Effects of Different Exercise Types on Chrna7 and Chrfam7a Expression in Healthy Normal Weight and Overweight Type 2 Diabetic Adults.

Purpose: Considering that the CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A genes can be modulated by acute or chronic inflammation, and exercise modulates inflammatory responses, the question that arises is whether physical exercise could exert any effect on the expression of these genes. Thus, the aim of this work is to identify the effects of different types of exercises on the expression of the CHRNA7, CHRFAM7A and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in leukocytes of healthy normal weight (HNW), and overweight with type 2 diabetes (OT2D) individuals. Methods: 15 OT2D and 13 HNW participants (men and women, from 40 to 60 years old) performed in a randomized crossover design three exercise sessions: aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE) and combined exercise (CE). Blood samples were collected at rest and post-60-min of the exercise sessions. The leukocytes were the analysis of the CHRNA7, CHRFAM7A and (TNF-α) gene expression. Results: At baseline, OT2D had higher CHRFAM7A and TNF-α expression compared to HNW. No statistical differences were observed between groups for CHRNA7; however, the HNW group presented almost twice as many subjects with the expression of this gene (24% vs. 49%). Post exercise, the CHRFAM7A increased in AE, RE and CE for HNW, and in AE and CE for OT2D. There was no significant difference for TNF-α and CHRNA7 expression between any type of exercise and group. Conclusions: Our study shows that OT2D individuals presented higher baseline expression of TNF-α and CHRFAM7A, besides evidence of decreased CHRNA7A expression in leukocytes when compared with HNW. On the other hand, acutely physical exercise induces increased CHRFAM7A expression, especially when the aerobic component is present.

Inhibitory control after aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction in older adults / Controle inibitório após exercícios aeróbicos com e sem restrição do fluxo sanguíneo em idosos / Control inhibitorio después del ejercicio aeróbico con y sin restricción del flujo sanguíneo en adultos mayores

Introduction: Regular aerobic exercise (AE) can reduce the cognitive losses typically experienced with aging can be blunted by regular aerobic exercise (AE). AE also induces acute improvement of cognitive function among older adults; and AE practice with blood flow restriction (BFR) addss other benefits to elderly health, such as improvements in aerobic fitness, and increase in muscle mass and strength, however, it is not clear which EA protocol is more efficient to cognitive function. Objectives: Thus, the aimof this study was to compare AE protocols with and without BFR on the inhibitory control of the elderly. Methodology: Twenty-one elderly performed the Stroop test before and after three AE sessions in a repeated measure, cross-over design: AE with high load (70% VO2max), AE with low load (40% VO2max), and AE with blood flow restriction (AE-BFR) BFR (40% VO2max and 50% of BFR). Results and discussion: There was no significant effect from experimental sessions on cognitive function, assessed by inhibitory control in Stroop test. Perhaps, the load applied was not proper to stimulate cognitive function improvements, as seen the moderate loads have been more efficient to increase cerebral blood flow, among other physiological mechanisms encompassed. Final Considerations: Moreover, we observed very heterogeneous responses among individuals and sessions, suggesting that future research also considers biological individuality.

Introdução: As perdas cognitivas tipicamente experimentadas com o envelhecimento podem ser atenuadas por exercícios aeróbicos (EA) regulares. EA também induz melhora aguda da função cognitiva em idosos; e a prática de EA com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo (RFS) agrega outros benefícios à saúde do idoso, como melhorias na aptidão aeróbia e aumento da massa e força muscular. No entanto, não está claro qual protocolo de EA é mais eficaz para a funcao cognitiva. Objetivos: Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar diferentes protocolos de EA com e sem RFS no controle inibitório de idosos. Metodologia: Vinte e um idosos realizaram o teste de Stroop antes e após três sessões de EA em medida repetida, desenho cruzado: EA com alta carga (70% VO2máx), EA com baixa carga (40% VO2máx) e EA com RFS (40% VO2máx e 50% do RFS). Resultados e discussão: Não houve efeito significativo das sessões experimentais na função cognitiva avaliada pelo controle inibitório no Stroop Test. Talvez, as cargas aplicadas não tenham sido adequadas para estimular melhorias no controle inibitório, visto que as cargas moderadas têm sido mais eficientes para aumentar o fluxo sanguíneo cerebral, entre outros mecanismos fisiológicos Considerações Finais: Além disso, observamos respostas bastante heterogêneas entre indivíduos e sessões, sugerindo que pesquisas futuras considere também a individualidade biológica.

