Impact of inter-observer variability on first axillary level dosimetry in breast cancer radiotherapy: An AIRO multi-institutional study.

This study quantified the incidental dose to the first axillary level (L1) in locoregional treatment plan for breast cancer. Eighteen radiotherapy centres contoured L1-L4 on three different patients (P1,2,3), created the L2-L4 planning target volume (single centre planning target volume, SC-PTV) and elaborated a locoregional treatment plan. The L2-L4 gold standard clinical target volume (CTV) along with the gold standard L1 contour (GS-L1) were created by an expert consensus. The SC-PTV was then replaced by the GS-PTV and the incidental dose to GS-L1 was measured. Dosimetric data were analysed with Kruskal-Wallis test. Plans were intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)-based. P3 with 90° arm setup had statistically significant higher L1 dose across the board than P1 and P2, with the mean dose (Dmean) reaching clinical significance. Dmean of P1 and P2 was consistent with the literature (77.4% and 74.7%, respectively). The incidental dose depended mostly on L1 proportion included in the breast fields, underlining the importance of the setup, even in case of IMRT.

The SINTART 2 Study. A phase II non-randomised controlled trial of induction chemotherapy, photon-, proton- and carbon-ion-based radiotherapy integration in patients with locally advanced unresectable sinonasal tumours.

PURPOSE: Unresectable, locally advanced sinonasal epithelial tumours are rare diseases with poor prognosis. Multimodal approach is widely used, although no standard therapy has been established in prospective trials. This study assessed activity and safety of an innovative integration of multimodality treatment-induction chemotherapy (ICT), surgery and radiotherapy (RT)-modulated by histology and response to ICT. METHODS: Patients with untreated, unresectable sinonasal epithelial tumours with selected histotypes (squamous cell carcinoma, intestinal-type adenocarcinoma, sinonasal undifferentiated and neuroendocrine carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma) were enroled in a single-arm, open-label, phase II, multicentre clinical trial. Patients were treated with up to 5 ICT cycles, whose regimen was selected according to histotype. Photon and/or proton/carbon-ion-based RT was employed according to disease site, stage and ICT response. Primary end-point was 5-years progression-free survival (PFS), secondary end-points were overall survival (OS), ICT objective response rate per RECIST 1.1 and safety. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were evaluable for primary end-point. Five-year PFS was 26.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.6-57.1), with a median PFS of 18 months. Five-year OS was 23.8% (95% CI: 9.5-59.3), with a median OS of 27 months. The overall response rate to ICT was 40%. Three-year PFS for patients achieving major volumetric partial response (mPRv) versus non-mPRv was 40% (95% CI: 13.7-100%) versus 23.1% (95% CI: 8.3-64.7%) (P = 0.318) and 3-year OS was 53.3% (95% CI: 21.4-100%) versus 37.7% (95% CI: 20.0-71.0%) (P = 0.114). CONCLUSION: Multimodal combination of ICT and innovative RT did not provide a significant improvement in survival rates with respect to previous experiences. This finding underscores the need for future research in this rare disease, still characterised by a heavy burden and poor prognosis. We observed longer survival in subjects achieving response to ICT. The overall treatment safety is acceptable.

Proton Radiation Therapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients: Dosimetric and NTCP Evaluation Supporting Clinical Decision.

(1) Background: we proposed an integrated strategy to support clinical allocation of nasopharyngeal patients between proton and photon radiotherapy. (2) Methods: intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans were optimized for 50 consecutive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and differences in dose and normal tissue complication probability (ΔNTCPx-p) for 16 models were calculated. Patient eligibility for IMPT was assessed using a model-based selection (MBS) strategy following the results for 7/16 models describing the most clinically relevant endpoints, applying a model-specific ΔNTCPx-p threshold (15% to 5% depending on the severity of the complication) and a composite threshold (35%). In addition, a comprehensive toxicity score (CTS) was defined as the weighted sum of all 16 ΔNTCPx-p, where weights follow a clinical rationale. (3) Results: Dose deviations were in favor of IMPT (ΔDmean ≥ 14% for cord, esophagus, brainstem, and glottic larynx). The risk of toxicity significantly decreased for xerostomia (-12.5%), brain necrosis (-2.3%), mucositis (-3.2%), tinnitus (-8.6%), hypothyroidism (-9.3%), and trismus (-5.4%). There were 40% of the patients that resulted as eligible for IMPT, with a greater advantage for T3-T4 staging. Significantly different CTS were observed in patients qualifying for IMPT. (4) Conclusions: The MBS strategy successfully drives the clinical identification of NPC patients, who are most likely to benefit from IMPT. CTS summarizes well the expected global gain.

