The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people living with HIV: a cross-sectional study in Caracas, Venezuela.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted multiple health services, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, care, and treatment services, jeopardizing the achievement of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 90-90-90 global target. While there are limited studies assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Latin America, there are none, to our knowledge, in Venezuela. This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among PLHIV seen at the outpatient clinic of a reference hospital in Venezuela. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among PLHIV aged 18 years and over seen at the Infectious Diseases Department of the University Hospital of Caracas, Venezuela between March 2021 and February 2022. RESULTS: A total of 238 PLHIV were included in the study. The median age was 43 (IQR 31-55) years, and the majority were male (68.9%). Most patients (88.2%, n = 210) came for routine check-ups, while 28 (11.3%) were newly diagnosed. The majority of patients (96.1%) were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), but only 67.8% had a viral load test, with almost all (95.6%) being undetectable. Among those who attended regular appointments, 11.9% reported missing at least one medical consultation, and 3.3% reported an interruption in their ART refill. More than half of the patients (55.5%) had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, while the rest expressed hesitancy to get vaccinated. Most patients with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were male (65.1%), younger than 44 years (57.5%), employed (47.2%), and had been diagnosed with HIV for less than one year (33%). However, no statistically significant differences were found between vaccinated patients and those with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Older age was a risk factor for missing consultations, while not having an alcoholic habit was identified as a protective factor against missing consultations. CONCLUSION: This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic had a limited impact on adherence to medical consultations and interruptions in ART among PLHIV seen at the University Hospital of Caracas, Venezuela.

Amoebic liver abscess in a COVID-19 patient: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which affects people living in low- and middle-income countries and has intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. To date, knowledge on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) coinfection with enteric parasites is limited, and E. histolytica coinfection has not been previously described. Here we present the case of a patient with COVID-19 who, during hospitalisation, presented a clinical picture consistent with an amoebic liver abscess (ALA). CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old man, admitted as a suspected case of COVID-19, presented to our hospital with dyspnoea, malaise, fever and hypoxaemia. A nasopharyngeal swab was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. After 7 days, he developed diarrhoea, choluria and dysentery. An abdominal ultrasound showed a lesion compatible with a liver abscess; stool examination revealed E. histolytica trophozoites, and additional serology for E. histolytica was positive. After 12 days of treatment with metronidazole, ceftazidime and nitazoxanide, the patient reported acute abdominal pain, and an ultrasound examination revealed free liquid in the abdominal cavity. An emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed, finding 3000 mL of a thick fluid described as "anchovy paste". Computed tomography scan revealed a second abscess. He ended up receiving 21 days of antibiotic treatment and was discharged with satisfactory improvement. CONCLUSION: Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of ALA and COVID-19 co-presenting. Based on their pathophysiological similarities, coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and E. histolytica could change the patient's clinical course; however, larger studies are needed to fully understand the interaction between these pathogens.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to COVID-19 among patients at Hospital Universitario de Caracas triage tent: A cross-sectional study / Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionadas con la Covid-19 en pacientes atendidos en la carpa de triaje del Hospital Universitario de Caracas: un estudio transversal

Abstract | Introduction: The studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding COVID-19 help to identify erroneous concepts and inadequate practices related to the disease. This baseline information is essential to design effective strategies and improve adherence to prevention measures. Objective: To identify the COVID-19-related KAP in Venezuelan patients screened at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas triage tent. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 215 patients between April 25th and May 25th, 2020, with in-person interviews using a KAP survey. Results: Most surveyed patients (53.5%) were asymptomatic. Most of them, both from the symptomatic and the asymptomatic groups, had adequate knowledge about the symptoms and transmission of the disease and the majority said they were practicing quarantine, frequent handwashing, and the use of face masks in public areas. However, the daily replacement of cloth face masks was more frequent in the asymptomatic group whereas replacement every three days was more frequent in the symptomatic group. Finally, more than half of the participants admitted having been in crowded places, a common practice among the symptomatic compared to the asymptomatic patients. Conclusions: This is the first KAP study in Venezuela about COVID-19. Knowledge and practices among Venezuelans could be improved by strengthening education and training programs. This information from the early phase of the pandemic in Venezuela may contribute to the design of COVID-19 promotion and prevention strategies.

