RESUMO
Scoping studies were designed to determine if double-crested cormorants (Phalacocorax auritus), laughing gulls (Leucophaues atricilla), homing pigeons (Columba livia) and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) that were gavaged with a mixture of artificially weathered MC252 oil and food for either a single day or 4-5 consecutive days showed signs of oil toxicity. Where volume allowed, samples were collected for hematology, plasma protein electrophoresis, clinical chemistry and electrolytes, oxidative stress and organ weigh changes. Double-crested cormorants, laughing gulls and western sandpipers all excreted oil within 30min of dose, while pigeons regurgitated within less than one hour of dosing. There were species differences in the effectiveness of the dosing technique, with double-crested cormorants having the greatest number of responsive endpoints at the completion of the trial. Statistically significant changes in packed cell volume, white cell counts, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, gamma glutamyl transferase, uric acid, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, total glutathione, glutathione disulfide, reduced glutathione, spleen and liver weights were measured in double-crested cormorants. Homing pigeons had statistically significant changes in creatine phosphokinase, total glutathione, glutathione disulfide, reduced glutathione and Trolox equivalents. Laughing gulls exhibited statistically significant decreases in spleen and kidney weight, and no changes were observed in any measurement endpoints tested in western sandpipers.
Assuntos
Administração Oral , Aves/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Petróleo/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Aves/sangue , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Feminino , Glutationa/metabolismo , Masculino , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Especificidade de Órgãos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Tempo (Meteorologia)RESUMO
In April 2010, crude oil was spilled from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil platform for 87 days, coincident with the spawning season and recruitment of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the Gulf of Mexico. Impacts of acute exposures to surface-collected DWH oil (HEWAF), dispersed oil (CEWAF) and dispersant alone (Corexit 9500A(®)) on planktonic larval stages of C. virginica (veliger, umbo and pediveliger) were tested in the laboratory. Exposures to HEWAF, CEWAF and dispersant were toxic to larvae impairing growth, settlement success and ultimately survival. Larval growth and settlement were reduced at concentrations of tPAH50 ranging from 1.7 to 106 µg L(-1) for HEWAF and 1.1-35 µg L(-1) for CEWAF, concentrations well within the range of water sampled during the DWH oil spill. Sublethal effects induced by oil and dispersant could have significant ecological implications on oyster populations and on the whole estuarine ecosystem.
Assuntos
Crassostrea/fisiologia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluição por Petróleo , Petróleo/toxicidade , Tensoativos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/fisiologia , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil platform resulted in large amounts of crude oil and dispersant Corexit 9500A® released into the Gulf of Mexico and coincided with the spawning season of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica. The effects of exposing gametes and embryos of C. virginica to dispersant alone (Corexit), mechanically (HEWAF) and chemically dispersed (CEWAF) DWH oil were evaluated. Fertilization success and the morphological development, growth, and survival of larvae were assessed. Gamete exposure reduced fertilization (HEWAF: EC201h=1650µg tPAH50L(-1); CEWAF: EC201h=19.4µg tPAH50L(-1); Corexit: EC201h=6.9mgL(-1)). CEWAF and Corexit showed a similar toxicity on early life stages at equivalent nominal concentrations. Oysters exposed from gametes to CEWAF and Corexit experienced more deleterious effects than oysters exposed from embryos. Results suggest the presence of oil and dispersant during oyster spawning season may interfere with larval development and subsequent recruitment.