Hypofractionated whole-breast radiotherapy in large breast size patients: is it really a resolved issue?

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of breast size on acute and late side effects in breast cancer (BC) patients treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy (Hypo-RT). In this study we analyzed patients over 50 years with a diagnosis of early BC, candidate for Hypo-RT after conservative surgery. Acute and late skin toxicities were evaluated in accordance with the RTOG scale. Multivariable logistic analysis was performed using dosimetric/anatomical factors resulted associated with toxicity outcome in univariable analysis. Among patients treated between 2009 and 2015, 425 had at least 5 years of follow-up. At RT end, acute skin toxicity ≥ G2 and edema ≥ G2 occurred in 88 (20.7%) and 4 (0.9%) patients, respectively. The multivariable analysis showed association of skin toxicity with boost administration (p < 0.01), treated skin area (TSA) receiving more than 20 Gy (p = 0.027) and breast volume receiving 105% of the prescription dose (V105%) (p = 0.016), but not breast size. At 5 years after RT, fibrosis ≥ G1 occurred in 89 (20.9%) patients and edema ≥ G1 in 36 (8.5%) patients. Fibrosis resulted associated with breast volume ≥ 1000 cm3 (p = 0.04) and hypertension (p = 0.04). As for edema, multivariable logistic analysis showed a correlation with hypertension and logarithm of age, but not with boost administration. Breast volume had an unclear impact (p = 0.055). A recurrent association was found between acute and late toxicities and breast V105%, which is correlated with breast size. This may suggest that a more homogenous RT technique may be preferred for patients with larger breast size.

Modelling Radiation-Induced Salivary Dysfunction during IMRT and Chemotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: Radiation-induced xerostomia is one of the most prevalent adverse effects of head and neck cancer treatment, and it could seriously affect patients' qualities of life. It results primarily from damage to the salivary glands, but its onset and severity may also be influenced by other patient-, tumour-, and treatment-related factors. We aimed to build and validate a predictive model for acute salivary dysfunction (aSD) for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients by combining clinical and dosimetric factors. METHODS: A cohort of consecutive NPC patients treated curatively with IMRT and chemotherapy at 70 Gy (2-2.12 Gy/fraction) were utilised. Parotid glands (cPG, considered as a single organ) and the oral cavity (OC) were selected as organs-at-risk. The aSD was assessed at baseline and weekly during RT, grade ≥ 2 aSD chosen as the endpoint. Dose-volume histograms were reduced to the Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD). Dosimetric and clinical/treatment features selected via LASSO were inserted into a multivariable logistic model. Model validation was performed on two cohorts of patients with prospective aSD, and scored using the same schedule/scale: a cohort (NPC_V) of NPC patients (as in model training), and a cohort of mixed non-NPC head and neck cancer patients (HNC_V). RESULTS: The model training cohort included 132 patients. Grade ≥ 2 aSD was reported in 90 patients (68.2%). Analyses resulted in a 4-variables model, including doses of up to 98% of cPG (cPG_D98%, OR = 1.04), EUD to OC with n = 0.05 (OR = 1.11), age (OR = 1.08, 5-year interval) and smoking history (OR = 1.37, yes vs. no). Calibration was good. The NPC_V cohort included 38 patients, with aSD scored in 34 patients (89.5%); the HNC_V cohort included 93 patients, 77 with aSD (92.8%). As a general observation, the incidence of aSD was significantly different in the training and validation populations (p = 0.01), thus impairing calibration-in-the-large. At the same time, the effect size for the two dosimetric factors was confirmed. Discrimination was also satisfactory in both cohorts: AUC was 0.73, and 0.68 in NPC_V and HNC_V cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSION: cPG D98% and the high doses received by small OC volumes were found to have the most impact on grade ≥ 2 acute xerostomia, with age and smoking history acting as a dose-modifying factor. Findings on the development population were confirmed in two prospectively collected validation populations.