Introducción: El ejercicio aeróbico regular (EA) puede reducir la perdida cognitiva tipicamente experimentada durante el envejecimiento. EA puede tambien inducir mejora en la funcion cognitiva entre adultos mayores, ademas, la practica de resticcion de flujo sanguíneo (RFS) agrega otros beneficios para la salud en los ancianos, así como mejoras en la aptitud aeróbica, aumento de la masa muscular y la fuerza, sin embargo, no está claro qué protocolo de EA es más eficiente para la función cognitiva. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los protocolos de EA con y sin RFS en el control inhibitorio de los ancianos. Metodología: Veintiún ancianos realizaron la prueba de Stroop antes y después de tres sesiones de EA en medida repetida, diseño cruzado: EA con carga alta (70% VO2max), EA con carga baja (40% VO2max) y EA con restricción del flujo sanguíneo (EA-RFS) RFS (40% VO2max y 50% de RFS). Resultados y discusión: No hubo efecto significativo de las sesiones experimentales sobre la función cognitiva, evaluada por el control inhibitorio en la prueba de Stroop. Quizás, la carga aplicada no fue la adecuada para estimular mejoras en la función cognitiva, ya que las cargas moderadas han sido más eficientes para aumentar el flujo sanguíneo cerebral, entre otros mecanismos fisiológicos englobados. Consideraciones finales: Además, nosotros observamos respuestas muy heterogéneas entre individuos y sesiones, lo que sugiere que para futuras investigaciones también se debe considerar la variabilidad biológica.

Effect of resistance training on inflammatory markers of older adults: A meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Low-grade inflammation is associated with several deleterious health outcomes and may aggravate sarcopenia and dynapenia during aging. A strategy to alleviate these conditions is resistance training (RT). Thus, the aim was to critically examine the effects of regular RT on inflammatory markers of older adults from previous studies. METHODS: The search was conducted on MEDLINE, July 2017. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing RT effects on C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6) of adults over 50 years-of-age were selected by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: The main meta-analyses showed RT reduced CRP in older adults (standard mean difference [SMD] = -0.61, 95%CI = -0.83; -0.31, p < 0.001), tended to reduce IL-6 (SMD = -0.19, 95%CI = -0.42; 0.02, p = 0.07) and did not change TNF-α. Further exploratory sub-group analyses showed a potential association of muscle mass for both CRP and TNF-α changes. Reductions in CRP and TNF-α only occurred in RCTs performing a higher number of exercises (>8), higher weekly frequency (3 times/week) and longer durations than 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-inflammatory effects of RT were significant only for CRP with a tendency for a decrease in IL-6 as well. The exploratory analyses suggested the reduction in inflammatory markers could be dependent on increases in muscle mass and higher volume of RT protocols. These potential mediators of RT anti-inflammatory effects should be addressed in future meta-analyses to clarify the effects of RT on inflammatory markers of older adults with very specific conditions and larger numbers of studies.

Low-load resistance exercise improves cognitive function in older adults / Exercício resistido com baixa carga melhora a função cognitiva em idosos / Ejercicio resistido com baja carga mejora la función cognitiva en adultos mayores

