisión, la gravedad, las características clínicas y los factores de riesgo de infección, ya sea entre la población general, entre el personal médico o en el entorno familiar. Los estudios para evaluar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los casos en diferentes contextos resultan esenciales para profundizar y comprender mejor este virus y la enfermedad asociada. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: el propósito del estudio fue determinar los factores de riesgo relacionados a mortalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes internados en el Hospital de la Portada durante el periodo de la gestión 2020 mediante un estudio transversal analítico. Se incluyó a todos los pacientes internados, desde abril a agosto del 2020, utilizando las fichas epidemiológicas RESULTADOS: las categorías asociadas, fueron el sexo masculino (p = 0,000) duplicando la posibilidad de muerte respecto a las mujeres (OR =2,46) y la eritrocitosis, (p = 0,002), triplicando la posibilidad de muerte respecto a no padecerla (OR = 3,11). La probabilidad de fallecer por COVID 19 con el antecedente de padecer eritrocitosis fue de 55,17%. Los casos de mortalidad más frecuentes fue en población adulta y tercera edad, del sexo masculino. Los antecedentes patológicos más frecuentes fue la hipertensión arterial. Se dejaron de vivir 2179,5 años. La tasa de mortalidad alcanzo a 8,3 muertes por cada 100.000 habitantes. CONCLUSIÓN: es importante considerar el sexo y la eritrocitosis acompañadas de otras patologías de base como factor fundamental, a la mortalidad por COVID 19.

INTRODUCTION: the recent emergence of COVID-19 implies an understanding of transmission patterns, severity, clinical features, and risk factors for infection, whether among the general population, among medical personnel, or in the family setting. Studies to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cases in different settings are essential to deepen and better understand this virus and the associated disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the purpose of the study was to determine the risk factors related to COVID-19 mortality in patients hospitalized at the Hospital de la Portada during the period of the 2020 administration by means of an analytical cross-sectional study. All hospitalized patients were included, from April to August 2020, using epidemiological records. RESULTS: the associated categories were male sex (p = 0.000), doubling the possibility of death with respect to women (OR = 2.46) and erythrocytosis (p = 0.002), tripling the possibility of death with respect to not having it (OR = 3.11). The probability of dying from COVID 19 with a history of erythrocytosis was 55.17%. The most frequent cases of mortality were in the adult and elderly male population. The most frequent pathological history was arterial hypertension. A total of 2179.5 years of life were lost. The mortality rate was 8.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION: it is important to consider sex and erythrocytosis accompanied by other underlying pathologies as a fundamental factor in mortality due to COVID 19.

Calidad de vida percibida en dos redes de salud, El Alto y La Paz, 2019 / Perceived quality of life in two health networks, El Alto and La Paz, 2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: para evaluar la calidad de vida se toma en cuenta su multidimensionalidad; de ahí que la calidad de vida se conceptualiza de acuerdo con un sistema de valores, estándares o perspectivas que varían de persona a persona, de grupo a grupo y de lugar a lugar. OBJETIVO: describir la percepción de calidad de vida de la población adulta en dos redes de salud Red de salud Corea El Alto y Red Norte Central N° 3 La Paz, 2019. MATERIAL Y METODOS: diseño transversal, realizado en una red de El Alto y otra de La Paz, con 1671 unidades de estudio. Se utilizó el WHOQOL-BREF (26 ítems), con opciones de respuesta tipo Likert y estructuradas en 4 dimensiones: Salud física, Salud psicológica. Relaciones sociales y Ambiente. RESULTADOS: la catalogación de bien fue la calificación más frecuente en la autopercepción de la calidad de vida, la dimensión con la frecuencia más alta fue lo normal con el 53,4%. Respecto a la satisfacción de salud 41,5% lo normal. Referente a la salud física la categoría bastante fue la más frecuente con 51,5%. En relación a la salud psicológica, la frecuencia más alta correspondió a la categoría bastante con el 50,6% de los casos; en las relaciones sociales de igual manera la CONCLUSIÓN: hubo una autopercepción de calidad de vida catalogada como bien en la mayoría de los casos. categoría relevante fue bastante con 47,1%. Finalmente, en la valoración del ambiente la población asegura estar bastante satisfecho, en el 54% de los casos.

