Nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection in urology departments: Results of a prospective multicentric study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the coronavirus disease 2019 perioperative infection rate and mortality rate of patients undergoing urological surgeries during the early pandemic period in Spain. METHODS: This was a non-interventional multicenter prospective study carried out from 9 March to 3 May 2020 in two urology departments in Madrid, Spain. Clinical, microbiological and radiological data of patients who underwent surgery were collected from computerized medical records. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were included in the study, and 141 were analyzed for nosocomial infection risk, after excluding previous and concomitant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 infections. Elective surgeries represented 76.6% of the procedures, whereas emergent surgeries represented 23.4%. Preoperative screening was carried out with polymerase chain reaction test in 34 patients, all were negative. A total of 14 patients also had chest X-ray (not suspicious in all cases). Three patients (2.1%) developed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 nosocomial infection (symptoms developed between the third day after surgery to the 14th day after hospital discharge). Time from admission to a compatible clinical case was 5.5 days (4-12 days). Two patients underwent surgery with concomitant diagnosis of coronavirus disease. The mortality rate due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 infection is 0.7%, and the specific mortality rate in patients undergoing surgery with community-acquired coronavirus disease 2019 infection was 50% (1/2). CONCLUSIONS: The nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 infection rate was low in patients undergoing urological surgical procedures during the peak of the pandemic in Madrid. With appropriate perioperative screening, urological surgical activity can be carried out in safety conditions.

Management of Female and Functional Urology Patients During the COVID Pandemic.

CONTEXT: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has changed standard urology practice around the world. The situation is affecting not only uro-oncological patients but also patients with benign and disabling conditions who are suffering delays in medical attention that impact their quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To propose, based on expert advice and current evidence where available, a strategy to reorganize female and functional urological (FFU) activity (diagnosis and treatment). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The present document is based on a narrative review of the limited data available in the urological literature on SARS-Cov-2 and the experience of FFU experts from several countries around the world. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: In all the treatment schemes proposed in the literature on the COVID-19 pandemic, FFU surgery is not adequately covered and usually grouped into the category that is not urgent or can be delayed, but in a sustained pandemic scenario there are cases that cannot be delayed that should be considered for surgery as a priority. The aim of this document is to provide a detailed management plan for noninvasive and invasive FFU consultations, investigations, and operations. A classification of FFU surgical activity by indication and urgency is proposed, as well as recommendations adopted from the literature for good surgical practice and by surgical approach in FFU in the COVID-19 era. CONCLUSIONS: Functional, benign, and pelvic floor conditions have often been considered suitable for delay in challenging times. The long-term implications of this reduction in functional urology clinical activity are currently unknown. This document will help functional urology departments to reorganize their activity to best serve their patients. PATIENT SUMMARY: Many patients will suffer delays in urology treatment because of COVID-19, with consequent impairment of their physical and psychological health and deterioration of their quality of life. Efforts should be made to minimize the burden for this patient group, without endangering patients and health care workers.