ABSTRACT Introduction: Resistance exercise (RE) training is widely recommended for increasing muscle strength and mass in older adults. RE is also a potential stimulus to improve cognitive functions (CF), but the best protocol for this purpose is unknown. Objective: To compare the effects of different RE protocols on CF in the same group of individuals. Methods: Twenty-four older adults were randomized (cross over) to control (CON) and lower limb RE protocols with high load (HL - 80% of 1RM), low load (LL - 30% of 1RM) and LL with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR - 30% of 1RM and 50% BFR). For CF assessment, participants underwent the Stroop test before and after each RE protocol. Results: Reduction in response time for Stroop neutral stimuli was greater after LL (effect size (ES) = -0.92) compared to CON (ES = -0.18) and HL (ES = -0.03), but was not different from LL-BFR (ES = -0.24). The reduced response time was associated with reduced parasympathetic modulation and increased cardiac output across protocols. Conclusion: LL was the most effective RE protocol to improve CF of older adults and a potential beneficial effect of LL-BFR on CF (non-significant) was identified. Therefore, LL resistance exercise appears to stimulate acute cognitive improvements in healthy older adults, probably through exercise-induced optimal autonomic modulation changes. Level of Evidence I; Therapeutic studies-Investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento com exercício resistido (ER) é amplamente recomendado para aumento de força e massa muscular em idosos. O ER também é um possível estímulo para melhorar funções cognitivas (FC), mas o melhor protocolo para esse fim não é conhecido. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de ER sobre a FC de um mesmo grupo de indivíduos. Métodos: Vinte e quarto idosos foram randomizados (cross-over) em grupo controle (CON) e grupos protocolos de ER para membros inferiores com carga alta (CA - 80% 1RM), carga baixa (CB - 30% 1RM) e carga baixa com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo (CB-RFS - 30% 1RM e 50% RFS). Para a avaliação de FC, os participantes realizaram o teste de Stroop antes e depois de cada protocolo de ER. Resultados: A redução do tempo de resposta para o estímulo neutro de Stroop foi maior após o CB (tamanho de efeito [TE] = -0,92) comparado ao CON (TE = -0,18) e CA (TE = -0,03), mas não foi diferente de CB-RFS (TE = -0,24). A redução do tempo de resposta foi associada à redução da modulação parassimpática e ao aumento de débito cardíaco em todos os protocolos. Conclusões: CB foi o protocolo de ER mais eficiente para aumentar a FC em idosos e identificou-se um efeito benéfico em potencial do CB-RFS sobre a FC (não significante). Desta forma, o exercício resistido de CB parece estimular a melhora aguda da função cognitiva em idosos saudáveis, provavelmente devido à alteração ideal da modulação autonômica induzida pelo exercício. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento con ejercicio resistido (ER) es ampliamente recomendado para aumento de fuerza y masa muscular en ancianos. El ER también es un posible estímulo para mejorar las funciones cognitivas (FC), pero el mejor protocolo para este fin no es conocido. Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de diferentes protocolos de ER sobre la FC de un mismo grupo de individuos. Métodos: Veinte y cuatro ancianos fueron aleatorizados (cross-over) en grupo control (CON) y grupos protocolos de ER para extremidades inferiores con carga alta (CA - 80% 1RM), carga baja (CB - 30% 1RM) y carga baja con restricción de flujo sanguíneo (CB-RFS - 30% 1RM y 50% RFS). Para la evaluación de FC, los participantes realizaron el test de Stroop antes y después de cada protocolo de ER. Resultados: La reducción del tiempo de respuesta para el estímulo neutro de Stroop fue mayor después del CB (tamaño de efecto [TE] = -0,92) comparado al CON (TE = -0,18) y CA (TE = -0,03), pero no fue diferente de CB-RFS (TE = -0,24). La reducción del tiempo de respuesta fue asociada a la reducción de la modulación parasimpática y al aumento del gasto cardiaco en todos los protocolos. Conclusiones: CB fue el protocolo de ER más eficiente para aumentar la FC en ancianos y se identificó un efecto beneficioso potencial del CB-RFS sobre la FC (no significativo). De esta forma, el ejercicio resistido de CB parece estimular la mejora aguda de la función cognitiva en ancianos sanos, probablemente debido a la alteración ideal de la modulación autonómica inducida por el ejercicio. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios Terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Concurrent Training with Blood Flow Restriction does not Decrease Inflammatory Markers.

The aging process is associated with several changes in the elderly such as the decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness, strength and muscle mass, in addition to chronic low-grade inflammation. Concurrent training with blood flow restriction can be an interesting alternative to improve functional capacity with low mechanical stress in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory effects in older individuals submitted to two different protocols of concurrent training. Twenty-two healthy older adults (63.7±3.8 years; 69.8±8.9 kg; 1.6±0.1 m) performed 12 weeks of concurrent training (CT) or concurrent training with blood flow restriction (CTBFR) and the effects on inflammatory markers were analyzed. We found inflammatory behavior for the CTBFR group with a significant difference in serum concentration of C-reactive protein between pre- and post-moment (0.96±0.37 to 1.71±1.45, p=0.049), with no difference between groups, and a time effect in interleukin-6 (pre=0.86±0.43; post=1.02±0.46, p=0.016). We conclude that the CTBFR showed a pro-inflammatory profile after the period of intervention whereas the CT showed the opposite.

Obese with higher FNDC5/Irisin levels have a better metabolic profile, lower lipopolysaccharide levels and type 2 diabetes risk

ABSTRACT Objective: Thus, the aim of this study was to compare if higher or smaller fibronectin type 3 domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/irisin levels are associated with inflammatory and metabolic markers, caloric/macronutrient intake, physical fitness and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in obese middle-aged men, and also to correlate all variables analyzed with FNDC5/irisin. Subjects and methods: On the basis of a cluster study, middle-aged obese men (IMC: 31.01 ± 1.64 kg/m2) were divided into groups of higher and smaller levels of FNDC5/irisin. The levels of leptin, resistin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 and 10 (IL6, IL10), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance and sensibility, lipid profile, risk of T2DM development, body composition, rest energy expenditure, caloric/macronutrient intake and physical fitness were measured. Results: The higher FNDC5/ irisin group presented improved insulin sensibility (homeostasis model assessment - sensibility (HOMA-S) (p = 0.01) and QUICKI index (p < 0.01)), insulin (p = 0.02) and triglyceride levels (p = 0.01), lower insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.01), triglycerides/glucose (TYG index) (p = 0.02), neck circumference (p = 0.02), risk of T2DM development (p = 0.02), tendency to decrease serum resistin (p = 0.08) and significant lower LPS levels (p = 0.02). Inverse correlations between FNDC5/irisin and body weight (r −0.46, p = 0.04), neck circumference (r −0.51, p = 0.02), free fat mass (r −0.49, p = 0.02), triglycerides (r −0.43, p = 0.05) and risk of developing T2DM (r −0.61, p = 0.04) were observed. Conclusions: These results suggest that higher FNDC5/irisin levels in obese middle-aged men are related to a better metabolic profile and lower risk of T2DM development and serum LPS, a potential inducer of insulin resistance.

