Towards stronger tobacco control policies to curb the smoking epidemic in Spain.

Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke pose a significant risk to the health of populations. Although this evidence is not new, the commitment of countries to implement laws aimed at controlling consumption and eliminating exposure to secondhand smoke is uneven. Thus, in North America or in Europe, locations like California or Ireland, are pioneers in establishing policies aimed at protecting the population against smoking and secondhand smoke. Identifying measures that have worked would help control this important Public Health problem in other countries that are further behind in tobacco control policies. In Spain, there has been almost 15 years of little political action in legislation oriented to control the tobacco epidemic. If we want to achieve the tobacco endgame, new legislative measures must be implemented. In this paper, we have elucidated tobacco control policies that could be implemented and show how different countries have done so.

MEK inhibition enhances the response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia.

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a key driver of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting FLT3 have been evaluated clinically, but their effects are limited when used in monotherapy due to the emergence of drug-resistance. Thus, a better understanding of drug-resistance pathways could be a good strategy to explore and evaluate new combinational therapies for AML. Here, we used phosphoproteomics to identify differentially-phosphorylated proteins in patients with AML and TKI resistance. We then studied resistance mechanisms in vitro and evaluated the efficacy and safety of rational combinational therapy in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in mice. Proteomic and immunohistochemical studies showed the sustained activation of ERK1/2 in bone marrow samples of patients with AML after developing resistance to FLT3 inhibitors, which was identified as a common resistance pathway. We examined the concomitant inhibition of MEK-ERK1/2 and FLT3 as a strategy to overcome drug-resistance, finding that the MEK inhibitor trametinib remained potent in TKI-resistant cells and exerted strong synergy when combined with the TKI midostaurin in cells with mutated and wild-type FLT3. Importantly, this combination was not toxic to CD34+ cells from healthy donors, but produced survival improvements in vivo when compared with single therapy groups. Thus, our data point to trametinib plus midostaurin as a potentially beneficial therapy in patients with AML.

Bendamustine as part of conditioning of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with aggressive lymphoma: a phase 2 study from the GELTAMO group.

We conducted a phase 2 trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of bendamustine instead of BCNU (carmustine) in the BEAM (BCNU, etoposide, cytarabine and melphalan) regimen (BendaEAM) as conditioning for autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with aggressive lymphomas. The primary endpoint was 3-year progression-free survival (PFS). Sixty patients (median age 55 [28-71] years) were included. All patients (except one who died early) engrafted after a median of 11 (9-72) and 14 (4-53) days to achieve neutrophil and platelet counts of >0.5 × 109 /l and >20 × 109 /l, respectively. Non-relapse mortality at 100 days and 1 year were 3.3% and 6.7%, respectively. With a median follow-up of 67 (40-77) months, the estimated 3-year PFS and overall survival (OS) were 58% and 75%, respectively. Patients in partial response at study entry had significantly worse PFS and OS than patients who underwent ASCT in complete metabolic remission, and this was the only prognostic factor associated with both PFS (Relative risk [RR], 0.27 [95% confidence interval {CI} [0.12-0.56]) and OS (RR, 0.40 [95% CI 0.17-0.97]) in the multivariate analysis. BendaEAM conditioning is therefore a feasible and effective regimen in patients with aggressive lymphomas. However, patients not in complete metabolic remission at the time of transplant had poorer survival and so should be considered for alternative treatment strategies.

Panobinostat as part of induction and maintenance for elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: phase Ib/II panobidara study.

This phase Ib/II trial combined the pan-deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat with chemotherapy followed by panobinostat maintenance in elderly patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Patients with prior history of myelodysplastic syndrome were excluded and 38 evaluable patients were included in the study (median age: 71 years; range: 65-83). Study patients received an induction with idarubicin (8 mg/m(2) iv days 1-3) plus cytarabine (100 mg/m(2) iv days 1-7) plus panobinostat po at escalating doses (days 8, 10, 12, 15, 17 and 19) that could be repeated in non-responding patients. Patients achieving complete remission received a consolidation cycle with the same schema, followed by panobinostat maintenance (40 mg po 3 days/week) every other week until progression. Thirty-one patients were treated at the maximum tolerated dose of panobinostat in the combination (10 mg) with good tolerability. Complete remission rate was 64% with a time to relapse of 17.0 months (12.8-21.1). Median overall survival for the whole series was 17 months (5.5-28.4). Moreover, in 4 of 5 patients with persistent minimal residual disease before maintenance, panobinostat monotherapy reduced its levels, with complete negativization in two of them. Maintenance phase was well tolerated. The most frequent adverse events were thrombocytopenia (25% grades 3/4), and gastrointestinal toxicity, asthenia and anorexia (mainly grades 1/2). Five patients required dose reduction during this phase, but only one discontinued therapy due to toxicity. These results suggest that panobinostat is one of the first novel agents with activity in elderly acute myeloid leukemia patients, and suggest further investigation is warranted, particularly in the context of maintenance therapy. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov identifier: 00840346.