RESUMO
PURPOSE: Patients with Fanconi anaemia (FA), a rare DNA repair genetic disease, exhibit chromosome fragility, bone marrow failure, malformations and cancer susceptibility. FA molecular diagnosis is challenging since FA is caused by point mutations and large deletions in 22 genes following three heritability patterns. To optimise FA patients' characterisation, we developed a simplified but effective methodology based on whole exome sequencing (WES) and functional studies. METHODS: 68 patients with FA were analysed by commercial WES services. Copy number variations were evaluated by sequencing data analysis with RStudio. To test FANCA missense variants, wt FANCA cDNA was cloned and variants were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. Vectors were then tested for their ability to complement DNA repair defects of a FANCA-KO human cell line generated by TALEN technologies. RESULTS: We identified 93.3% of mutated alleles including large deletions. We determined the pathogenicity of three FANCA missense variants and demonstrated that two FANCA variants reported in mutations databases as 'affecting functions' are SNPs. Deep analysis of sequencing data revealed patients' true mutations, highlighting the importance of functional analysis. In one patient, no pathogenic variant could be identified in any of the 22 known FA genes, and in seven patients, only one deleterious variant could be identified (three patients each with FANCA and FANCD2 and one patient with FANCE mutations) CONCLUSION: WES and proper bioinformatics analysis are sufficient to effectively characterise patients with FA regardless of the rarity of their complementation group, type of mutations, mosaic condition and DNA source.
Assuntos
Sequenciamento do Exoma , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Linhagem Celular , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/patologia , Feminino , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genéticaRESUMO
MYC translocation is a defining feature of Burkitt lymphoma (BL), and the new category of high-grade B-cell lymphomas with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 translocations, and occurs in 6% to 15% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). The low incidence of MYC translocations in DLBCL makes the genetic study of all these lymphomas cumbersome. Strategies based on an initial immunophenotypic screening to select cases with a high probability of carrying the translocation may be useful. LMO2 is a germinal center marker expressed in most lymphomas originated in these cells. Mining gene expression profiling studies, we observed LMO2 downregulation in BL and large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) with MYC translocations, and postulated that LMO2 protein expression could assist to identify such cases. We analyzed LMO2 protein expression in 46 BLs and 284 LBCL. LMO2 was expressed in 1/46 (2%) BL cases, 146/268 (54.5%) DLBCL cases, and 2/16 (12.5%) high-grade B-cell lymphoma cases with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 translocations. All BLs carried MYC translocation (P<0.001), whereas LMO2 was only positive in 6/42 (14%) LBCL with MYC translocation (P<0.001). The relationship between LMO2 negativity and MYC translocation was further analyzed in different subsets of tumors according to CD10 expression and cell of origin. Lack of LMO2 expression was associated with the detection of MYC translocations with high sensitivity (87%), specificity (87%), positive predictive value and negative predictive value (74% and 94%, respectively), and accuracy (87%) in CD10 LBCL. Comparing LMO2 and MYC protein expression, all statistic measures of performance of LMO2 surpassed MYC in CD10 LBCL. These findings suggest that LMO2 loss may be a good predictor for the presence of MYC translocation in CD10 LBCL.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Linfoma de Burkitt/metabolismo , Genes myc , Proteínas com Domínio LIM/metabolismo , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Translocação Genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Linfoma de Burkitt/genética , Linfoma de Burkitt/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We investigated CD49d (also termed ITGA4) expression and its biological and clinical correlations in 415 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. CD49d expression was stable over the course of the disease. A high expression of CD49d (>30%) was found in 142/415 (34%) patients and was associated with progressive disease (advanced clinical stage, high serum lactate dehydrogenase or ß2 -microglobulin levels; all p < 0·05) and aggressive disease biology (increased ZAP70 or CD38, unmutated IGHV, trisomy 12, mutations of NOTCH1 and SF3B1; all P < 0·05). A higher CD49d expression was also associated with a lower blood lymphocyte count and a higher number of lymphoid areas involved by the disease. Patients with high CD49d expression were treated more frequently (55% vs. 27%; P < 0·001) and earlier (median time to treatment [TTT] 65·4 months vs. not reached; P < 0·001) than those with low CD49d expression. However, no significant differences in response rates were observed. In the subgroup of patients with mutated IGHV, high CD49d expression was predictive of a shorter TTT while other markers, such as ZAP70 and CD38, were not. In conclusion, in this study CD49d expression correlated with high-risk CLL biomarkers and proved to be useful for separating patients with mutated IGHV into two different prognostic groups.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Cadeias Pesadas de Imunoglobulinas/genética , Integrina alfa4/sangue , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/genética , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/imunologia , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/terapia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Prognóstico , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Chromosomal translocations are rare in the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). With the exception of t(3q), translocations are not explicitly considered in the cytogenetic classification of the IPSS-R and their impact on disease progression and patient survival is unknown. The present study was aimed at determining the prognostic impact of translocations in the context of the cytogenetic classification of the IPSS-R. We evaluated 1,653 patients from the Spanish Registry of MDS diagnosed with MDS or CMML and an abnormal karyotype by conventional cytogenetic analysis. Translocations were identified in 168 patients (T group). Compared with the 1,485 patients with abnormal karyotype without translocations (non-T group), the T group had a larger proportion of patients with refractory anemia with excess of blasts and higher scores in both the cytogenetic and global IPSS-R. Translocations were associated with a significantly shorter survival and higher incidence of transformation into AML at univariate analysis but both features disappeared after multivariate adjustment for the IPSS-R cytogenetic category. Patients with single or double translocations other than t(3q) had an outcome similar to those in the non-T group in the intermediate cytogenetic risk category of the IPSS-R. In conclusion, the presence of translocations identifies a subgroup of MDS/CMML patients with a more aggressive clinical presentation that can be explained by a higher incidence of complex karyotypes. Single or double translocations other than t(3q) should be explicitly considered into the intermediate risk category of cytogenetic IPSS-R classification.