Obese with higher FNDC5/Irisin levels have a better metabolic profile, lower lipopolysaccharide levels and type 2 diabetes risk.

OBJECTIVE: Thus, the aim of this study was to compare if higher or smaller fibronectin type 3 domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/irisin levels are associated with inflammatory and metabolic markers, caloric/macronutrient intake, physical fitness and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in obese middle-aged men, and also to correlate all variables analyzed with FNDC5/irisin. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: On the basis of a cluster study, middle-aged obese men (IMC: 31.01 ± 1.64 kg/m2) were divided into groups of higher and smaller levels of FNDC5/irisin. The levels of leptin, resistin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 and 10 (IL6, IL10), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance and sensibility, lipid profile, risk of T2DM development, body composition, rest energy expenditure, caloric/macronutrient intake and physical fitness were measured. RESULTS: The higher FNDC5/ irisin group presented improved insulin sensibility (homeostasis model assessment - sensibility (HOMA-S) (p = 0.01) and QUICKI index (p < 0.01)), insulin (p = 0.02) and triglyceride levels (p = 0.01), lower insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.01), triglycerides/glucose (TYG index) (p = 0.02), neck circumference (p = 0.02), risk of T2DM development (p = 0.02), tendency to decrease serum resistin (p = 0.08) and significant lower LPS levels (p = 0.02). Inverse correlations between FNDC5/irisin and body weight (r -0.46, p = 0.04), neck circumference (r -0.51, p = 0.02), free fat mass (r -0.49, p = 0.02), triglycerides (r -0.43, p = 0.05) and risk of developing T2DM (r -0.61, p = 0.04) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that higher FNDC5/irisin levels in obese middle-aged men are related to a better metabolic profile and lower risk of T2DM development and serum LPS, a potential inducer of insulin resistance.

Metabolomics and Exercise: possibilities and perspectives

Abstract Aim This review aimed to provide an overview of the publications using metabolomics in research with physical exercises and to demonstrate how researchers have been applying this approach. Methods A systematic search in the databases Web of Science, SCOPUS and PubMed was performed, with the key words: "metabolomics" OR "metabonomics" and with "metabolomics" OR "metabonomics" AND "exercise" in the title or abstract of the articles. The search period was from 2000 to 2016. Forty-four original articles were selected. The studies found were separated into four categories: metabolic responses to physical exercise, supplementation and physical exercise, sports performance, and physical exercise related to diseases. Results It was possible to observe the exponential growth of the use of this approach in Sports and Health Sciences, and the four sub-fields towards which these researches involving exercise are directed, enabling a more comprehensive characterization of different metabolic profiles, as well as their study for identifying new biomarkers related to physical exercise. Conclusions The possibilities of using metabolomics approach are increasing in the fields of Health Sciences, Sports, and Physical Activity. The experimental design of the study is essential to take advantage of this tool and be able to answer questions in the metabolism comprehension.(AU)

Influência da força muscular no volume e na intensidade da atividade física diária de idosos / Influence of muscle strength in the volume and intensity of daily physical activity in elderly

Resumo Diminuições no volume da atividade física diária (VAF - número de passos) e na intensidade da atividade física diária (IAF – velocidade média de caminhada) estão relacionadas com a maior incidência de quedas e aumento da incidência de doenças crônico-degenerativas em idosos. Portanto, identificar fatores que possam aumentar o VAF e a IAF torna-se essencial, principalmente para essa população. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a influência da força muscular no VAF e na IAF de idosos saudáveis. Foram recrutados 18 participantes (10 homens e oito mulheres), com idade acima de 60 anos. Os participantes realizaram o teste de uma repetição máxima (1-RM) e utilizaram acelerômetro triaxial durante sete dias consecutivos, para mensurar o VAF e a IAF. Para analisar a influência da força no VAF e IAF realizou-se uma análise de regressão linear simples. Não foram observadas correlações significantes entre a força muscular e o VAF (p = 0,93; r2 = −0,06), assim como, entre a força muscular e a IAF (p = 0,08; r2 = 0,17). Conclui-se que a força muscular não influencia o VAF e a IAF de idosos saudáveis.(AU)