INTRODUCTION: in order to evaluate quality of life, its multidimensionality is taken into account; hence, quality of life is conceptualized according to a system of values, standards or perspectives that vary from person to person, from group to group and from place to place. OBJECTIVE: to describe the perception of quality of life of the adult population in two health networks Red de salud Corea El Alto and Red Norte Central N° 3 La Paz, 2019. MATERIAL AND METHODS: cross sectional design, carried out in one network in El Alto and another in La Paz, with 1671 study units. The WHOQOL- BREF (26 items) was used, with Likert-type response options and structured in 4 dimensions: physical health, psychological health. Social relationships and environment. RESULTS: the categorization of good was the most frequent qualification in the self-perception of quality of life, the dimension with the highest frequency was normal with 53.4%, regarding health satisfaction 41.5% normal. Regarding physical health, the category quite was the most frequent with 51.5%. In relation to psychological health, the highest frequency corresponded to the category quite a lot with 50.6% of the cases; in social relations in the same way the relevant category was quite a lot with 47.1%. Finally, in the evaluation of the environment, the population assures to be quite satisfied in 54% of the cases. CONCLUSION: the self-perception of quality of life was classified as good in most cases

Staphylococcus aureus ftnA 3'-Untranslated Region Modulates Ferritin Production Facilitating Growth Under Iron Starvation Conditions.

Iron acquisition and modulation of its intracellular concentration are critical for the development of all living organisms. So far, several proteins have been described to be involved in iron homeostasis. Among them, ferritins act as the major iron storage proteins, sequestering internalized iron and modulating its concentration inside bacterial cells. We previously described that the deletion of the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of the ftnA gene, which codes for ferritin in Staphylococcus aureus, increased the ftnA mRNA and ferritin levels. Here, we show that the ferritin levels are affected by RNase III and PNPase, which target the ftnA 3'UTR. Rifampicin mRNA stability experiments revealed that the half-life of the ftnA mRNA is affected by both RNase III and the ftnA 3'UTR. A transcriptional fusion of the ftnA 3'UTR to the gfp reporter gene decreased green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, indicating that the ftnA 3'UTR could work as an independent module. Additionally, a chromosomal deletion of the ftnA 3'UTR impaired S. aureus growth under conditions of iron starvation. Overall, this work highlights the biological relevance of the ftnA 3'UTR for iron homeostasis in S. aureus.

Retinal pigment epithelium atrophy after epiretinal membrane and internal limiting membrane peeling: case reports.

Objective: To describe the development of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy after uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with epiretinal membrane (ERM) and/or internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in 2 patients. Cases description: Case 1: A 79-years-old female with diagnosis of a full-thickness macular hole in her right eye (OD) with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of: 20/100 and left eye (OS): 20/70. After surgery she developed large RPE hyperplasia and presented hand movement that did not improve with pinhole. Case 2: A 69-years-old female patient who had ERM in her OS with BCVA of 20/30 in both eyes (OU). PPV was assisted with brilliant blue (BB) to better visualize the ILM. During follow-up visits we evidenced RPE atrophy in the zone where peeling was done. In the last control after 2-years, her visual acuity was 20/40 that did not improve with pinhole. Discussion: There are three possible mechanisms to explain this complication: toxic damage, mechanical trauma during the membrane removal with forceps, or a combination of both. In our cases, a combination of them is probably the cause of the presence of RPE atrophy. Conclusion: Vitrectomy with membrane removal is successful in most cases with low rate of complications. Because RPE atrophy is infrequent, our suggestion is to continue performing this technique and if possible, it should be done without dye staining to minimize risks. Abbreviations: ERM = epiretinal membrane, ILM = internal limiting membrane, MH = macular hole, RPE = Retinal pigment epithelium, OD = right eye, BCVA = Best corrected visual acuity, OS = left eye, OU = both eyes, IOL = intraocular lens, OCT = Optical coherence tomography, BB = Brilliant blue, TB = Trypan blue, ICG = indocyanine green.

Innovations and Emerging Therapies to Combat Renal Cell Damage: NAD+ As a Drug Target.

