RESUMO
SARS-CoV-2-contributes to sickness and death in COVID-19 patients partly by inducing a hyper-proinflammatory immune response in the host airway. This hyper-proinflammatory state involves activation of signaling by NFκB, and unexpectedly, ENaC, the epithelial sodium channel. Post-infection inflammation may also contribute to "Long COVID"/PASC. Enhanced signaling by NFκB and ENaC also marks the airway of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, a life-limiting proinflammatory genetic disease due to inactivating mutations in the CFTR gene. We therefore hypothesized that inflammation in the COVID-19 airway might similarly be due to inhibition of CFTR signaling by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and therefore activation of both NFκB and ENaC signaling. We used western blot and electrophysiological techniques, and an organoid model of normal airway epithelia, differentiated on an air-liquid-interface (ALI). We found that CFTR protein expression and CFTR cAMP-activated chloride channel activity were lost when the model epithelium was exposed to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. As hypothesized, the absence of CFTR led to activation of both TNFα/NFκB signaling and α and γ ENaC. We had previously shown that the cardiac glycoside drugs digoxin, digitoxin and ouabain blocked interaction of spike protein and ACE2. Consistently, addition of 30 nM concentrations of the cardiac glycoside drugs, prevented loss of both CFTR protein and CFTR channel activity. ACE2 and CFTR were found to co-immunoprecipitate in both basal cells and differentiated epithelia. Thus spike-dependent CFTR loss might involve ACE2 as a bridge between Spike and CFTR. In addition, spike exposure to the epithelia resulted in failure of endosomal recycling to return CFTR to the plasma membrane. Thus, failure of CFTR recovery from endosomal recycling might be a mechanism for spike-dependent loss of CFTR. Finally, we found that authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus infection induced loss of CFTR protein, which was rescued by the cardiac glycoside drugs digitoxin and ouabain. Based on experiments with this organoid model of small airway epithelia, and comparisons with 16HBE14o- and other cell types expressing normal CFTR, we predict that inflammation in the COVID-19 airway may be mediated by inhibition of CFTR signaling by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thus inducing a cystic fibrosis-like clinical phenotype. To our knowledge this is the first time COVID-19 airway inflammation has been experimentally traced in normal subjects to a contribution from SARS-CoV-2 spike-dependent inhibition of CFTR signaling.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística , Inflamação , SARS-CoV-2 , Transdução de Sinais , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/metabolismo , Humanos , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Canais Epiteliais de Sódio/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Ouabaína/farmacologiaRESUMO
Annexin A7/ANXA7 is a calcium-dependent membrane fusion protein with tumor suppressor gene (TSG) properties, which is located on chromosome 10q21 and is thought to function in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and tumorigenesis. However, whether the molecular mechanisms for tumor suppression are also involved in the calcium- and phospholipid-binding properties of ANXA7 remain to be elucidated. We hypothesized that the 4 C-terminal endonexin-fold repeats in ANXA7 (GX(X)GT), which are contained within each of the 4 annexin repeats with 70 amino acids, are responsible for both calcium- and GTP-dependent membrane fusion and the tumor suppressor function. Here, we identified a dominant-negative triple mutant (DNTM/DN-ANXA7J) that dramatically suppressed the ability of ANXA7 to fuse with artificial membranes while also inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and sensitizing cells to cell death. We also found that the [DNTM]ANA7 mutation altered the membrane fusion rate and the ability to bind calcium and phospholipids. In addition, in prostate cancer cells, our data revealed that variations in phosphatidylserine exposure, membrane permeabilization, and cellular apoptosis were associated with differential IP3 receptor expression and PI3K/AKT/mTOR modulation. In conclusion, we discovered a triple mutant of ANXA7, associated with calcium and phospholipid binding, which leads to the loss of several essential functions of ANXA7 pertinent to tumor protection and highlights the importance of the calcium signaling and membrane fusion functions of ANXA7 for preventing tumorigenesis.