Assuntos
Leucemia Mielomonocítica Crônica/genética , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/genética , Translocação Genética , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Cariotipagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Espanha , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a frequent disease in which the genetic alterations determining the clinicobiological behaviour are not fully understood. Here we describe a comprehensive evaluation of the genomic landscape of 452 CLL cases and 54 patients with monoclonal B-lymphocytosis, a precursor disorder. We extend the number of CLL driver alterations, including changes in ZNF292, ZMYM3, ARID1A and PTPN11. We also identify novel recurrent mutations in non-coding regions, including the 3' region of NOTCH1, which cause aberrant splicing events, increase NOTCH1 activity and result in a more aggressive disease. In addition, mutations in an enhancer located on chromosome 9p13 result in reduced expression of the B-cell-specific transcription factor PAX5. The accumulative number of driver alterations (0 to ≥4) discriminated between patients with differences in clinical behaviour. This study provides an integrated portrait of the CLL genomic landscape, identifies new recurrent driver mutations of the disease, and suggests clinical interventions that may improve the management of this neoplasia.
Assuntos
Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/genética , Mutação/genética , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas/genética , Processamento Alternativo/genética , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 9/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Genômica , Humanos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/metabolismo , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/patologia , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Fator de Transcrição PAX5/biossíntese , Fator de Transcrição PAX5/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/genética , Receptor Notch1/genética , Receptor Notch1/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is one of the most common malignant lymphomas. The t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation is found in about 80% of cases and plays an important role in lymphomagenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and transformation of this lymphoma are not fully understood. Gain-of-function mutations of NOTCH1 or NOTCH2 have recently been reported in several B cell lymphoid neoplasms but the role of these mutations in FL is not known. In this study we investigated the mutational status of these genes in 112 FLs. NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 mutations were identified in five and two cases, respectively (total 7/112, 6.3%). All mutations predicted for truncated protein in the PEST domain and were identical to those identified in other B cell lymphoid neoplasms. NOTCH-mutated FL cases were characterized by lower frequency of t(14;18) (14% versus 69%, p = 0.01), higher incidence of splenic involvement (71% versus 25%, p = 0.02) and female predominance (100% versus 55%, p = 0.04). A diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) component was more frequently identified in NOTCH-mutated FL than in wild-type cases (57% versus 18%, p = 0.03). These results indicate that NOTCH mutations are uncommon in FL but may occur in a subset of cases with distinctive, characteristic, clinicopathological features.