[Robotic and laparosocpic urological surgery during COVID-19 pandemia.] / Situación de la cirugía laparoscópica y robótica urológica durante la pandemia COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic hashigh repercussion on urologic minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Controversy about safety of MIS procedures during COVID-19 pandemic has been published. Nowadays, our priority should be create agreement in order to restart and organize MIS with safety conditions for patients and healthcare workers. METHODS: Pubmed and web search was conducted with following terms: "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID19", "COVID19 Urology", COVID19 Surgery", "COVID19 transmission", "SARS-CoV-2 transmission", "COVID19 nd minimally invasive surgery", "SARS-CoV-2 and CO 2insuflation". A narrative review of available literature and scientific evidence summary was done. A modify nominal group technique was used to achieve an expert consensus. First draft was circulated amongst authors. Definitive document was approved in May 26th. RESULTS: Non evidence supports higher risk of SARSCoV-2 healthcare workers infection with MIS compared to open surgery. MIS is associated with shorter hospital stay than open surgery. Modify MIS indications to open surgery, with no scientific evidence, could spend valuable resources in detriment to COVID-19 patients. MIS indications should be prioritized attending to available resources and pandemic intensity. SARS-CoV-2screening 72 hours prior to surgery by clinical and epidemiological questionnaire and nasopharyngeal PCRis recommended, in order to prevent nosocomial transmission, professional infections and to minimize postoperative complications. Intraoperative steps should be established to reduce professional exposure to surgical aerosols, including: surgical room reorganization, adequate personal protective equipment, surgical technique optimization and management of CO2 and surgical smoke. CONCLUSIONS: In COVID-19 pandemic de-escalation, MIS carried out with optimal safety measurements, could contribute to reduce hospital resources utilization. With current evidence, MIS should not be limited or reconverted to open surgery during COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJETIVO: La pandemia provocada por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha tenido una elevada repercusión sobre la cirugía mínimamente invasiva (CMI). Ha surgido una importante controversia sobre la realización de CMI durante la pandemia COVID-19. Es prioritario, establecer un consenso sobre la organización y realización con seguridad de la CMI durante la pandemia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda web y en PubMed con los términos: "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID19", "COVID19 Urology", "COVID19 Surgery", "COVID19 transmission", "SARS-CoV-2 transmission", "COVID19 and minimally invasive surgery", "SARSCoV-2 and CO2 insuflation". Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura y una síntesis de la evidencia disponible. Se ha utilizado una técnica de grupo nominal modificada, circulando un primer borrador a todos los autores y aprobándose la versión definitiva el día 26 de Mayo de 2020. RESULTADOS: No existe evidencia sobre una mayor exposición a SARS-CoV-2 en CMI respecto a cirugía abierta. La CMI se asocia a una menor estancia hospitalaria por lo que cambiar, sin justificación, la indicaciónde CMI puede retrotraer recursos que podrían ser utilizados para la pandemia COVID-19. Se debe priorizar la CMI según los recursos disponibles y la intensidad de la pandemia en cada momento. Se recomienda realizar despistaje de SARS-CoV-2 mediante cuestionario clínico-epidemiológico y PCR nasofaríngea 72 horas antes de la CMI electiva, para minimizar las complicaciones postoperatorias, evitar la transmisión cruzada entre pacientes y la posible exposición de los profesionales sanitarios. Se recomienda establecer medidas de organización en quirófano, de protección personal, técnica quirúrgica y manejo del CO2 y aerosoles generados para reducir la exposición y riesgos del personal sanitario. CONCLUSIONES: La CMI realizada con las medidasd e seguridad adecuadas para el paciente y profesionales, puede contribuir durante la desescalada a una menor utilización de recursos sanitarios y por tanto, no debe limitarse su utilización o cambiar sus indicaciones.

Frequency of family meals and risk of eating disorders in adolescents in Spain and Peru / Frecuencia de comidas en familia y riesgo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en adolescentes de España y Perú

Abstract The prevalence of eating disorders is between 0.27% and 6.41% in Spain and between 7.3% and 11.4% in Peru. Much research has been focused on the study of the main risk factors for eating disorders, but little is known about the potential protective factors (such as family meals) in samples of young people that include participants from different countries. This study estimates the contribution of the frequency of family meals on the risk for eating disorders in a large sample of adolescents recruited in Spain and Peru (n=916, with a mean age of 14.6 years old and age range of 12 to 17 years old). Results showed a double interaction parameter between the participants' sex and origin with the frequency of family meals: the risk for eating disorders is modified specifically for girls from both countries, and adolescents of both sexes born in Spain. This empirical evidence suggests that sex and cultural differences could be related to disordered eating patterns during adolescence and so could act as moderators for the impact of risk and protective factors for this clinical condition. The study of the contribution of the frequency of family meals on the risk of eating disorders in young people should take cultural differences into consideration with the aim of designing more targeted prevention and intervention programs.

