Intense Acute Swimming Induces Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Dependent on Spinal Cord Neuroinflammation.

Unaccustomed exercise involving eccentric contractions, high intensity, or long duration are recognized to induce delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Myocyte damage and inflammation in affected peripheral tissues contribute to sensitize muscle nociceptors leading to muscle pain. However, despite the essential role of the spinal cord in the regulation of pain, spinal cord neuroinflammatory mechanisms in intense swimming-induced DOMS remain to be investigated. We hypothesized that spinal cord neuroinflammation contributes to DOMS. C57BL/6 mice swam for 2 h to induce DOMS, and nociceptive spinal cord mechanisms were evaluated. DOMS triggered the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the spinal cord 24 h after exercise compared to the sham group. DOMS and DOMS-induced spinal cord nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation were reduced by intrathecal treatments with glial inhibitors (fluorocitrate, α-aminoadipate, and minocycline) and NFκB inhibitor [pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC)]. Moreover, DOMS was also reduced by intrathecal treatments targeting C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1ß or with recombinant IL-10. In agreement, DOMS induced the mRNA and protein expressions of CX3CR1, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-10, c-Fos, and oxidative stress in the spinal cord. All these immune and cellular alterations triggered by DOMS were amenable by intrathecal treatments with glial and NFκB inhibitors. These results support a role for spinal cord glial cells, via NFκB, cytokines/chemokines, and oxidative stress, in DOMS. Thus, unveiling neuroinflammatory mechanisms by which unaccustomed exercise induces central sensitization and consequently DOMS.

The citrus flavanone naringenin attenuates zymosan-induced mouse joint inflammation: induction of Nrf2 expression in recruited CD45+ hematopoietic cells.

BACKGROUND: Naringenin is a biologically active analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant flavonoid. Naringenin targets in inflammation-induced articular pain remain poorly explored. METHODS: The present study investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the analgesic/anti-inflammatory effects of naringenin in zymosan-induced arthritis. Mice were pre-treated orally with naringenin (16.7-150 mg/kg), followed by intra-articular injection of zymosan. Articular mechanical hyperalgesia and oedema, leucocyte recruitment to synovial cavity, histopathology, expression/production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and NFκB activation, inflammasome component expression, and oxidative stress were evaluated. RESULTS: Naringenin inhibited articular pain and oedema in a dose-dependent manner. The dose of 50 mg/kg inhibited leucocyte recruitment, histopathological alterations, NFκB activation, and NFκB-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-33), and preproET-1 mRNA expression, but increased anti-inflammatory IL-10. Naringenin also inhibited inflammasome upregulation (reduced Nlrp3, ASC, caspase-1, and pro-IL-1ß mRNA expression) and oxidative stress (reduced gp91phox mRNA expression and superoxide anion production, increased GSH levels, induced Nrf2 protein in CD45+ hematopoietic recruited cells, and induced Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA expression). CONCLUSIONS: Naringenin presents analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in zymosan-induced arthritis by targeting its main physiopathological mechanisms. These data highlight this flavonoid as an interesting therapeutic compound to treat joint inflammation, deserving additional pre-clinical and clinical studies.

Immediate retinal detachment after laser in situ keratomileusis.

PURPOSE: We report a case of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment immediately (first postoperative day) after the refractive surgery of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). CASE REPORT: A 50-year-old man underwent bilateral LASIK; on the first postoperative day, he presented with decreased visual acuity due to retinal detachment with vitreous hemorrhage in the left eye. There were two horseshoe tears posterior to the equator and one peripheral operculated hole, all temporally located. Four months later, he presented with vitreous hemorrhage and a horseshoe tear temporal posterior to the equator in the right eye. RESULTS: Surgical treatment was done, and the retina reattached immediately after surgery and remained stable thereafter in both eyes. Six months after surgery, visual acuity was 20/30 in the left eye and 20/40 in the right eye. CONCLUSION: Although the cause/effect relationship between LASIK and retinal detachment has not yet been established, occurrence of immediate postoperative retinal detachment may represent a strong temporal suggestion of its association.

Será justificável a cirurgia para prolifraçäo vítreo-retiniana após trauma perfurante ocular? / Is surgery for proliferative vitreoretinopathy following perforating ocular injury justifiable?

Objetivo: Determinar o prognóstico e a satisfação dos pacientes com trauma ocular perfurante que foram submetidos à cirurgia para proliferação Vitreo-retiniana (PVR). Métodos: Prontuários sessenta pacientes foram reavaliados para caracterizar a taxa de sucesso cirúrgico anatômico e funcional. Trinta pacientes foram selecionados de modo aleatório e questionados por telefone. Resultados: Houve melhora visual para a maioria dos pacientes (58,3 por cento) apresentavam a retina colada no fianl do seguimento. Em média 2,89 cirurgias foram realizadas por olho. Dezenove (63,3 por cento) pacientes afirmaram que voltariam a operar novamente e 14 (46,6 por cento) que o ganho de campo periférico foi de benefício. Conclusão: Essa forma de tratamento deve ser oferecida e a decisão final deve ser tomada pelo paciente bem orientado e seu médico.