Significance: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and life-threatening complication in hospitalized and critically ill patients. It is defined by an abrupt deterioration in renal function, clinically manifested by increased serum creatinine levels, decreased urine output, or both. To execute all its functions, namely excretion of waste products, fluid/electrolyte balance, and hormone synthesis, the kidney requires incredible amounts of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. Recent Advances: Adequate mitochondrial functioning and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) homeostasis are essential to meet these high energetic demands. NAD+ is a ubiquitous essential coenzyme to many cellular functions. NAD+ as an electron acceptor mediates metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis, serves as a cosubstrate of aging molecules (i.e., sirtuins), participates in DNA repair mechanisms, and mediates mitochondrial biogenesis. Critical Issues: In many forms of AKI and chronic kidney disease, renal function deterioration has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and NAD+ depletion. Based on this, therapies aiming to restore mitochondrial function and increase NAD+ availability have gained special attention in the last two decades. Future Directions: Experimental and clinical studies have shown that by restoring mitochondrial homeostasis and increasing renal tubulo-epithelial cells, NAD+ availability, AKI incidence, and chronic long-term complications are significantly decreased. This review covers some general epidemiological and pathophysiological concepts; describes the role of mitochondrial homeostasis and NAD+ metabolism; and analyzes the underlying rationale and role of NAD+ aiming therapies as promising preventive and therapeutic strategies for AKI. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1449-1466.

Surgical management of a case of contractile peripapillary staphyloma with retinal detachment and macular hole.

A healthy 4-year-old male presented a fundus examination with a unilateral contractile peripapillary staphyloma surrounded by redundant retina and retinal pigment epithelium atrophy. Five years later, best-corrected visual acuity decreased to hand motion due to a retinal detachment with macular hole. One month after first vitrectomy, scleral buckle and intraocular gas, retina re-detached. Second surgery was performed with silicon oil tamponade and lensectomy without intraocular lens (IOL). Subretinal silicon oil was detected at the third month of follow-up when vitrectomy, inferior retinectomy, and laser photocoagulation of temporal border of staphyloma with silicon oil tamponade were performed. The retina remained attached and best-corrected visual acuity was 20/600 with intraocular silicon oil. A fourth surgery was performed for emulsified silicon oil extraction replaced with intraocular gas. At 6 months of follow-up, the retina re-detached again. This is a challenging vitreoretinal surgery in which re-detachments were due to retinal folds around the contractile staphyloma that raised macular hole. This is the first report of the combined presentation of contractile peripapillary staphyloma, retinal detachment and macular hole with a long-time follow-up period of years.

Surgical technique: Autologous scleral flap for optic disk pit maculopathy.

PURPOSE: To present a clinical case and surgical technique for management of optic disk pit (ODP) maculopathy. METHODS: Surgical technique video of lens sparring pars plana vitrectomy, autologous scleral flap insertion and gas tamponade. RESULTS: After 1 year follow-up visual acuity was restored to 20/25, retinal serous detachment and schisis were resolved and the autologous scleral flap remained in the (ODP). CONCLUSION: In this case, treatment with pars plana vitrectomy autologous scleral flap insertion and gas tamponade for optic pit maculopathy provided satisfactory anatomical and functional results.

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase during sepsis/inflammation improves survival by preserving cellular metabolic fitness.

The purpose was to determine the role of AMPK activation in the renal metabolic response to sepsis, the development of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and on survival. In a prospective experimental study, 167 10- to 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and human proximal tubule epithelial cells (TEC; HK2) were exposed to inflammatory mix (IM), a combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Renal/TEC metabolic fitness was assessed by monitoring the expression of drivers of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the rates of utilization of OXPHOS/glycolysis in response to metabolic stress, and mitochondrial function by measuring O2 consumption rates (OCR) and the membrane potential (Δψm ). Sepsis/IM resulted in AKI, increased mortality, and in renal AMPK activation 6-24 hours after CLP/IM. Pharmacologic activation of AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) or metformin during sepsis improved the survival, while AMPK inhibition with Compound C increased mortality, impaired mitochondrial respiration, decreased OCR, and disrupted TEC metabolic fitness. AMPK-driven protection was associated with increased Sirt 3 expression and restoration of metabolic fitness. Renal AMPK activation in response to sepsis/IM is an adaptive mechanism that protects TEC, organs, and the host by preserving mitochondrial function and metabolic fitness likely through Sirt3 signaling.