Geometric contour variation in clinical target volume of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer radiotherapy: an AIRO multi-institutional study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine interobserver variability in axillary nodal contouring in breast cancer (BC) radiotherapy (RT) by comparing the clinical target volume of participating single centres (SC-CTV) with a gold-standard CTV (GS-CTV). METHODS: The GS-CTV of three patients (P1, P2, P3) with increasing complexity was created in DICOM format from the median contour of axillary CTVs drawn by BC experts, validated using the simultaneous truth and performance-level estimation and peer-reviewed. GS-CTVs were compared with the correspondent SC-CTVs drawn by radiation oncologists, using validated metrics and a total score (TS) integrating all of them. RESULTS: Eighteen RT centres participated in the study. Comparative analyses revealed that, on average, the SC-CTVs were smaller than GS-CTV for P1 and P2 (by -29.25% and -27.83%, respectively) and larger for P3 (by +12.53%). The mean Jaccard index was greater for P1 and P2 compared to P3, but the overlap extent value was around 0.50 or less. Regarding nodal levels, L4 showed the highest concordance with the GS. In the intra-patient comparison, L2 and L3 achieved lower TS than L4. Nodal levels showed discrepancy with GS, which was not statistically significant for P1, and negligible for P2, while P3 had the worst agreement. DICE similarity coefficient did not exceed the minimum threshold for agreement of 0.70 in all the measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial differences were observed between SC- and GS-CTV, especially for P3 with altered arm setup. L2 and L3 were the most critical levels. The study highlighted these key points to address. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: The present study compares, by means of validated geometric indexes, manual segmentations of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer from different observers and different institutions made on radiotherapy planning CT images. Assessing such variability is of paramount importance, as geometric uncertainties might lead to incorrect dosimetry and compromise oncological outcome.

Semi-interpenetrating polymer network cryogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and collagen as potential off-the-shelf platforms for cancer cell research.

In the present work, we investigated the potential of novel semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) cryogels, obtained through ultraviolet exposure of aqueous mixtures of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and type I collagen, as tunable off-the-shelf platforms for 3D cancer cell research. We synthesized semi-IPN cryogels with variable collagen amounts (0.1% and 1% w/v) and assessed the effect of collagen on key cryogel properties for cell culture, for example, porosity, degradation rate and mechanical stiffness. Then, we investigated the ability of the cryogels to sustain the long-term growth of two pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell populations, the parenchymal Panc1 cells and their derived cancer stem cells. Results revealed that both cell lines efficiently infiltrated, attached and expanded in the cryogels over a period of 14 days. However, only when grown in the cryogels with the highest collagen concentration, both cell lines reproduced their characteristic growth pattern previously observed in collagen-enriched organotypic cultures, biomimetic of the highly fibrotic PDAC stroma. Cellular preembedding in Matrigel, that is, the classical approach to develop/grow organoids, interfered with an efficient intra-scaffold migration and growth. Although preliminary, these findings highlight the potential of the proposed cryogels as reproducible and tunable cancer cell research platforms.

Methodology and technology for the development of a prognostic MRI-based radiomic model for the outcome of head and neck cancer patients.

The purpose of this study was to establish a methodology and technology for the development of an MRI-based radiomic signature for prognosis of overall survival (OS) in nasopharyngeal cancer from non-endemic areas. The signature was trained using 1072 features extracted from the main tumor in T1-weighted and T2-weighted images of 142 patients. A model with 2 radiomic features was obtained (RAD model). Tumor volume and a signature obtained by training the model on permuted survival data (RADperm model) were used as a reference. A 10-fold cross-validation was used to validate the signature. Harrel's C-index was used as performance metric. A statistical comparison of the RAD, RADperm and volume was performed using Wilcoxon signed rank tests. The C-index for the RAD model was higher compared to the one of the RADperm model (0.69±0.08 vs 0.47±0.05), which ensures absence of overfitting. Also, the signature obtained with the RAD model had an improved C-index compared to tumor volume alone (0.69±0.08 vs 0.65±0.06), suggesting that the radiomic signature provides additional prognostic information.

