Familial hypercholesterolemia in Mexico: Initial insights from the national registry.

BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. OBJECTIVE: Report the results of the first years (2017-2019) of the Mexican FH registry. METHODS: There are 60 investigators, representing 28 federal states, participating in the registry. The variables included are in accordance with the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) FH recommendations. RESULTS: To date, 709 patients have been registered, only 336 patients with complete data fields are presented. The mean age is 50 (36-62) years and the average time since diagnosis is 4 (IQR: 2-16) years. Genetic testing is recorded in 26.9%. Tendon xanthomas are present in 43.2%. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is 11.3% and that of premature CAD is 9.8%. Index cases, male gender, hypertension and smoking were associated with premature CAD. The median lipoprotein (a) level is 30.5 (IQR 10.8-80.7) mg/dl. Statins and co-administration with ezetimibe were recorded in 88.1% and 35.7% respectively. A combined treatment target (50% reduction in LDL-C and an LDL-C <100 mg/dl) was achieved by 13.7%. Associated factors were index case (OR 3.6, 95%CI 1.69-8.73, P = .002), combination therapy (OR 2.4, 95%CI 1.23-4.90, P = .011), type 2 diabetes (OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.03-7.59, P = .036) and age (OR 1.023, 95%CI 1.01-1.05, P = .033). CONCLUSION: The results confirm late diagnosis, a lower than expected prevalence and risk of ASCVD, a higher than expected prevalence of type 2 diabetes and undertreatment, with relatively few patients reaching goals. Recommendations include, the use of combination lipid lowering therapy, control of comorbid conditions and more frequent genetic testing in the future.

Cholesterol efflux and metabolic abnormalities associated with low high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol and high triglycerides in statin-treated coronary men with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol <70 mg/dl.

In 69 statin-treated male coronary patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol at goal levels (<70 mg/dl), the investigators tested whether low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (<40 mg/dl) and high triglyceride (>150 mg/dl) are associated with dysfunctional HDL particles and abnormal insulin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein serum levels. Thirty-four patients with low HDL cholesterol and high triglyceride (dyslipidemia) and 35 patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride at target levels (normolipidemia) were studied. Twenty healthy men were also studied. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was measured using immunonephelometry, insulin using a radioimmunometric assay, and total adiponectin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell cholesterol efflux to serum and total isolated HDL was assayed using rat hepatoma Fu5AH cells for scavenger receptor class B type 1-mediated efflux. Compared to the normolipidemia and healthy groups, and after adjustment for age and waist circumference, patients with dyslipidemia showed higher fasting insulin (14, 9.9, and 8.5 µU/ml, respectively), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance values (3.4, 2.3, and 1.8, respectively), lower adiponectin concentrations (5.1, 8.1, and 11 µg/ml, respectively), and reduced cholesterol efflux to serum (14%, 15%, and 19%, respectively) and to HDL fractions (4.4%, 4.6%, and 5.6%, respectively) (p <0.05 for all variables). Multivariate analysis showed that adiponectin and apolipoprotein A1 accounted for 10.7% and 3.9%, respectively, of the variance in cholesterol efflux. In conclusion, the decreased cholesterol efflux and metabolic abnormalities found in the dyslipidemia group may contribute to the residual risk observed in the large statin trials and the higher morbidity and mortality in statin-treated coronary patients with low HDL cholesterol even when attaining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <70 mg/dl.

Exceso de peso y síndrome metabólico en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Obesity or overweight and metabolic syndrome in Mexico City teenagers

Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico y sus componentes en una muestra de adolescentes de la Ciudad de México. Diseño: Se efectuó un estudio transversal en 772 varones y 1,078 mujeres de 12 a 16 años edad, en ocho escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México seleccionadas al azar. Métodos: Se realizaron medidas antropométricas, lípidos y lipoproteínas, Apo-AI y B, glucosa e insulina. Resultados: La prevalencia del síndrome metabólico fue de 12.5%, 11.5% en los varones y 13.5% en las mujeres (p = ns). La concentración baja de colesterol en las HDL fue el componente del síndrome metabólico más frecuente (38%), seguido de triglicéridos elevados (25.5%), hipertensión arterial (19.2%), obesidad central (11.8%) y glucosa en ayuno elevada (1.7%). Excepto por la hipertrigliceridemia, 28.2% en las mujeres y 21.6% en los varones (p < 0.001), la prevalencia de los componentes del síndrome metabólico fue similar en ambos géneros. Conclusiones: La prevalencia elevada de componentes bioquímicos y fisiológicos del síndrome metabólico, asociada con el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los adolescentes de la Ciudad de México, incrementa el riesgo en este grupo de la población de desarrollar de manera prematura ateroesclerosis coronaria y diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To know the metabolic syndrome and its components prevalence in Mexico City adolescents sample. Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 772 men and 1078 women, 12 to 16 years old, from 8 randomly selected public junior high schools in Mexico City. Methods: Anthropometric variables, lipids, lipoproteins, Apo AI and B, glucose and insulin were determined. Results: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 12.5%, 11.15% in men and 13.5% en women (p ns). The most frequently metabolic syndrome component found in México City adolescents was low HDL-C levels (38%), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (25.5%), hypertension (19.2%), central obesity (11.8%) and elevated fasting glucose (1.7). Except by the hypertriglyceridemia, higher in woman than in men, 28.2% vs. 21.6%, p < 0.001, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome components was similar between males and females. Conclusions: The high prevalence of biochemical and physiological factors of metabolic syndrome, associated with overweight and obesity in Mexico City adolescents, increases the risk of premature development of coronary atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus in this population.