Assuntos
Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Neoplasias da Próstata , Masculino , Humanos , Receptores de Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , CarcinogêneseRESUMO
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to a folding defect in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common mutation, ΔF508, prevents CFTR from trafficking to the apical plasma membrane. Here we show that activation of the PDK1/SGK1 signaling pathway with C4-ceramide (C4-CER), a non-toxic small molecule, functionally corrects the trafficking defect in both cultured CF cells and primary epithelial cell explants from CF patients. The mechanism of C4-CER action involves a series of mutual autophosphorylation and phosphorylation events between PDK1 and SGK1. Detailed mechanistic studies indicate that C4-CER initially induces autophosphorylation of SGK1 at Ser(422). SGK1[Ser(P)(422)] and C4-CER coincidently bind PDK1 and permit PDK1 to autophosphorylate at Ser(241). Then PDK1[Ser(P)(241)] phosphorylates SGK1[Ser(P)(422)] at Thr(256) to generate fully activated SGK1[Ser(422), Thr(P)(256)]. SGK1[Ser(P)(422),Thr(P)(256)] phosphorylates and inactivates the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. ΔF508-CFTR is thus free to traffic to the plasma membrane. Importantly, C4-CER-mediated activation of both PDK1 and SGK1 is independent of the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Physiologically, C4-CER significantly increases maturation and stability of ΔF508-CFTR (t½ â¼10 h), enhances cAMP-activated chloride secretion, and suppresses hypersecretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8). We suggest that candidate drugs for CF directed against the PDK1/SGK1 signaling pathway, such as C4-CER, provide a novel therapeutic strategy for a life-limiting disorder that affects one child, on average, each day.
Assuntos
Ceramidas/farmacologia , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/metabolismo , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Fibrose Cística/tratamento farmacológico , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Complexos Endossomais de Distribuição Requeridos para Transporte/metabolismo , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases Nedd4 , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Estabilidade Proteica , Transporte Proteico , Piruvato Desidrogenase Quinase de Transferência de Acetil , Deleção de Sequência , Transdução de Sinais , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismoRESUMO
The most common mutation in cystic fibrosis (CF) is DeltaF508, which is associated with failure of the mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) to traffic to the plasma membrane. By a still unknown mechanism, the loss of correctly trafficked DeltaF508-CFTR results in an excess of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) on the apical plasma membrane. ENaC trafficking is known to be regulated by a signaling pathway involving the glucocorticoid receptor, the serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase SGK1, and the ubiquitin E3 ligase Nedd4-2. We show here that dexamethasone rescues functional expression of DeltaF508-CFTR. The half-life of DeltaF508-CFTR is also dramatically enhanced. Dexamethasone-activated DeltaF508-CFTR rescue is blocked either by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 or by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicate that Nedd4-2 binds to both wild-type- and DeltaF508-CFTR. These complexes are inhibited by dexamethasone treatment, and CFTR ubiquitination is concomitantly decreased. We further show that knockdown of Nedd4-2 by small interfering RNA also corrects DeltaF508-CFTR trafficking. Conversely, knockdown of SGK1 by small interfering RNA completely blocks dexamethasone-activated DeltaF508-CFTR rescue. These data suggest that the SGK1/Nedd4-2 signaling pathway regulates both CFTR and ENaC trafficking in CF epithelial cells.