Role of IMRT/VMAT-Based Dose and Volume Parameters in Predicting 5-Year Local Control and Survival in Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients.

Objective: This study aimed to look into the relationship between intensity-modulated-radiotherapy (IMRT)- or volumetric-modulated-arc-therapy (VMAT)-based dose-volume parameters and 5-year outcome for a consecutive series of non-metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients (pts) treated in a single institution in a non-endemic area in order to identify potential prognostic factors. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of consecutive non-metastatic NPC pts treated curatively with IMRT or VMAT and chemotherapy (CHT) between 2004 and 2014 was conducted. One patient was in stage I (0.7%), and 24 pts (17.5%) were in stage II, 38 pts (27.7%) in stage III, 29 pts (21.2%) in stage IVA, and 45 pts (32.8%) in stage IVB. Five pts (3.6%) received radiotherapy (RT) alone. Of the remaining 132 pts (96.4%), 30 pts (21.9%) received CHT concomitant to RT, and 102 pts (74.4%) were treated with induction CHT followed by RT-CHT. IMRT was given with standard fractionation at a total dose of 70 Gy. Clinical outcomes investigated in the study were local control (LC), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis was performed for the outcomes considering dose and coverage parameters, staging, and RT technique. Results: Overall, 137 pts were eligible for this retrospective analysis. With a median follow-up of 70 months (range 12-143), actuarial rates at 5 years were LC 90.4, DFS 77.2, and OS 82.8%. For this preliminary study, T stage was dichotomized as T1, T2, T3 vs. T4. At 5 years, the group T1-T2-T3 reported an LC of 93%, a DFS of 79%, and an OS of 88%, whereas T4 pts reported LC, DFS, and OS, respectively, of 56, 50, and 78%. Pts with V95% > 95.5% had better LC (p = 0.006). Pts with D99% > 63.8 Gy had better LC (p = 0.034) and OS (p = 0.005). The threshold value of 43.2 cm3 of GTVT was prognostic for LC (p = 0.016). To predict the risk of local recurrence at 5 years, we constructed a nomogram which combined GTVT with D99% relative to HRPTV. Conclusions: We demonstrated the prognostic value of some dose-volume parameters, although in a retrospective series, this is potentially useful to improve planning procedure. In addition, for the first time in a non-endemic area, a threshold value of GTVT, prognostic for LC, has been confirmed.

Baseline MRI-Radiomics Can Predict Overall Survival in Non-Endemic EBV-Related Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients.

Advanced stage nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) shows highly variable treatment outcomes, suggesting the need for independent prognostic factors. This study aims at developing a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomic signature as a prognostic marker for different clinical endpoints in NPC patients from non-endemic areas. A total 136 patients with advanced NPC and available MRI imaging (T1-weighted and T2-weighted) were selected. For each patient, 2144 radiomic features were extracted from the main tumor and largest lymph node. A multivariate Cox regression model was trained on a subset of features to obtain a radiomic signature for overall survival (OS), which was also applied for the prognosis of other clinical endpoints. Validation was performed using 10-fold cross-validation. The added prognostic value of the radiomic features to clinical features and volume was also evaluated. The radiomics-based signature had good prognostic power for OS and loco-regional recurrence-free survival (LRFS), with C-index of 0.68 and 0.72, respectively. In all the cases, the addition of radiomics to clinical features improved the prognostic performance. Radiomic features can provide independent prognostic information in NPC patients from non-endemic areas.