Resumen La prevalencia de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en España se encuentra entre 0.27 % y 6.41% y en Perú entre el 7.3% y el 11.4%. Se dispone de numerosas investigaciones sobre los factores de riesgo para estos trastornos, pero escasos estudios han analizado posibles factores protectores, como las comidas familiares, en muestras jóvenes que incluyan participantes de diferentes países. Este artículo analiza la contribución de la frecuencia de las comidas familiares sobre el riesgo de trastornos de conducta alimentaria en una muestra de adolescentes (n = 916, edad media de 14.6 años, rango de edad 12 a 17 años) procedentes de España y Perú. Los principales resultados mostraron un doble parámetro de interacción entre el sexo y el origen de los participantes con la frecuencia de las comidas familiares: el riesgo de estos trastornos se modifica específicamente en mujeres y adolescentes nacidos en España. Estas evidencias empíricas sugieren que el sexo y las diferencias culturales podrían estar influyendo en los desórdenes alimentarios durante la etapa adolescente y podrían actuar moderando el impacto del riesgo y los factores protectores de la patología alimentaria. Se recomienda ampliar la investigación sobre la contribución de las comidas familiares en el riesgo de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en adolescentes considerando posibles diferencias culturales con el fin de diseñar programas de prevención e intervención más eficientes.

Sociocultural influences and body change strategies in Spanish adolescent boys of different weight status.

The aim of the present study was to examine the association between sociocultural influences to attain an ideal body and body change strategies (BCS) in Spanish adolescent boys of different weight status. A total of 594 Spanish boys (M=13.94 years, SD=0.20) participated. Measures included in the study were weight status according to body mass index (BMI), sociocultural influences (perceived pressures to attain an ideal body, general internalization of an ideal body, internalization of an athletic-ideal body), BCS to lose/control weight (dieting, healthy and unhealthy weight-control behaviors), and BCS to gain weight and muscles. Underweight boys engaged more frequently in weight-gain behaviors. Overweight boys reported higher levels of perceived sociocultural pressures and general internalization compared to normal-weight boys, and were more likely to be engaged in BCS to lose/control weight compared with the other weight-status groups. There were no differences between groups in terms of internalization of an athletic-ideal body and BCS to increase muscles. Future research and prevention programs should consider male-specific behaviors and weight-status differences.

Programas de prevención universal de las alteraciones alimentarias: metodologías de evaluación, resultados y líneas de futuro / Universal prevention programs on disordered eating: assessment methodologies, results and future lines

En este trabajo se revisan los 47 programas de prevención universal de las alteraciones alimentarias publicados en el período 1993-2011, administrados principalmente en el ámbito escolar y dirigido a población infantil y adolescente. Cada programa ha sido revisado atendiendo a elementos relacionados con el diseño (rigor metodológico, seguimiento, grupo control, especificidad, encubrimiento, replicación, efectividad, ámbitos de aplicación e instrumentos de evaluación). Esta revisión permite analizar la evolución de este campo de estudio en el período especificado. Progresivamente se ha incrementado el rigor y sofisticación metodológica de los diseños, pero todavía permanecen sin resolver problemas importantes, como la ausencia de un conjunto consensuado de medidas de eficacia de calidad, entre otros. A modo de conclusión, se sugieren elementos de debate sobre la orientación futura que debería adoptar el desarrollo de nuevos programas de prevención en este ámbito. Entre otros, la necesidad de adaptarlos a la población masculina, las características idóneas de la población diana en cuanto a edad y nivel de riesgo, los contenidos específicos que deberían tener, la aproximación teórica en la que deberían fundamentarse, su intensidad y duración, y la necesidad de integrar la prevención de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y de la obesidad.

In this paper are reviewed 47 universal prevention programs on eating disorders and disordered eating published in the period 1993-2011, mainly administered in schools and aimed at children and adolescents. In each program have been revised the elements linked to the design (methodological rigor, follow-up, control group, specificity, covert approach, replication, effectiveness, areas of application and measures). This review allows analyze the evolution of this field of study in the specified period. Progressively has been increased the rigor and methodological sophistication of designs, but they are still with some major problems, such as the absence of a set of agreed measures, among others. Finally, we suggest some elements of debate on the future direction to be taken by the development of new prevention programs in this area. Among others, the need to adapt to male population, ideal characteristics of target population in age and level of risk, the specific content that should be worked, the theoretical approach which should be based, about the intensity and duration, and the need to integrate the prevention of eating disorders and obesity.