Assuntos
Linfoma Folicular/genética , Linfoma Folicular/patologia , Mutação , Receptor Notch1/genética , Receptor Notch2/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
We investigated the clinico-biological features, outcomes, and prognosis of 949 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia according to age. No biological differences (cytogenetics by fluorescent in situ hybridization, IGHV, ZAP-70, CD38, NOTCH1, SF3B1) were found across age groups. Elderly patients (>70 years; n=367) presented more frequently with advanced disease (Binet C/Rai III-IV: 10/12% versus 5/5%; P<0.001), were treated less frequently (23.8% versus 41.9% at 3 years; P<0.001) and in most cases did not receive highly effective regimens and thus had a lower overall response rate (49% with 14% having complete responses versus 69% with 31% having complete responses; P<0.001). The elderly patients also had a shorter overall survival (6.6 versus 13.3 years; P<0.001) and higher disease-unrelated mortality (34.9% versus 6.9% at 10 years; P<0.001). However, disease-attributable mortality was not significantly different between younger and older patients. A combination of Binet stage, ZAP-70 level, ß2-microglobulin concentration and comorbidity identified two risk groups (low-risk: 0-1 parameters; high-risk: 2-4 parameters) with different overall survivals (median: 6.8 versus 11.4 years, P<0.001). In patients requiring treatment, comorbidity at treatment (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-T>4; hazard ratio 2.2, P<0.001) and response (treatment failure versus response: hazard ratio 1.60, P<0.04) were the most important prognostic factors for overall survival. In conclusion, in our series, elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia did not present with any biological features distinct from those of younger patients, but did have a poorer clinical outcome. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive medical care, achieving response to therapy, and specific management strategies for elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Assuntos
Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/epidemiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/diagnóstico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Avaliação de Resultados da Assistência ao Paciente , Prognóstico , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) whose tumour cells harbour a 17p deletion (17p-) are universally considered to have a poor prognosis. The deletion can be detected at diagnosis or during the evolution of the disease, particularly in patients who have received chemotherapy. We sought to evaluate the natural history of patients with 17p- CLL, identify predictive factors within this prognostic subgroup, and evaluate the results of different therapeutic approaches. Data from 294 patients with 17p- CLL followed up at 20 different institutions was retrospectively collected and analysed. Median age was 68 (range 27-98) years at the time of fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. After 17p- documentation, 52% received treatment, achieving an overall response rate of 50%. Median overall survival was 41 months, and was significantly shorter in patients with elevated beta(2)-microglobulin concentration (P < 0·001), B symptoms (P = 0·016), higher percentage of cells with deletion (P < 0·001), and acquired deletions (P = 0·012). These findings suggest that patients with 17p- CLL have a variable prognosis that can be refined using simple clinical and laboratory features, including 17p- clone size, beta2-microglobulin concentration, presence of B symptoms and type of deletion (de novo versus acquired).
Assuntos
Deleção Cromossômica , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/mortalidade , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cromossomos Humanos Par 17 , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Síndrome de Smith-Magenis , Taxa de Sobrevida , Microglobulina beta-2/sangueRESUMO
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the most frequent leukaemia in adults in Western countries, is a heterogeneous disease with variable clinical presentation and evolution. Two major molecular subtypes can be distinguished, characterized respectively by a high or low number of somatic hypermutations in the variable region of immunoglobulin genes. The molecular changes leading to the pathogenesis of the disease are still poorly understood. Here we performed whole-genome sequencing of four cases of CLL and identified 46 somatic mutations that potentially affect gene function. Further analysis of these mutations in 363 patients with CLL identified four genes that are recurrently mutated: notch 1 (NOTCH1), exportin 1 (XPO1), myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) and kelch-like 6 (KLHL6). Mutations in MYD88 and KLHL6 are predominant in cases of CLL with mutated immunoglobulin genes, whereas NOTCH1 and XPO1 mutations are mainly detected in patients with unmutated immunoglobulins. The patterns of somatic mutation, supported by functional and clinical analyses, strongly indicate that the recurrent NOTCH1, MYD88 and XPO1 mutations are oncogenic changes that contribute to the clinical evolution of the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of CLL combining whole-genome sequencing with clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes. It highlights the usefulness of this approach for the identification of clinically relevant mutations in cancer.
Assuntos
Genoma Humano/genética , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/genética , Mutação/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Humanos , Carioferinas/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/química , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/genética , Receptor Notch1/genética , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/genética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Proteína Exportina 1RESUMO
Transfusion-dependency is associated with poor prognosis in patients with MDS although the causal link for such association is disputed. This study tests thee hypotheses on the association between transfusion burden and prognosis in the MDS: (1) the cumulative transfusion burden is a confounder merely reflecting the time elapsed from diagnosis; (2) it is a surrogate for higher transfusion intensity, which would reflect a more severe disease; and (3) it is the total amount of transfused RBC units that influences on prognosis. We studied 191 transfusion-dependent patients with MDS or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Transfusion intensity was calculated at the time of each transfusion as the yearly-equivalent number of RBC units. The main outcome was acute leukemia-free survival from first transfusion. Median transfusion burden was 30 (range: 4-330) RBC units and 112 patients received ≥ 25 units after a median of 9 months from first transfusion. In nested Cox models, having received ≥ 25 RBC units had a significant effect on survival (P < 0.001) that was not abrogated by including follow-up ≥ 9 months as a time-dependent covariate. Including transfusion intensity in the model had a significant effect on leukemia-free survival (P < 0.001) and cancelled the prognostic value of having received ≥ 25 RBC units. In conclusion, transfusion intensity, instead of the cumulative transfusion burden, is the transfusion-related variable really influencing on the prognosis of patients with transfusion-dependent MDS.