Functional and Aesthetic Osseous Free Flap Mandible Reconstruction Using a Low-cost Method: Long-term Results.

Mandibular segment loss due to tumoral resection or infectious sequelae causes functional alterations with disorders in mastication, swallowing, speech, and aesthetic alterations with facial asymmetry due to deformity secondary to soft tissue collapse. Reconstructive treatment should recover function and aesthetics. This paper presents a low-cost method of mandibular reconstruction in a series of 6 patients with different years of follow-up (average follow-up time of 11.6 years) using the fibula and scapula free flaps. METHODS: Five female patients and 1 male patient received mandibular reconstruction using osseous free flaps, 5 with the fibula and 1 with the scapula osseous free flap. The patient's ages at the time of surgery ranged from 8 to 62 years (mean 33.1 years). Stainless steel wire was used as the osteosynthesis material, with intermaxillary fixation for 40 days postoperatively and masticatory rehabilitation using mucodental-supported prostheses. RESULTS: To evaluate the aesthetic result and the facial symmetry, a questionnaire and the photographs of all the cases were sent to 8 plastic surgeons. The functional result was evaluated in 5 of the 6 patients using the Spanish version of the Oral Health Impact Profile. All flaps survived, dental occlusion was achieved in all patients, no tumors recurred, masticatory function was normal without swallowing or speech alterations, and the transplanted bone hypertrophied and spontaneously remodeled, providing facial symmetry with good aesthetic results. CONCLUSION: We present a low-cost and universally applicable mandibular reconstruction method, with long-term follow-up and good aesthetic and functional results.

Liposarcoma paratesticular gigante / Giant Paratesticular Liposarcom

Introducción Los liposarcomas son lesiones que se originan en el tejido mesodérmico, su localización paratesticular es muy rara. Se divide en 4 subtipos histológicos, siendo el mixoide el más infrecuente. Tiene una recurrencia del 70%, Por lo que su tratamiento inicial debe ser agresivo. Objetivo resaltar su gran tamaño y que sea considerado como diagnóstico diferencial de masa inguinoescrotal. Presentación del caso Paciente masculino de 87 años con masa dolorosa inguinoescrotal derecha con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal unilateral, se realiza orquiectomía inguinal derecha. En patología se recibe pieza quirúrgica de 2440 g; al estudio histológico se observa lesión tumoral mesenquimal maligna, rodeado por estroma nodular mixoide prominente. Se diagnostica liposarcoma mixoide de cordón espermático. (Figura 2). Conclusiones Son neoplasias raras mal diagnosticadas como hernia inguinal, escrotal o lipoma de la médula espermática. Tiene un alto riesgo de metástasis, siendo la orquiectomía inguinal con resección del cordón espermático el manejo quirúrgico ideal.

Introduction Liposarcomas are lesions originated in the mesodermal tissue, paratesticular location is very rare. It is divided into 4 histological subtypes, being the most uncommon the myxoid. It has a recurrence of 70%, so the treatment should be aggressive. Objective to emphasize the large size and the differential diagnosis of inguinoescrotal mass. Case Presentation 87-year-old male patient with right inguinoescrotal pain with diagnosis of unilateral inguinal hernia, right inguinal orchiectomy is performed. A surgical specimen of 2440 g is received in pathology. Histological study shows malignant mesenchymal tumor lesion, surrounded by prominent myxoid nodular stroma. Myxoid liposarcoma of the spermatic cord is diagnosed. (Fig. 2). Conclusions they are rare neoplasms and are poorly diagnosed as inguinal hernia, scrotal or lipoma of the spermal cord. It has a high risk of metastasis, the ideal surgical management is an inguinal orchiectomy with resection of the spermatic cord.

Hemangioma hepático congénito gigante: síndrome de Kasabach-Merritt / Giant Congenital Liver Hemangioma: Kasabach Merritt Syndrome

Resumen Los hemangiomas son las proliferaciones más frecuentes en la edad pediátrica, y el hemangioma hepático es de los más comunes entre los viscerales. El diagnóstico precoz es importante para orientar el tratamiento. Se presenta el caso de un neonato con compromiso ventilatorio secundario al efecto de una masa gigante, que ecográficamente correspondió a un hemangioma hepático. Se realizó resección quirúrgica y, ulteriormente, fue enviada a patología, que confirmó el diagnóstico.