Assuntos
Crassostrea/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluição por Petróleo , Petróleo/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Crassostrea/embriologia , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , México , Água do Mar/química , Qualidade da ÁguaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Previous studies suggest that folate deficiency may occur in up to one third of patients with severe depression, and that treatment with the vitamin may enhance recovery of the mental state. There are, however, difficulties in interpreting serum and red cell folate assays in some patients, and it has been suggested that total plasma homocysteine is a more sensitive measure of functional folate (and vitamin B12) deficiency. Other studies suggest a link between folate deficiency and impaired metabolism of serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which have been implicated in mood disorders. A study of homocysteine, folate, and monoamine metabolism has, therefore, been undertaken in patients with severe depression. METHODS: In 46 inpatients with severe DSM III depression, blood counts, serum and red cell folate, serum vitamin B12, total plasma homocysteine, and, in 28 patients, CSF folate, S-adenosylmethionine, and the monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites 5HIAA, HVA, and MHPG were examined. Two control groups comprised 18 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with neurological disorders, the second group undergoing CSF examination for diagnostic purposes. RESULTS: Twenty four depressed patients (52%) had raised total plasma homocysteine. Depressed patients with raised total plasma homocysteine had significant lowering of serum, red cell, and CSF folate, CSF S-adenosylmethionine and all three CSF monoamine metabolites. Total plasma homocysteine was significantly negatively correlated with red cell folate in depressed patients, but not controls. CONCLUSIONS: Utilising total plasma homocysteine as a sensitive measure of functional folate deficiency, a biological subgroup of depression with folate deficiency, impaired methylation, and monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism has been identified. Detection of this subgroup, which will not be achieved by routine blood counts, is important in view of the potential benefit of vitamin replacement.
Assuntos
Monoaminas Biogênicas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Depressão/metabolismo , Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/diagnóstico , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Homocisteína/sangue , Adulto , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas , Peso Corporal , Depressão/complicações , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Feminino , Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/complicações , Ácido Homovanílico/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Humanos , Ácido Hidroxi-Indolacético/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Masculino , Metoxi-Hidroxifenilglicol/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Metilação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , S-Adenosilmetionina/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Vitamina B 12/sangueRESUMO
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels were significantly lower in severely depressed patients than in a neurological control group. The administration of SAM either intravenously or orally is associated with a significant rise of CSF SAM, indicating that it crosses the blood-brain barrier in humans. These observations provide a rational basis for the antidepressant effect of SAM, which has been confirmed in several countries. CSF SAM levels were low in a group of patients with Alzheimer's dementia suggesting a possible disturbance of methylation in such patients and the need for trials of SAM treatment.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtorno Depressivo/líquido cefalorraquidiano , S-Adenosilmetionina/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Administração Oral , Adulto , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Barreira Hematoencefálica , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , S-Adenosilmetionina/administração & dosagem , S-Adenosilmetionina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
During open trials of intravenous and oral S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) and a placebo-controlled trial of intravenous SAM in 29 patients, 25 patients had SAM and four had placebo (27 courses of SAM, two of the patients receiving two trials a piece). Nine of 11 bipolar patients (all SAM-treated) switched into elevated mood state (hypomania, mania and euphoria) and two did not respond. Six endogenous unipolar patients improved and five did not. No non-endogenous patient or placebo patient responded for more than 14 days. No unipolar patient switched into elated mood. In eleven (38%) trials and nine (33%) patients there was a switch from depression to elation. Biochemical data from the cerebrospinal fluid of eight patients suggested that the role of the dopaminergic system should be further explored.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Administração Oral , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Transtorno Bipolar/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtorno Bipolar/tratamento farmacológico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Euforia , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , S-Adenosilmetionina/administração & dosagem , S-Adenosilmetionina/uso terapêuticoAssuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/tratamento farmacológico , S-Adenosilmetionina/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Several open and double-blind studies suggest that SAMe may have an anti-depressant effect, and further studies are indicated. SAMe may exert a beneficial effect selectively on endogenous rather than neurotic depression. SAMe crosses the blood-brain barrier. SAMe is involved in several central enzyme pathways relating to transmethylation and folate and monoamine metabolism as well as in membrane function and neuro-transmission. The neuropharmacology of SAMe's effect on mood and the switch mechanism has yet to be fully explored. The actions of SAMe on the dopaminergic system are as yet unclear. SAMe is a physiologic substance that is non-toxic and relatively free of severe side effects (with the exception of mania, which may be a manifestation of the basic mood disorder.