Assuntos
Transfusão de Eritrócitos/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Leucemia Mielomonocítica Crônica/diagnóstico , Leucemia Mielomonocítica Crônica/mortalidade , Leucemia Mielomonocítica Crônica/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/diagnóstico , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/mortalidade , Prognóstico , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Despite its high incidence as the second most common tumor in males worldwide, primary prostate cancer has been associated with few recurrent chromosomal gains and deletions that are consistent across various studies. Few studies have explored how chromosomal alterations are coupled to abnormal gene expression. Here, we review the major genomic aberrations associated with prostate cancer and describe how detailed transcriptional and computational analyses allowed us to discover a recurrent chromosomal gain in a small region on chromosome 17. Fluorescent in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of a copy number gain in 17q25.3 in tumor-associated preneoplastic lesions of the prostate, 65% of primary tumors, and metastatic samples. These results suggest the involvement of this gain at all steps of prostate cancer progression.
Assuntos
Aberrações Cromossômicas , Cromossomos Humanos Par 17/genética , Mutação , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Masculino , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Fenótipo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
A total of 127 adult de novo acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) patients were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) at diagnosis. Conventional cytogenetic analysis (CCA) showed a normal karyotype in 45 cases and an abnormal karyotype in 56 cases; in the remaining cases, CCA either failed to yield sufficient metaphase cells (19/26) or was not done (7/26). Abnormal CGH profiles were identified in 39 patients (30.7%). DNA copy number losses (61%) were high compared to gains (39%), whereas partial chromosome changes (76%) were more common than whole chromosomes changes (24%). Recurrent losses were detected on chromosomes 7, 5q (comprising bands 5q15 to 5q33), 7q (7q32 approximately q36), 16q (16q13 approximately q21), and 17p, and gains were detected on chromosomes 8, 22, and 3q (comprising bands 3q26.1 approximately q27). Furthermore, distinct amplifications were identified in chromosome regions 21q, 13q12 approximately q13, and 13q21.1. No cryptic recurrent chromosomal imbalances were identified by CGH in cases with normal karyotypes. The concordance between CGH results and CCA was 72.5%. In the remaining cases, CGH gave additional information compared to CCA (20%) and partially failed to identify the alterations previously detected by CCA (7.5%). The majority of discrepancies arose from the limitations of the CGH technique, such as insensitivity to detect unbalanced chromosomal changes when occurring in a low proportion of cells. CGH increased the detection of unbalanced chromosomal alterations and allowed precise defining of partial or uncharacterized cytogenetical abnormalities. Application of the CGH technique is thus a useful complementary diagnostic tool for CCA in de novo AML cases with abnormal karyotypes or with unsuccessful cytogenetics.
Assuntos
Leucemia Mieloide/diagnóstico , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia Refratária com Excesso de Blastos/diagnóstico , Anemia Refratária com Excesso de Blastos/genética , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos/genética , Cromossomos Humanos/ultraestrutura , Feminino , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Cariotipagem , Leucemia Mieloide/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Deleção de Sequência , TrissomiaRESUMO
The existence of an increased number of Kupffer cells is recognized as critical in the initiation of the inflammatory cascade leading to liver fibrosis. Because 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is a key regulator of cell growth and survival, in the current investigation we assessed whether inhibition of the 5-LO pathway would reduce the excessive number of Kupffer cells and attenuate inflammation and fibrosis in experimental liver disease. Kupffer cells were the only liver cell type endowed with a metabolically active 5-LO pathway (i.e., expressed mRNAs for 5-LO, 5-LO-activating protein [FLAP], and leukotriene [LT] C4 synthase and generated LTB4 and cysteinyl-LTs). Both the selective 5-LO inhibitor AA861 and the FLAP inhibitor BAY-X-1005 markedly reduced the number of Kupffer cells in culture. The antiproliferative properties of AA861 and BAY-X-1005 were associated with the occurrence of condensed nuclei, fragmented DNA, and changes in DNA content and cell cycle frequency distribution consistent with an apoptotic process. In vivo, in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, BAY-X-1005 had a significant antifibrotic effect and reduced liver damage and the hepatic content of hydroxyproline. Together, these findings indicate a novel mechanism by which inactivation of the 5-LO pathway could disrupt the sequence of events leading to liver inflammation and fibrosis.