Abstract Hemangiomas are the most frequent proliferations in children, and liver hemangiomas are the most common among those in the viscera. Early diagnosis to focus treatment is important. We present the case of a neonate with compromised breathing secondary to the effect of a giant mass that echographically appeared to be a hepatic hemangioma. Surgical resection and subsequent pathology confirmed the diagnosis.

Reacción decidual endometrial: un efecto inesperado del dispositivo intrauterino liberador de Levonorgestrel. Reporte de caso / Decidual endometrial reaction: an unexpected effect of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Case report

RESUMEN La reacción decidual que se genera en el endometrio involucra el estroma y las glándulas, esta ocurre por sobre estimulación de la progesterona en el tejido. Es inducida por el dispositivo liberador de levonogestrel, el cual es utilizado para el tratamiento de la hemorragia uterina anormal en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Sin embargo, dada su amplia gama terapéutica, sus efectos secundarios no siempre son predecibles y no existe mucha evidencia en la literatura que correlacione la susceptibilidad de la paciente con la aparición de este cuadro morfológico. Se presenta un reporte de caso de mujer posmenopáusica que recibió este tratamiento por 17 meses y presento una reacción decidual exagerada con el objetivo de dar a conocer la presentación histopatológica de la reacción decidual poco documentada y aumentar los conocimientos relacionados con el dispositivo intrauterino.

ABSTRACT The decidual reaction that is generated in the endometrium involves the stroma and the glands, this occurs due to over stimulation of progesterone in the tissue. It is induced by the levonogestrel-releasing device, which is used for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women. However, given its wide therapeutic range, its side effects are not always predictable and there is not much evidence in the literature that correlates the patient's susceptibility to the appearance of this morphological case. We present a case report of a postmenopausal woman who received this treatment for 17 months and presented an exaggerated decidual reaction in order to publicize the histopathological presentation wich is poorly documented and increase knowledge related to the intrauterine device.

Terapias anti-VEGF en el tratamiento de enfermedades de la retina: recomendaciones para la práctica en Colombia / Anti-VEGF therapy for retinal diseases treatment: recommendations for it practice in Colombia

Objetivo: Exponer la experiencia local sobre el tratamiento de las enfermedades retinales con terapias anti factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular (anti-VEGF) y crear conciencia en relación con la atención centrada en el paciente reconociendo el papel de los médicos especialistas en la determinación del tratamiento más apropiado basado principalmente en la evidencia científica, pero también teniendo en cuenta la experiencia y práctica exitosas en el manejo de cada paciente, con base en sus características únicas e individuales. Método: Revisión y comparación de la literatura científica con la experiencia de los autores, en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades que involucran inyecciones intraoculares, haciendo especial énfasis en la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad neo vascular (DMRE-NV), el edema macular diabético (EMD), la retinopatía diabética (RD), edema macular por oclusión venosa de rama de vena central de la retina (ORVR), la oclusión de vena central de la retina (OVCR) y la neo vascularización sub retiniana asociada a miopía patológica (MP). Resultados: la revisión realizada reafirma que tanto cuando hablamos de clases de medicamentos, de algoritmos de tratamiento o de perfiles de paciente, los diferentes agentes de una misma clase terapéutica pueden tener eficacias o perfiles de seguridad variables. Se debe considerar la importancia clínica que representa la valoración adecuada de los resultados pos tratamiento, pero sobre todo, la selección cuidadosa para determinar el agente y esquema más apropiado en la intención de tratar a un paciente. Si bien existen recomendaciones y guías de tratamiento para las patologías, los protocolos en el manejo individualizado y la exposición de estas experiencias de vida real se hacen necesarios, ya que no todos los pacientes ni todas las enfermedades de la retina responden de igual forma a cada agente terapéutico. Conclusión: La efi cacia y seguridad en el uso de las terapias anti-VEGF son aspectos de suma importancia cuando se trata de proporcionar una atención verdaderamente centrada en el paciente. No hay ninguna solución, intervención o alternativa terapéutica que se ajuste a todas las enfermedades oculares complejas, por lo que es importante hacer un balance que considere la evidencia disponible, la experiencia, y las expectativas de los pacientes y tratantes. Esto permitirá acceder a las alternativas terapéuticas adecuadas, en el momento adecuado siempre teniendo en mente los perfiles de eficacia, seguridad, farmacovigilancia activa y los costos asociados a las alternativas terapéuticas utilizadas en el país.