Resumen | Introducción. Los estudios de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) relacionados con la Covid-19 permiten establecer los conceptos erróneos y las prácticas inadecuadas en torno a esta enfermedad, información fundamental para diseñar estrategias eficaces y mejorar el cumplimiento de las medidas de prevención. Objetivo. Establecer los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionadas con la Covid-19 en pacientes venezolanos cribados en la carpa de triaje del Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal en 215 pacientes entre el 25 de abril y el 25 de mayo de 2020, mediante entrevistas personales y utilizando una encuesta sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas. Resultados. La mayoría (53,5 %) de los pacientes encuestados se encontraba asintomática; los encuestados tenían un conocimiento adecuado sobre los síntomas y la transmisión de la enfermedad, sin distinción entre sintomáticos y asintomáticos. La mayoría de ellos indicó estar respetando las prácticas de cuarentena, lavado de manos frecuente y uso de tapabocas en público; sin embargo, el reemplazo diario de los tapabocas de tela fue más frecuente en el grupo de los asintomáticos, en tanto que el reemplazo cada tres días fue más común entre los sintomáticos. Por último, más de la mitad de los participantes admitió haber estado en lugares concurridos, siendo esta práctica más frecuente entre los sintomáticos que entre los asintomáticos. Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la Covid-19 en Venezuela. El conocimiento y las prácticas de los venezolanos podrían mejorar mediante el fortalecimiento de los programas de educación y capacitación. Esta información, obtenida durante la fase inicial de la pandemia en Venezuela, podría contribuir al diseño de estrategias de promoción y prevención de la Covid-19.

COVID-19 en Latinoamérica: una revisión sistemática de la literatura y análisis bibliométrico / COVID-19 in Latin America: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir y analizar la actividad científica sobre la COVID-19 en Latinoamérica. Materiales y Métodos Mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed, LILACS y los repositorios preimpresos BioRxiv y medRxiv, se recuperaron todos los documentos disponibles sobre la COVID-19 en Latinoamérica desde el primero de enero hasta el 24 de abril de 2020, para su análisis bibliométrico. Resultados Un total de 29 publicaciones fueron incluidas en el análisis. El país con más producción científica fue Brasil (10/29; 34,4%), seguido de Colombia (6/29; 20,6%) y México (6/29; 20,6%). La universidad con más artículos fue la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia (5/29; 17,24%). El 41,3% de las publicaciones fueron documentos preimpresos. La mayoría de los estudios excluidos fueron comentarios editoriales u opiniones de expertos. Tres de cada cuatro investigaciones tenían un enfoque epidemiológico (21/29; 72,4%); limitados estudios sobre el diagnóstico (5/29; 17,2%), la fisiopatogenia (2/29; 2,8%) y los aspectos terapéuticos (1/29; 3,4%) fueron encontrados. Conclusión Pese al crecimiento exponencial de publicaciones en el mundo, existe una limitada cantidad de información sobre el comportamiento de esta infección en Latinoamérica. Se requiere la publicación de estudios con alta calidad metodológica, que aporten conocimiento sobre el impacto de la pandemia en la región.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective Describe and analyze scientific activity on COVID-19 in Latin America. Materials and Methods Through a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, LILACS, and the preprinted repositories BioRxiv and medRxiv, all available documents on COVID-19 in Latin America from January 1 to April 24, 2020, were retrieved for review and bibliometric analysis. Results A total of 29 publications were included in the analysis. The country with the most scientific production was Brazil (10/29; 34,4%) followed by Colombia (6/29; 20,6%) and Mexico (6/29; 20,6%). The university with the most articles was the Technological University of Pereira, Colombia (5/29; 17,2%). 41,3% of the publications were preprinted documents. Most of the excluded studies were editorial comments or expert opinions. Three out of four investigations had an epidemiological focus (21/29; 72,4%); Limited studies on diagnosis (5/29; 17,24%), pathophysiology (2/29, 2,8%) and therapeutic Conclusion Despite the exponential growth of publications in the world, there is a limited amount of information on the behavior of this infection in Latin America. The publication of studies with high methodological quality is required, which provide knowledge of the impact of the pandemic in the region.(AU)