Abstract Reduction in the volume daily physical activity (VAF – number of steps) and in the intensity of daily physical activity (IAF- average walk velocity) are related with higher incidence of falls and increase of incidence of chronic diseases in elderly. However, the identification of factors which may increase the VAF and the IAF became essential, especially in this population. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of muscle strength in VAF and the IAF of older healthy elderly. It were recruited 18 participants, ten men and eight women, aged above 60 years old. The participants performed the one repetition maximal test (1-RM) and afterwards they used the triaxial accelerometer, during seven consecutive days, to measure the VAF and the IAF. To analyze the influence of muscle strength in the VAF and IAF a simple linear regression analysis was performed. It was not observed significant correlations between the muscle strength and the VAF (p = 0.93; r2 = −0.06), or between muscle strength and the IAF (p = 0.08; r2 = 0.17). In conclusion the muscle strength does not influence the VAF and IAF of healthy older adults.(AU)

Attenuated PGC-1α Isoforms following Endurance Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction.

INTRODUCTION: Exercise performed with blood flow restriction simultaneously enhances the acute responses to both myogenic and mitochondrial pathways with roles in training adaptation. We investigated isoform-specific gene expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 and selected target genes and proteins regulating skeletal muscle training adaptation. METHODS: Nine healthy, untrained males participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design in which each subject completed a bout of low-intensity endurance exercise performed with blood flow restriction (15 min cycling at 40% of V˙O2peak, BFR-EE), endurance exercise (30 min cycling at 70% of V˙O2peak, EE), or resistance exercise (4 × 10 repetitions of leg press at 70% of one-repetition maximum) separated by at least 1 wk of recovery. A single resting muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) was obtained 2 wk before the first exercise trial (rest) and 3 h after each bout. RESULTS: Total PGC-1α mRNA abundance, along with all four isoforms, increased above rest with EE only (P < 0.05) being higher than BFR-EE (P < 0.05). PGC-1α1, 2, and 4 were higher after EE compared with resistance exercise (P < 0.05). EE also increased vascular endothelial growth factor, Hif-1α, and MuRF-1 mRNA abundance above rest (P < 0.05), whereas COXIV mRNA expression increased with EE compared with BFR-EE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The attenuated expression of all four PGC-1α isoforms when EE is performed with blood flow restriction suggests this type of exercise provides an insufficient stimulus to activate the signaling pathways governing mitochondrial and angiogenesis responses observed with moderate- to high-intensity EE.

Effects of 12 weeks of combined training without caloric restriction on inflammatory markers in overweight girls.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of combined training without caloric restriction on inflammatory markers in overweight girls. Thirty-three girls (13-17 years) were assigned into overweight training (n = 17) or overweight control (n = 16) groups. Additionally, a normal-weight group (n = 15) was used as control for the baseline values. The combined training programme consisted of six resistance exercises (three sets of 6-10 repetitions at 60-70% 1 RM) followed by 30 min of aerobic exercise (walking/running) at 50-80% VO2peak, performed in the same 60 min session, 3 days/weeks, for 12 weeks. Body composition, dietary intake, aerobic fitness (VO2peak), muscular strength (1 RM), glycaemia, insulinemia, lipid profile and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, leptin, resistin and adiponectin) were measured before and after intervention. There was a significant decrease in body fat (P < 0.01) and increase in fat-free mass (P < 0.01), VO2peak (P < 0.01), 1 RM for leg press (P < 0.01) and bench press (P < 0.01) in the overweight training group. Concomitantly, this group presented significant decreases in serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (P < 0.05) and leptin (P < 0.05), as well as in insulin resistance (P < 0.05) after the experimental period. In conclusion, 12 weeks of combined training without caloric restriction reduced inflammatory markers associated with obesity in overweight girls.