Purpose: To display local experience on treatment for retinal diseases with anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (anti-VEGF) therapies and to raise awareness regarding patient-centered care, recognizing the role of medical specialists in determining the most appropriate treatment mainly based on scientific evidence, but also considering the successful experience and practice handling each patient, based on their unique and individual characteristics. Method: Review and comparison of scientific literature according to the authors experience to diagnose and treat diseases involving intraocular injections, focusing on Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration (NV-AMD), Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), Macular Edema due to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO), Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) and Sub-retinal Neovascularization associated with Pathological Myopia (PM). Results: the review confi rms that, when speaking of drug classes, treatment algorithms or patient profi les, diff erent agents of the same therapeutic class can result in variable efficacies or safety profiles. The clinical relevance represented by the adequate assessment of post-treatment results must be considered, but specially, the careful screening to determine the most appropriate agent and regimen in the intention-to-treat a patient. Th ough recommendations and treatment guidelines for pathologies exist, protocols in individualized management and exposure of these real-life experiences are necessary, since not all patients or all retinal diseases respond in the same way to each therapeutic agent. Conclusion: Efficacy and safety using anti-VEGF therapies are extremely important when it comes to providing truly patient-centered care. There is no therapeutic solution, intervention or alternative that fi ts all complex ocular diseases, so it is important to weigh the available evidence, the experience and the expectations of both patients and prescribers. Th is will allow to get access to the appropriate therapeutic alternatives, in a timely manner, always considering the efficacy and safety profiles, active pharmacovigilance and the costs associated with the therapeutic alternatives used locally.

Functional and Aesthetic Thorax Reconstruction after Desmoid Tumor Resection.

This study describes a case report of a 31-year-old patient who presented with a left thoracic tumor on costal cartilages 5 and 6 that was diagnosed as a desmoid tumor 3 years after receiving retropectoral breast implants for cosmetic reasons. The integral reconstruction of the thoracic wall, functional and aesthetic, was planned for a single surgical period. The defect secondary to the tumor resection, which left the pericardium and lung exposed, was closed using the pectoral muscle as a "pre-expanded" flap by the breast implant, and the breast aesthetic was treated bilaterally with new implants in the retromammary position. After 12 months, the patient remained free from tumor recurrence and had a satisfactory aesthetic result.

Retinal situation in Colombia / Situación de retina en Colombia

The retina, essential in the visual function of the eyeball, is a light-sensitive neurosensory tissue located on the inner surface of the eyeball. The light that reaches the retina triggers a series of chemical and electrical phenomena that eventually result in nerve impulses that are sent to the brain through the optic nerve. This tissue, which is so important for the development and processing of vision, is not exempt from pathologies that can generate partial or total damage to its structure and which can compromise important areas such as the macula and its central area, the fovea. There is a variety of pathologies that can aff ect the retina. We will review the most common pathologies due to the characteristics of our population, nutrition, geographical situation and development.

Experiencia del Implante de Dexametasona Intravítreo para el tratamiento de Edema Macularen Barranquilla, Colombia / Experience with intravitreal dexamethasone implant for macular edema treatment in Barranquilla, Colombia