A monocentric, open-label randomized standard-of-care controlled study of XONRID®, a medical device for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced dermatitis in breast and head and neck cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: This study was an open-label, 2-arms, monocentric, randomized clinical trial comparing Xonrid®, a topical medical device, versus standard of care (SOC) in preventing and treating acute radiation dermatitis (ARD) in Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) and Breast Cancer (BC) patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: Eligible HNC and BC patients were randomized 1:1 to receive Xonrid® + SOC or SOC during RT. Patients were instructed to apply Xonrid® on the irradiated area three times daily, starting on the first day of RT and until 2 weeks after RT completion or until the development of grade ≥ 3 skin toxicity. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the proportion of patients who developed an ARD grade < 2 at the 5th week in both groups. Secondary endpoints were median time to grade 2 (G2) skin toxicity onset; changes in skin erythema and pigmentation and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL); patient-reported skin symptoms. All patients were evaluated at baseline, weekly during RT and 2 weeks after treatment completion. The evaluation included: clinical toxicity assessment; reflectance spectrometry (RS) and TEWL examination; measurement of patients' quality of life (QoL) through Skindex-16 questionnaire. RESULTS: Eighty patients (40 for each cancer site) were enrolled between June 2017 and July 2018. Groups were well balanced for population characteristics. All BC patients underwent 3-Dimensional Conformal RT (3D-CRT) whereas HNC patients underwent Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT). At week 5 the proportion of BC patients who did not exhibit G2 ARD was higher in Xonrid® + SOC group (p = 0.091). In the same group the onset time of G2 ARD was significantly longer than in SOC-alone group (p < 0.0491). For HNC groups there was a similar trend, but it did not reach statistical significance. For both cancer sites, patients' QoL, measured by the Skindex-16 score, was always lower in the Xonrid® + SOC group. CONCLUSION: Despite the failure to achieve the primary endpoint, this study suggests that Xonrid® may represent a valid medical device in the prevention and treatment of ARD at least in BC patients, delaying time to develop skin toxicity and reducing the proportion of patients who experienced G2 ARD during RT treatment and 2 weeks later. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano (INT 52/14 - NCT02261181 ). Registered on ClinicalTrial.gov on 21st August 2017.

Prognostic role of primary tumor, nodal neck, and retropharyngeal GTVs for unresectable sinonasal cancers treated with IMRT and chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the prognostic role of gross tumor volumes (GTVs) of primary tumor and positive lymph nodes on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in locally advanced unresectable sinonasal cancer (SNC) treated with definitive intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy. METHODS: Primary tumor GTV (GTV-T), pathologic neck nodes GTV (GTV-N), and positive retropharyngeal nodes GTV (GTV-RPN) of 34 patients with epithelial nonglandular SNC receiving IMRT with or without chemotherapy were retrospectively measured. The GTV variables were analyzed in relation with OS and PFS. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. We also estimated the crude cumulative incidence of locoregional relapses only. The optimal volume cutoff value was determined using an outcome-oriented method among the observed values. RESULTS: GTV-T was significantly associated with decreased OS (P=0.003) and PFS (P=0.003). Moreover, patients with disease total volumes (GTV) smaller than 149.44 cm³ had better OS and PFS than patients with higher volumes (P<0.0001 for both). Neck nodal metastasis impacted on OS and PFS (P=0.030 and P=0.033, respectively), but GTV-N did not (P=0.961; P=0.958). Retropharyngeal nodes metastasis was not associated with prognosis (OS: P=0.400; PFS: P=0.104). When GTV-RPN was added to GTV-N (GTV-TN), a relation with PFS (P=0.041) and a trend toward significance for OS (P=0.075) were found. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that tumor volume is a powerful predictor of outcome in SNC. This could be useful to identify patients with worse prognosis deserving different treatment strategies.