Dor muscular e atividade de creatina quinase após ações excêntricas: uma análise de cluster / Muscle soreness and creatine kinase activity after eccentric actions: a cluster analysis / Dolor muscular y actividad de creatina kinasa tras acciones excéntricas: un análisis de cluster

INTRODUÇÃO: O exercício excêntrico máximo promove queda da capacidade de geração de força, aumento de dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT) e extravasamento de creatina quinase (CK) no sangue. No entanto, essas respostas ao exercício excêntrico demonstram alta variabilidade interindivíduos. OBJETIVOS: Classificar e analisar essas respostas segundo a vulnerabilidade individual, por meio da magnitude da redução dos níveis de força após exercício excêntrico. MÉTODOS: Dezoito sujeitos (11 homens e sete mulheres com idade entre 18 e 71 anos) saudáveis realizaram cinco séries de seis ações excêntricas máximas para flexores do cotovelo em dinamômetro isocinético (90°s- 1, amplitude de movimento de 80 a 20°). Foram analisadas contração voluntária muscular concêntrica máxima (CVM), DMIT e CK pré, pós (exceto CK), 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h após o protocolo. Os indivíduos foram classificados como "baixos" (BR) e "altos" respondedores (AR) ao pico de queda de CVM pós-exercício seguindo-se uma análise de cluster e comparação entre grupos para CVM, DMIT e CK com teste-t independente. RESULTADOS: A comparação entre BR e AR indicou maiores valores de queda de CVM para o grupo AR (AR: -30,7 ± 3,3%; BR: -14,1 ± 2,2%, p < 0,001) e maior DMIT também para o grupo AR (AR: 33,0 ± 8,6 mm; BR: 10,2 ± 2,5 mm, p = 0,033); no entanto, os valores de pico de atividade de CK não diferiram entre os grupos (AR: 232,1 ± 54,8 UI.L- 1; BR: 306,1 ± 82,3 UI.L- 1, p = 0,490). CONCLUSÃO: A classificação dos indivíduos em grupos de baixos e altos respondedores foi importante para demonstrar que o grupo mais responsivo à queda de força após exercício excêntrico ...

INTRODUCTION: Maximal eccentric exercise promotes decreases in muscular strength, increases in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DMIT) and leakage of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. However, these responses to eccentric exercise demonstrated large inter-individual variability. OBJECTIVES: To classify and analyze these responses according to individual vulnerability through the magnitude of the reduction of strength following eccentric exercise. METHODS: Eighteen healthy subjects (11 men and seven women aged 18 to 71 years) performed five sets of six maximal isokinetic eccentric actions of the elbow flexors using an isokinetic dynamometer (90°s- 1, range of motion 80-20°). Maximum voluntary concentric muscle contraction (CVM), DMIT and CK pre-, post (except CK), 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h were analyzed after the protocol. Individuals were classified as "low" (BR) and "high" (AR) responders at the peak of CVM decrease post-exercise using a k-means cluster analysis and compared between groups for CVM, DMIT and CK with independent t-test. RESULTS: The comparison between BR and AR showed higher CVM decrease for AR (AR: -30.7±3.3%, BR: -14.1±2.2%, p<0.001) and higher DMIT also for AR group (AR: 33.0±8.6 mm; BR: 10.2±2.5 mm, p=0.033) however, the peak values of CK activity did not differ between groups (AR: 232.1±54.8 UI.L- 1, BR: 306.1±82.3 UI.L- 1, p=0.490). CONCLUSION: The classification of the subjects into low and high responders groups was important to demonstrate that the most responsive group to strength decrease after eccentric exercise also shows higher DMIT levels; notwithstanding, for creatine kinase this relation could not be established. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: El ejercicio excéntrico máximo promueve reducciones de capacidad de generación de energía, aumento de dolor muscular de aparición tardía (DMIT), y escape de creatina kinasa (CK) en la sangre. Sin embargo, estas respuestas al ejercicio excéntrico demostraron una gran variabilidad interindividual. OBJETIVOS: Clasificar y analizar las respuestas de acuerdo a la vulnerabilidad individual al grado de disminución de la fuerza después del ejercicio excéntrico. MÉTODOS: Dieciocho sujetos sanos (11 hombres y siete mujeres de entre 18 a 71 años) han realizado cinco series de seis acciones excéntricas isocinéticas máximas de los flexores del codo utilizando un dinamómetro isocinético (90º s- 1, rango de movimiento 80-20°). La contracción concéntrica muscular voluntaria máxima (CVM), DMIT y CK pre-, inmediatamente después (excepto CK), 24h, 48h, 72h y 96h fue analizada después del protocolo. Los individuos fueron clasificados en "bajos" (BR) y "altos" (AR) respondedores, conforme el pico de declinación en la CVM después del ejercicio mediante un análisis de cluster y comparados entre los grupos para la CVM, DMIT y CK con pruebas t-independientes. RESULTADOS: La comparación entre BR y AR indicó mayor disminución de la CVM para AR (AR: -30,7 ± 3,3%, BR: -14,1 ± 2,2%, p < 0,001) y mayor DMIT también para AR (AR: 33,0 ± 8,6 mm; BR : 10,2 ± 2,5 mm, p = 0,033), sin embargo, los valores de pico de actividad de la CK no difirieron entre los grupos (AR: 232,1 ± 54,8 UI.L-1, BR: 306,1 ± 82,3 UI.L-1, p = 0,490). CONCLUSIÓN: La clasificación de los sujetos en los grupos bajos y altos respondedores fue importante para demostrar que el grupo más sensible a la disminución de la fuerza después del ejercicio excéntrico ...