Objetivos: Mostrar la experiencia y resultados del tratamiento con el implante intravítreo de Dexametasona (Ozurdex) para el edema macular (EM) secundario a patologías vítreo retinianas en una Clínica Oft almológica en Barranquilla - Colombia. Métodos: Reporte de casos retrospectivo, 22 historias clínicas desde el mes de enero del 2012 a mayo del 2016. Se incluyeron datos de pacientes pseudofáquicos con historia clínica de EM secundario a Retinopatía diabética, DMRE húmeda multitratada con Anti VEGF, Oclusión venosa retiniana central (OVCR), uveítis, postoperatorio de cirugía vitreorretiniana por desprendimiento de retina y pelaje de membrana epirretiniana. Las variables registradas fueron edad, sexo, agudeza visual mejor corregida (AVMC), presión intraocular (PIO), subtipo de EM, etiología del EM, respuesta del EM a los 4 meses de tratamiento valorada por OCT. Se utilizó la prueba de T de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas. Resultados: Edad promedio de 68 años, 61.9% mujeres y 42.86% hombres. En la distribución del EM por OCT de todos los casos en estudio, 54.5% de los casos presentó un EM predominantemente quístico y 45.5% presentó un EM predominantemente difuso. La AVMC de base fue de 0.45 +/- 0.41 logMAR (R: 0 ­ 2 LogMAR) y la AVMC posterior a los 4 meses del tratamiento fue de 0.40 +/- 0.44 logMAR (R: 0 ­ 2 LogMAR, P: 0.476). La PIO presentó picos de elevación durante los meses 1 y 2 posterior al tratamiento en 59.9%, siendo manejada satisfactoriamente con antihipertensivos oculares. Los grosores maculares promedios previos y a los 4 meses del implante fueron de 372.13 µm (R:184 ­ 661 µm) y de 300.18 µm (R: 176 ­ 495 µm) en su grosor foveal central respectivamente. El grupo de EM quístico tuvo una reducción promedio de 121.41 µm (IC 95% 31.07 ­ 211.75, P: 0.013), el grupo de EM difuso tuvo reducción promedia de 13.66 µm (IC 95% -8.94 ­ 36.27, P: 0.201). Conclusiones: Se muestra la experiencia y efectividad del tratamiento con ozurdex intravítreo en el EM asociado a diversas patologías. Se encontró una respuesta con disminución de grosores maculares a 4 meses del tratamiento, con una mayor respuesta por parte del subtipo de EM predominantemente quístico y el EM secundario a OVCR como mejor respondedor de acuerdo a su etiología. Los picos de PIO fueron manejados adecuadamente con antihipertensivos tópicos, no se reportaron otros efectos adversos en la evolución de los pacientes.

Purpose: To show the experience and results of the treatment with intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) for macular edema secondary to vitreous retinal pathologies at an ophthalmologic clinic in Barranquilla, Colombia. Methods: Retrospective case reports study. We reviewed 22 clinical records from January 2012 to May 2016 that met the inclusion criteria. Pseudophakic patients data with clinical history of macular edema (ME) secondary to diabetic retinopathy, wet AMD multitreated with Anti VEGF, Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO), Uveitis, postoperative vitreoretinal surgery due to retinal detachment and epiretinal membrane peeling were included. The variables recorded were age, sex, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), subtype of ME, etiology of ME, ME response at 4 months of treatment assessed by OCT. Th e Wilcoxon T test was used for paired samples. Results: Th e average age was 68 years. According to sex there were 61.9% female and 42.86% male. In the distribution of ME by OCT of all the cases under study, 54.5% of the cases had a predominantly cystic ME and 45.5% had a predominantly diff use ME. Th e baseline BCVA was 0.45 +/- 0.41 logMAR (R: 0-2 LogMAR), the BCVA aft er 4 months of treatment was 0.40 +/- 0.44 logMAR (R:0-2 LogMAR, P: 0.476). IOP showed elevation peaks during months 1 and 2 posttreatment in 59.9%, being satisfactorily managed with ocular antihypertensives. The mean macular thickness prior to and at 4 months of Ozurdex was 372.13 µm (R: 184 - 661 µm) and 300.18 µm (R: 176 - 495 µm) at its central foveal thickness, respectively. Th e cystic ME group had a mean reduction of 121.41 µm (95% CI 31.07 - 211.75, P: 0.013); the diff use ME group had a mean reduction of 13.66 µm (95% CI -8.94 - 36.27, P: 0.201). Conclusions: We show our experience and the eff ectiveness of treatment with intravitreal ozurdex in ME associated with various pathologies. We found a response with a decrease in macular thickness at 4 months of treatment, with a higher response by the subtype of a predominantly cystic ME and ME secondary to CRVO as the best responder according to its etiology. IOP peaks were handled adequately with topical antihypertensives, no other adverse eff ects were reported in the evolution of patients.