Alteraciones de las lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad en pacientes coronarios con C-LDL en meta pero C-HDL y triglicéridos anormales / High and low density lipoprotein abnormalities in coronary patients with LDL-C at target and uncontrolled HDL-C and triglycerides

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses distribution and chemical composition, as well as low density lipoprotein (LDL) size and LDL oxidation, in coronary male patients treated with statins, that had LDL-cholesterol levels at target (< 100 mg/dL), but whose HDL-cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL) and triglycerides (TG > or = 150 mg/dL) levels were abnormal. The control group was formed by statin treated coronary male patients with LDL-C below 100 mg/dL and normal HDL-C and TG levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: HDL subclasses and LDL size were determined by gradient gel electrophoresis. LDL susceptibility to oxidation was determined by measuring lag phase duration, after adding the oxidant agent. RESULTS: Compared with the control group (n = 35), patients with low HDL-C + high TG (n = 34) showed significantly lower proportions of large HDL and higher proportions of small HDL particles. In addition, these patients had abnormal HDL composition, smaller LDL size, and higher LDL susceptibility to oxidation (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary patients with optimal LDL-C levels on statin therapy but with low HDL-C and high TG, have HDL and LDL abnormalities that have been shown to be associated with a higher risk of new coronary events.

Influencia de la administración transdérmica de 17-b estradiol sobre la liberación de hormona de crecimiento mediante la hormona liberadora de la hormona de crecimiento (gh-rh-1-29) en mujeres climatéricas pre y postratamiento / Influence of transdermal 17-ß estradiol administration on growth hormones secretion in menopausal women before and after treatment under the stimulus of growth hormonereasing hormone (GH-RH)

Antecedentes. En la actualidad se ha generado gran interés en el papel que juega la disminución de la hormona liberadora de la hormona de crecimiento y la hormona de crecimiento y su repercusión en varias partes del organismo como factores responsables de los cambios observados en la mujer climatérica, en especial en el sistema nervioso central, cardiovascular, genitourinario, digestivo y osteomuscular. Objetivo. Evaluar la influencia de la administración transdérmica de 17-b estradiol sobre la liberación de la hormona de crecimiento en mujeres climatéricas pre y postratamiento mediante la administración de la hormona liberadora de la hormona de crecimiento. Material y método. Se incluyeron cinco pacientes con edad promedio de 51 ñ 4.1 años, con cuadro clínico y bioquímico de climaterio. Tiempo de evolución: 5.4 ñ 4.61 (rango: 1-13 años). Se monitorizó la pulsatilidad de la hormona de crecimiento durante los primeros 120 minutos y tres horas más después de la administración de la hormona liberadora de la hormona de crecimiento (GH-RH-1-29-NH2), I.V. en bolo (50 µg). La obtención del suero para determinar la hormona de crecimiento se realizó cada 15 minutos antes y después del estímulo. Inmediatamente después se inició la sustitución hormonal con el 17-b estradiol transdérmico (parches de 50 µg) dos veces por semana. La evaluación clínica y el estudio mediante la estimulación con GH-RH-1-29 se realizaron al tiempo 0 (basal), 1, 3 y 6 meses de iniciado el tratamiento con las mismas condiciones descritas previamente. Resultados. La pulsatilidad de la hormona de crecimiento antes de iniciada la sustitución estrogénica en los cinco pacientes fue de: X:0.48 ñ 0.22; 0.38 ñ 0.17; 0.45 ñ 0.25 y 0.69 ñ 0.29 (Basal, 1, 3 y 6 meses, respectivamente) y de 2.74 ñ 1.21; 3.48 ñ 1.32 (p > 0.05); 4.91 ñ 1.57 (p < 0.05) y 6.04 ñ 1.69 (p < 0.05) (p en relación con la basal) postestímulo con GH-RH-1-29, Basal, 1, 3 y 6 meses, respectivamente, postestrogenoterapia transdérmica. Los niveles basales de gonadotrofinas descendieron de 54.68 ñ 27 a 33.20 ñ 11.23 y de 40.48 ñ 12 a 28.30 ñ 6.70 (FSH y LH, respectivamente, pre y postratamiento) y los valores basales de estradiol se incrementaron de 1.82 ñ 4.06 a 25.95 ñ 5.96 después de iniciada la estrogenoterapia