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , S-Adenosilmetionina/uso terapêutico , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , S-Adenosilmetionina/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Twenty subjects entered a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of SAM in depression. Prolactin concentrations were measured before and after 14 days' treatment. There was a highly significant fall in prolactin concentrations in the SAM-treated group.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Prolactina/sangue , S-Adenosilmetionina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Transtorno Depressivo/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação PsiquiátricaRESUMO
The Newcastle scores of a group of 64 and subsample of 52 severely depressed inpatients were not normally distributed. Evidence for discontinuity in these distributions was adduced from the contrast in outcome between the endogenous and neurotic patients thus defined, the endogenous consistently doing better than the neurotic group. The unipolar/bipolar system failed to predict different results for endogenous and neurotic patients unless unipolar was subdivided into endogenous and neurotic subgroups. The DSM-III criteria for major depression and melancholia failed to identify subgroups of differing prognoses.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Transtorno Depressivo/classificação , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrolases/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Prognóstico , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
S-Adenosyl methionine may well have an antidepressant action beyond a placebo effect but this is virtually confined to endogenous depression. This should be subjected to further study. Our own double-blind placebo-controlled study is still incomplete. The indications are that SAM specifically affects folate, dopamine, and serotonin metabolism as well as activating and switching brain mechanisms. This suggests exciting prospects for further investigations. SAM is a nontoxic physiological metabolite virtually free of side effects.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , S-Adenosilmetionina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Transtorno Depressivo/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Humanos , Ácido Hidroxi-Indolacético/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Neuróticos/tratamento farmacológico , S-Adenosilmetionina/efeitos adversos , S-Adenosilmetionina/líquido cefalorraquidianoAssuntos
Transtornos Mentais/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/tratamento farmacológico , S-Adenosilmetionina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antidepressivos , Aminas Biogênicas/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Demência/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Fólico/análise , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácido Hidroxi-Indolacético/análise , Metionina Adenosiltransferase/metabolismo , Metilação , Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Ratos , S-Adenosilmetionina/metabolismo , S-Adenosilmetionina/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Sinapses/metabolismo , Transmissão SinápticaRESUMO
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) has antidepressant properties. The commonest neuropsychiatric complication of severe folate deficiency is depression. These independent observations suggest that methylation in the nervous system may underlie the expression of mood and related processes and may be implicated in some affective disorders; suggest new biological approaches to the understanding and treatment of some affective disorders; and may explain why methionine sometimes aggravates schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Transtorno Depressivo/metabolismo , Emoções , S-Adenosilmetionina/metabolismo , Anemia Megaloblástica/metabolismo , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Depressivo/etiologia , Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/complicações , Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Humanos , Metilação , S-Adenosilmetionina/uso terapêutico , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Vitamina B 12/metabolismo , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/complicações , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/metabolismoAssuntos
Aminas Biogênicas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtorno Depressivo/líquido cefalorraquidiano , S-Adenosilmetionina/farmacologia , Adulto , Idoso , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , S-Adenosilmetionina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
We investigated the psychological status of Crohn's disease patients because 10 such patients had been referred to our psychiatric out-patient department over a period of six years, whereas if there were no association between the disease and psychiatric morbidity, the expected referral rate would be one case in 20 to 100 years. We found an association between episodes of psychiatric and physical symptoms in the case histories. We administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Manifest Anxiety Scale to 28 out-patients with Crohn's disease (8 psychiatrically and 20 non-psychiatrically referred), 17 with chronic non-psychosomatic medical diseases, 43 with psychosomatic diseases and 100 with neurosis. Crohn's disease patients were significantly more anxious, neurotic and introverted than both the test norms and the non-psychosomatic medical out-patients and did not differ appreciably from the psychosomatic patients in these respect.