RESUMO
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, depression and cancers, are on the rise worldwide and are often associated with a lack of physical activity (PA). Globally, the levels of PA among individuals are below WHO recommendations. A lack of PA can increase morbidity and mortality, worsen the quality of life and increase the economic burden on individuals and society. In response to this trend, numerous organisations came together under one umbrella in Hamburg, Germany, in April 2021 and signed the 'Hamburg Declaration'. This represented an international commitment to take all necessary actions to increase PA and improve the health of individuals to entire communities. Individuals and organisations are working together as the 'Global Alliance for the Promotion of Physical Activity' to drive long-term individual and population-wide behaviour change by collaborating with all stakeholders in the community: active hospitals, physical activity specialists, community services and healthcare providers, all achieving sustainable health goals for their patients/clients. The 'Hamburg Declaration' calls on national and international policymakers to take concrete action to promote daily PA and exercise at a population level and in healthcare settings.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Currently, there is scientific evidence about the benefits of physical exercise over human health. The aim of this study was to review the curricula of Medicine and Sport Sciences at Spanish universities, specifically regarding the contents related to physical exercise in the promotion, prevention and treatment of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a systematic way, all syllabus, programs and contents of the different subjects were reviewed for all Spanish universities which offer the Bachelors of Medicine and Sport Sciences. Total, compulsory and optional European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) were analyzed and added for each university. Practicum and Bachelor thesis were not considered. RESULTS: In the mean, Medicine studies dedicate 3.62% (2.38% mandatory and 1.20% optional) of the total 360 ECTS to these contents. In Sport Sciences studies, of the total 240 ECTS, 17.78% (9.87% mandatory and 7.92% optional) were identified as related to these areas of knowledge. Contents ranged from 36 to 4.5 ECTS in Medicine and from 48 to 28 ECTS in Sport Sciences. CONCLUSION: There is a great disparity between universities for both degrees among Spanish universities. Contents related to the efficient use of physical exercise for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable chronic diseases are scarce, especially in Medicine. Results indicate the need of increasing these contents in undergraduate studies and/or include them in Master or other programs.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la evidencia científica ha acreditado los beneficios que posee la actividad física sobre la salud. El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar la formación curricular de los estudiantes de Medicina y de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (CAFYD) en las universidades españolas, en relación a la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas a través de la actividad y el ejercicio físico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: de manera sistemática, se han revisado los planes de estudio de todas las universidades españolas que tienen capacidad legal para impartir de forma presencial los grados de Medicina y CAFYD, contabilizando el promedio de créditos ECTS (European Credit Transfer System) totales, obligatorios y optativos de las asignaturas que abordan la promoción, la prevención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas a través del ejercicio físico, excluyendo practicum y trabajos fin de grado (TGF). RESULTADOS: el grado de Medicina dedica un promedio del 3,62% (2,38% y 1,20% créditos obligatorios y optativos, respectivamente) (360 ECTS) y el grado de CAFYD un 17,78% (9,87% y 7,92%) (240 ECTS) a contenidos relacionados con la actividad física como herramienta en la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles. El rango va de 36 a 4,5 ECTS en Medicina y de 48 a 28 ECTS en CAFYD. CONCLUSIÓN: se observa cierta disparidad entre los planes de estudio de las universidades españolas para los dos grados. Los créditos ECTS relacionados con actividad física y salud resultan escasos en el currículo de ambos grados, especialmente en Medicina. Los resultados indican la necesidad de aumentar estos contenidos en los estudios de grado y/o incluirlos en programas de postgrado.
Assuntos
Doença Crônica/prevenção & controle , Exercício Físico , Prevenção Primária/métodos , Medicina Esportiva , Currículo , Humanos , Espanha , Esportes , UniversidadesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a term that refers to an increase of fat mass together with a decrease of muscle mass, which is suffered by a high percentage of elderly population. Physical activity seems to be a good strategy to prevent it getting worse. However, genetic factors related to the aging process and to elderly's physical fitness could have an influence on it. AIM: To determine if elderly women > 60 who practice physical activity regularly had differences in sarcopenic obesity according to the I/D polymorphism from the ACE (angiotensin converter enzyme) gen. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 300 elderly women who have practiced physical exercise at least twice a week for the past two years. Anthropometric data, physical activity and sedentary behaviour questionnaire, sarcopenic obesity (determining the percentage of fat mass and total muscle mass by electrical impedance and grouping the quintiles of these values into four groups) and physical fitness assessment, as well as ACE gen genotype measured by oral mucosa sample, were evaluated. RESULTS: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in sarcopenic obesity according to ACE I/D genotype (SO values: 2.18 ACE DD vs 2.48 ACE II + ACE ID). CONCLUSIONS: Women who were ACE DD presented lower risk of sarcopenic obesity than those in the ACE II and ACE ID groups.