Role of pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters in predicting outcome of non-endemic EBV DNA-related nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients treated with IMRT and chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic role of pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters in non-endemic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV DNA)-related nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients treated with curative intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy (CHT). MATERIALS/METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data of 160 consecutive non-metastatic NPC patients who received IMRT with or without CHT. Forty-nine out of 160 patients that underwent whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT at our institution for disease staging with a minimum follow-up to 12 months were included in this study. We evaluated the relationship between maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUVmax and SUVmean, respectively), metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) of primary tumor and cervical lymph nodes with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). We also investigated the prognostic role of clinical variables such as age, disease stage, plasma EBV DNA load (copies/ml), gross tumor volume of primary tumor and lymph nodes. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 55 months. Two- and 5-year OS were 95.8% and 90.5%, respectively, while DFS was 83.4% at both time points. SUVmax of primary tumor ≥ 18.8 g/ml and primary tumor TLG ≥ 203.1 g were significant prognostic factors of worse OS. Furthermore, stages IVB and EBV DNA load ≥ 3493 copies/ml were significantly associated with lower DFS. No correlation was found between PET parameters and plasma EBV DNA load. CONCLUSION: Even in a limited series, our data suggested that SUVmax, SUVmean and TLG of primary tumor could predict a poor outcome in NPC patients also in non-endemic area hypothesizing their use for refinement of prognostication.

Multivariable model for predicting acute oral mucositis during combined IMRT and chemotherapy for locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: Oral and oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) represents amultifactorialand complexinterplayof patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors. We aimed to build a predictive model for acute OM for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients by combining clinical and dosimetric factors. MATERIALS/METHODS: A series of consecutive NPC patients treated curatively with IMRT/VMAT + chemotherapy at 70 Gy (2-2.12 Gy/fr) was considered. For each patient, clinical- tumor- and treatment-related data were retrospectively collected. oral cavity (OC) and parotid glands (PG, considered as a single organ) were selected as organs-at-risk (OARs). Acute OM was assessed according to CTCAE v4.0 at baseline and weekly during RT. Two endpoints were considered: grade ≥3 and mean grade ≥1.5. DVHs were reduced to Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD). Dosimetric and clinical/treatment features selected via LASSO were inserted into a multivariable logistic model. Goodness of fit was evaluated through Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration plot. RESULTS: Data were collected for 132 patients. G ≥ 3 and mean G ≥ 1.5 OM were reported in 40 patients (30%). Analyses resulted in a 3-variables model for G ≥ 3 OM, including OC EUD with n = 0.05 (OR = 1.02), PG EUD with n = 1 (OR = 1.06), BMI ≥ 30 (OR = 3.8, for obese patients), and a single variable model for mean G ≥ 1.5 OM, i.e. OC EUD with n = 1 (mean dose) (OR = 1.07). Calibration was good in both cases. CONCLUSION: OC mean dose was found to impact most on OM duration (mean G ≥ 1.5), while G ≥ 3 OM was associated to a synergic effect between PG mean dose and high dose received by small OC volumes, with BMI acting as a dose-modifying factor.

Prevention and treatment of radiation-induced acute dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review.

Acute dermatitis is the most common radio-induced side effect during treatment for head and neck cancer. The use of a wide variety of agents is reported to handle skin toxicity. Our aim was to review the literature and synthesize current available evidence. A comprehensive search was performed on multiple electronic databases until February 2017 and a systematic approach was carried out according to PRISMA guidelines. A total of 17 papers (950 patients on the whole) met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, with 12 randomized controlled trials and five nonrandomized observational and prospective studies. Generally speaking, there was no strong evidence to support the superiority of any specific intervention neither in prevention nor in therapeutic settings. Well-designed randomized studies including quality of life measurements are needed.

Preemptive treatment with Xonrid®, a medical device to reduce radiation induced dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients receiving curative treatment: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate efficacy, safety and tolerability of Xonrid®, a new medical device, in preventing radiation dermatitis associated with head and neck cancer (HNC) radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: In this monocentric, prospective pilot study, adult consecutive HNC patients who were planned to receive curative RT with or without chemotherapy were enrolled. Patients were instructed to apply Xonrid® on the irradiated area during treatment continuing until 2 weeks after the completion of RT or the development of severe skin toxicity. Toxicity was assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0 scale. The patient reported outcome measures included the Skindex-16 questionnaire and patient satisfaction. Skin reflectance spectra were analyzed to objectively evaluate dermatitis. RESULTS: In total, 41 subjects were enrolled (30 males, median age 60 years). No skin adverse events were recorded either in the skin area where the product was applied or in the nearby skin over the entire period of administration. At the end of RT, nine patients (22%) presented G1, 31 (76%) G2, and one patient (2%) G3 skin toxicity (after 5 weeks). Seven and 20 patients reached skin maximum toxicity at the fourth week and after the seventh week, respectively. An increasing trend of median spectrophotometry scores along with skin toxicity grades was observed. A correlation between Skindex-16 scores and skin toxicity grade during treatment was found. CONCLUSIONS: Our study results suggest that Xonrid® is well tolerated, safe, and effective in minimizing and delaying high-grade radiation dermatitis in HNC patients.

