Molecular cytogenetic analysis of recurrent unbalanced t(11;17) in neuroblastoma.

Loss of 11q material occurs in approximately 30% of advanced stage neuroblastoma and defines a distinct genetic subtype of this disease. These tumors almost always possess unbalanced gain of the 17q, along with many additional recurrent chromosomal imbalances. Loss of 11q and gain of 17q is often the consequence of an unbalanced translocation between the long arms of both chromosomes, but because of the involvement of other chromosomal mechanisms, the actual frequency of t(11;17) is unknown. In addition, chromosomal breakpoint positions for the t(11;17) are variable in different tumors, with breakpoints on neither the 11q nor 17q being well defined. We have used interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis to detect a der(11)t(11;17) in a series of neuroblastomas with 11q loss/17q gain using a statistical approach which could be applicable to the detection of translocations in other solid tumors. The frequency of der(11)t(11;17) was approximately 90% in our neuroblastoma series. A balanced t(11;17) was also detected in a MYCN amplified tumor, which is a distinctly different genetic subtype from the 11q- tumors. Breakpoint positions on 11q were determined to be variable, whereas all breakpoints on 17q appeared to cluster proximal to position 43.1 Mb on the DNA sequence map. The majority of tumors had large numbers of nuclei with 2 or more copies of der(11)t(11;17), which led to unbalanced gain of 11p, and further increases in 17q imbalance. The prevalence of t(11;17) in neuroblastoma warrants additional studies to further define the range in variation in breakpoint positions on both chromosomes and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that lead to this important and interesting recurrent genetic abnormality.

Evolution of unbalanced gain of distal chromosome 2p in neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma, one of the most common tumors of childhood, presents at diagnosis with a vast number of recurrent chromosomal imbalances that include hyperdiploidy for whole chromosomes, partial loss of 1p, 3p, 4p, 11q, 14q, partial gain of 1q, 7q, 17q and amplification of MYCN. These abnormalities are nonrandomly distributed in neuroblastoma as loss of 3p and 11q rarely occur in MYCN amplified neuroblastomas. Here, we report on a patient who had a non-MYCN amplified 3p-/11q- neuroblastoma at diagnosis who subsequently developed a high level of MYCN amplification in bone marrow metastases 41 months after induction of complete remission. The tumor at diagnosis had low level unbalanced gain of distal 2p. In order to assess the frequency of low level gain of distal 2p in neuroblastoma, we examined the comparative genomic hybridization results from 60 neuroblastomas. Among non-MYCN amplified neuroblastomas, 8/45 (18%) had low level gain of distal 2p. Low level gain for a segment of 2p (i.e. a region larger than the 2p23-->p24 undergoing amplification) was also detected in five of the 15 tumors that had high level MYCN amplification. The possibility that low level gain of distal 2p is a risk factor for high level MYCN amplification is discussed.

Use of high-performance liquid chromatography for the purification of antibodies and antibody conjugates and the study of antibody-antigen interactions.

The purification and characterization of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and antibody-enzyme conjugates by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Protein Pak 300 SW column and a Protein Pak DEAE anion-exchange column is described. The following polyclonal antibodies were examined: (i) donkey anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG), (ii) mouse IgG, (iii) sheep anti-human IgG and (IV) goat anti-human factor VIII. HPLC was used to analyse the purity of horseradish peroxidase conjugates of rabbit anti-mouse IgG and donkey anti-mouse IgG. In the case of donkey anti-mouse IgG, each stage of the production of the purified antibody and antibody-enzyme conjugate was monitored by HPLC. HPLC was used to examine monoclonal mouse anti-human T cell and mouse anti-human apoliproprotein B antibodies. The presence of antibody in ascites fluid from mice bearing Landschütz ascites tumour cells was also detected. The antigen-antibody reaction between human serum albumin and anti-human serum albumin was demonstrated using HPLC and this procedure should offer a novel method for studying antigen-antibody interaction.