Influência da idade no comportamento da frequência cardíaca na transição repouso-exercício: uma análise por deltas e regressão linear / Age influence on the heart rate behavior on the rest-exercício transition: an analysis by deltas and linear regression

INTRODUÇÃO: As modificações da frequência cardíaca (FC) durante a transição repouso-exercício podem ser caracterizadas por meio da aplicação de cálculos matemáticos simples, como: deltas 0-10 e 0-30s para inferir sobre o sistema nervoso parassimpático, e delta e regressão linear aplicados no intervalo 60-240s para inferir sobre o sistema nervoso simpático. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi testar a hipótese de que indivíduos jovens e de meia-idade apresentam diferentes respostas da FC em exercício de intensidade moderada e intensa, com diferentes cálculos matemáticos. MÉTODOS: Homens aparentemente saudáveis, sendo sete de meia-idade e 10 jovens, foram submetidos a testes de carga constante de intensidade moderada e intensa. Foram calculados os deltas da FC nos períodos de 0-10s, 0-30s e 60-240s e a regressão linear simples no período de 60 a 240s. Os parâmetros obtidos na análise de regressão linear simples foram: intercepto e inclinação angular. Utilizou-se o teste Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a distribuição dos dados e o teste t não pareado para comparação entre os grupos. O nível de significância estatística considerado foi 5%. RESULTADOS: O valor do intercepto e do delta 0-10s foi menor no grupo meia-idade nas duas cargas e a inclinação do ângular foi menor no grupo meia-idade no exercício moderado. CONCLUSÃO: Os indivíduos jovens apresentam retirada vagal de maior magnitude no estágio inicial da resposta da FC durante exercício dinâmico em carga constante nas intensidades analisadas e maior velocidade de ajuste da resposta simpática em exercícios moderados.

BACKGROUND: Changes in heart rate during rest-exercise transition can be characterized by the application of mathematical calculations, such as deltas 0-10 and 0-30 seconds to infer on the parasympathetic nervous system and linear regression and delta applied to data range from 60 to 240 seconds to infer on the sympathetic nervous system. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that young and middle-aged subjects have different heart rate responses in exercise of moderate and intense intensity, with different mathematical calculations. METHODS: Seven middle-aged men and ten young men apparently healthy were subject to constant load tests (intense and moderate) in cycle ergometer. The heart rate data were submitted to analysis of deltas (0-10, 0-30 and 60-240 seconds) and simple linear regression (60-240 seconds). The parameters obtained from simple linear regression analysis were: intercept and slope angle. We used the Shapiro-Wilk test to check the distribution of data and the "t" test for unpaired comparisons between groups. The level of statistical significance was 5%. RESULTS: The value of the intercept and delta 0-10 seconds was lower in middle age in two loads tested and the inclination angle was lower in moderate exercise in middle age. CONCLUSION: The young subjects present greater magnitude of vagal withdrawal in the initial stage of the HR response during constant load exercise and higher speed of adjustment of sympathetic response in moderate exercise.

Dano muscular: resposta inflamatória sistêmica após ações excêntricas máximas / Muscle damage: systemic inflammatory response after maximal eccentric actions / Daño muscular: respuesta inflamatoria sistémica después de acciones excéntricas máximas

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a resposta inflamatória induzida por grande número de ações excêntricas (AE) máximas realizadas pelos flexores do cotovelo. Participaram do estudo nove homens jovens, que realizaram 35 séries de seis AE nos flexores de cotovelo, com intervalo de um minuto, utilizando um dinamômetro isocinético em uma velocidade de 210º.s-1. As variáveis mensuradas foram: a contração isométrica voluntaria máxima (CIVM), a amplitude de movimento (AM), a dor muscular de inicio tardio (DMIT), a interleucina-6 (IL-6) e o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α). Alterações significantes foram observadas para os marcadores indiretos de dano muscular (CIVM, AM e DMIT), entretanto não houve modificações para os marcadores inflamatórios (IL-6 e TNF-α). Em conclusão, os resultados demonstraram que mesmo com alterações nos marcadores indiretos de dano muscular após a realização de um grande número de AE não foram observadas alterações na resposta inflamatória sistêmica.