A cell-autonomous tumour suppressor role of RAF1 in hepatocarcinogenesis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths, but its molecular heterogeneity hampers the design of targeted therapies. Currently, the only therapeutic option for advanced HCC is Sorafenib, an inhibitor whose targets include RAF. Unexpectedly, RAF1 expression is reduced in human HCC samples. Modelling RAF1 downregulation by RNAi increases the proliferation of human HCC lines in xenografts and in culture; furthermore, RAF1 ablation promotes chemical hepatocarcinogenesis and the proliferation of cultured (pre)malignant mouse hepatocytes. The phenotypes depend on increased YAP1 expression and STAT3 activation, observed in cultured RAF1-deficient cells, in HCC xenografts, and in autochthonous liver tumours. Thus RAF1, although essential for the development of skin and lung tumours, is a negative regulator of hepatocarcinogenesis. This unexpected finding highlights the contribution of the cellular/tissue environment in determining the function of a protein, and underscores the importance of understanding the molecular context of a disease to inform therapy design.

Salivary Cytokine Levels and Oral Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Treated With Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy.

PURPOSE: We assessed the presence of salivary cytokines, their modulation during chemoradiation therapy (CTRT), and their association with oral mucositis severity in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS AND MATERIALS: The present prospective observational study enrolled 55 patients with locally advanced HNC requiring CTRT. We also studied 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with other cancers. The salivary levels of 13 cytokines were analyzed. We constructed a cytokine predictive score of oral mucositis severity. RESULTS: The baseline salivary cytokine levels were not associated with the severity of treatment-induced oral mucositis. The cytokine levels overall increased during treatment, especially in patients with worse mucositis. In particular, on univariable analysis, an increase of interleukin (IL)-1ß (area under the curve [AUC] 0.733; P=.009), IL-6 (AUC 0.746; P=.005), and tumor necrosis factor-α (AUC 0.710; P=.005) at the third week of treatment was significantly associated with the development of severe oral mucositis. On multivariable analysis, the predictive score based on the IL-1ß and IL-6 changes from baseline to week 3 was an early strong predictor of higher grade oral mucositis. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of HNC patients with concurrent CTRT induces a significant increase in the salivary levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, all positively associated with the severity of mucosal toxicity. A greater increase of IL-1ß and IL-6 3 weeks after treatment initiation is predictive of worse oral mucositis, representing a potential tool for the early identification of patients at risk.

Salivary Gland. Photon beam and particle radiotherapy: Present and future.

Salivary gland cancers (SGCs) are rare diseases and their treatment depends upon histology, stage and site of origin. Radical surgery is the mainstay of treatment but radiotherapy (RT) plays a key role in both the postoperative and the inoperable setting, as well as in recurrent disease. In the absence of prospective randomized trials, a wide retrospective literature suggests postoperative RT (PORT) in patients with high risk pathological features. SGCs, and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) in particular, are known to be radio-resistant tumors and should therefore respond well to particle beam therapy. Recently, excellent outcome has been reported with radical carbon ion RT (CIRT) in particular for ACC. Both modern photon- and hadron-based treatments are effective and are characterized by a favourable toxicity profile. But it is not clear whether one modality is superior to the other for disease control, due to the differences in patients' selection, techniques, fractionation schedules and outcome measurements among clinical experiences. In this paper, we review the role of photon and particle RT for malignant SGCs, discussing the difference between modalities in terms of biological and technical characteristics. RT dose and target volumes for different histologies (ACC versus non-ACC) have also been taken into consideration.