Assuntos
Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/fisiologia , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Biotinilação , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Complexos Endossomais de Distribuição Requeridos para Transporte , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Canais Epiteliais de Sódio/metabolismo , Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Humanos , Microscopia de Fluorescência/métodos , Modelos Biológicos , Mutação , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases Nedd4 , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common, lethal genetic disease, which is due to mutations in the CFTR gene. The CF lung expresses a profoundly proinflammatory phenotype, due to constitutive hypersecretion of IL-8 from epithelial cells lining the airways. In a systematic search for candidate drugs that might be used therapeutically to suppress IL-8 secretion from these cells, we have identified a potent and efficacious series of amphiphilic pyridinium salts. The most potent of these salts is MRS2481, an (R)-1-phenylpropionic acid ester, with an IC50 of ca. 1microM. We have synthesized 21 analogues of MRS2481, which have proven sufficient to develop a preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR). For optimal activity, we have found that the ester must be connected to the pyridinium derivative by an eight-carbon chain. An optical isomer of the lead compound, containing an (S)-1-phenylpropionic acid ester, has been found to be a much less active. The mechanism of action of MRS2481 appears to involve inhibition of signaling of the NF(kappa)B and AP-1 transcription factors to the IL-8 promoter. MRS2481 is a potent inhibitor of TNFalpha-induced phosphorylation and proteosomal destruction of I(kappa)B(alpha). Inasmuch as I(kappa)B(alpha) is the principal inhibitor of the NF(kappa)B signaling pathway, preservation of intact I(kappa)B(alpha) would serve to keep the IL-8 promoter silent. We also find that MRS2481 blocks TNF(alpha)-activated phosphorylation of JNK, the c-JUN kinase. The IL-8 promoter is also activated by an AP-1 site, which requires a phospho-c-JUN/c-FOS dimer for activity. We therefore interpret these data to suggest that the mechanism of MRS2481 action is to inhibit both NF(kappa)B and AP-1 signaling on the IL-8 promoter. Given the medicinally promising properties of water-solubility, potency in the low muM concentration range, and high efficacy, we anticipate that MRS2481, or a further optimized derivative, may find an important place in the armamentarium of pharmaceutical strategies yet to be arrayed against the inflammatory phenotype of the CF lung.
Assuntos
Fibrose Cística/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/antagonistas & inibidores , Mucosa Respiratória/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Respiratória/metabolismo , Tensoativos/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Fibrose Cística/tratamento farmacológico , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células HeLa , Humanos , NF-kappa B/fisiologia , Compostos de Piridínio/química , Compostos de Piridínio/farmacologia , Compostos de Piridínio/uso terapêutico , Mucosa Respiratória/fisiologia , Sais/química , Sais/farmacologia , Sais/uso terapêutico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Tensoativos/química , Tensoativos/uso terapêutico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/fisiologiaRESUMO
Digitoxin and structurally related cardiac glycoside drugs potently block activation of the TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. We have hypothesized that the mechanism might be discovered by searching systematically for selective inhibitory action through the entire pathway. We report that the common action of these drugs is to block the TNF-alpha-dependent binding of TNF receptor 1 to TNF receptor-associated death domain. This drug action can be observed with native cells, such as HeLa, and reconstituted systems prepared in HEK293 cells. All other antiinflammatory effects of digitoxin on NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways appear to follow from the blockade of this initial upstream signaling event.
Assuntos
Digitoxina/farmacologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos e Proteínas Associados a Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Citometria de Fluxo , Células HeLa , Humanos , Imunoprecipitação , Luciferases , Plasmídeos/genéticaRESUMO
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal, autosomal, recessive genetic disease that is characterized by profound lung inflammation. The inflammatory process is believed to be caused by massive overproduction of the proinflammatory protein IL-8, and the high levels of IL-8 in the CF lung are therefore believed to be the central mechanism behind CF lung pathophysiology. We show here that digitoxin, at sub nM concentrations, can suppress hypersecretion of IL-8 from cultured CF lung epithelial cells. Certain other cardiac glycosides are also active but with much less potency. The specific mechanism of digitoxin action is to block phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-kappa B (I kappa B alpha). I kappa B alpha phosphorylation is a required step in the activation of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway and the subsequent expression of IL-8. Digitoxin also has effects on global gene expression in CF cells. Of the informative genes expressed by the CF epithelial cell line IB-3, 58 are significantly (P < 0.05) affected by gene therapy with wild-type (CFTR CF transmembrane conductance regulator). Of these 58 genes, 36 (62%) are similarly affected by digitoxin and related active analogues. We interpret this result to suggest that digitoxin can also partially mimic the genomic consequences of gene therapy with CF transmembrane conductance regulator. We therefore suggest that digitoxin, with its lengthy history of human use, deserves consideration as a candidate drug for suppressing IL-8-dependent lung inflammation in CF.