The objective of this study was to analyze the magnitude of the inflammatory response induced by a high number of eccentric actions (AE) of the elbow flexors. Participated on this study nine young men who performed 35 sets of six AE of the elbow flexors, with an one minute interval, using an isokinetic dynamometer at 210º.s-1. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), range of motion (ROM), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured. Significant changes were observed for markers of muscle damage (MVIC, ROM and DOMS), however, there were no changes on inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α. In conclusion, the results show that even with large numbers of AE and changes in indirect markers of muscle damage, no change was observed in the systemic inflammatory response.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la magnitud de la respuesta inflamatoria inducida por un gran número de acciones excéntricas (AE) de los flexores del codo. Han participado del estudio nueve jóvenes que llevaron a cabo 35 series de seis AE de los flexores del codo, con un intervalo de un minuto, utilizando un dinamómetro isocinético a 210º.s-1. Fueran mensurados la máxima contracción voluntaria isométrica (CIVM), la amplitud de movimiento (AM), el dolor muscular de aparición tardía (DMIT), la interleucina 6 (IL-6) y el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α). Se observaron cambios significativos para los marcadores de daño muscular (CIVM, AM y DMIT), sin embargo, no hubo cambios en los marcadores de inflamación IL-6 y TNF-α. En conclusión, los resultados indican que mismo con un gran número de AE y cambios en los marcadores indirectos de daño muscular, no se observaron cambios en la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica.

Efeito do treinamento concorrente nos componentes da síndrome metabólica de homens de meia-idade / Effect of concurrent training on components of the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men

INTRODUÇÃO: A prática regular de exercícios físicos é considerada fundamental para prevenção e tratamento da Síndrome Metabólica, porém pouco se sabe sobre a forma ideal de treinamento. OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito de 16 semanas de treinamento concorrente (TC) com frequência semanal e duração da sessão similar ao treinamento de força (TF) e treinamento aeróbio (TA) isolados sobre os componentes da síndrome metabólica (SM) de homens de meia-idade. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 42 homens clinicamente saudáveis distribuídos em quatro grupos: TA (n = 13), TF (n = 9), TC (n = 10) e grupo controle (GC, n = 10). Os treinamentos foram compostos por duas etapas (E1 e E2) com duração de oito semanas cada, e frequência de três sessões/semana (TF: dez exercícios com 3 x 8-10 RM; TA: 60 min. de caminhada ou corrida a 55-85% VO2pico; TC: seis exercícios com 3 x 8-10 RM, seguidos de 30 min. de caminhada ou corrida a 55-85% VO2pico). Foram avaliadas circunferência de cintura (CC), perfil lipídico, glicose, pressão arterial (PA) e força máxima e VO2pico. RESULTADOS: A CC reduziu para o TA (-1,70%; p = 0,023) e TC (-1,66%; p = 0,018) e o LDL para o TF (-25,03%; p = 0,047) e TC (29,74%; p = 0,011). O TC promoveu redução na PA sistólica (-7,83%; p = 0,029). A força máxima e VO2pico aumentaram para os três grupos de treinamento (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A realização do TC frequência semanal e duração das sessões similar ao TA e TF isolados é mais eficaz para a melhora de componentes da SM.

INTRODUCTION: The practice of regular physical exercise is considered critical to prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, but little is known about the ideal form of training. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of 16 weeks of concurrent training (CT) with weekly frequency and duration of the session similar to strength training (ST) and endurance training (ET) isolates, in the components of metabolic syndrome (MS) of middle-age men. METHODS: Forty-two clinically healthy men were selected and divided into four groups: ET (n = 13), ST (n = 9), CT (n = 10) and control group (CG, n = 10). The training was composed of two steps (E1 and E2) with a duration of eight weeks each, and frequency of three sessions/week (ST: ten exercises with 3 x 8-10 RM; AT: 60 min. Walking or running at 55 -85% VO2peak, CT: six exercises with 3 x RM 8.10, followed by 30 min. walking or running at 55-85% VO2peak). We evaluated waist circumference (WC), lipid profile, glucose, blood pressure (BP), maximum force and VO2peak. RESULTS: The WC reduced to the AT (-1.70%, p = 0.023) and CT (-1.66%, p = 0.018) and LDL to the ST (-25.03%, P = 0.047) and CT (29.74%, p = 0.011). The CT promoted the reduction in systolic BP (-7.83%, P = 0.029). The maximum force and peak VO2 increased for the three training groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The performance of CT weekly frequency and duration of sessions similar to the ET and ST alone is more effective for the improvement of MS components.

Efeito do treinamento concorrente sobre a força e hipertrofia muscular de mulheres na pós-menopausa / Effect of concurrent training on muscle hypertrophy and strength of postmenopausal women

A associação do treinamento de força (TF) e aeróbio (TA), conhecido com treinamento concorrente (TC), parece diminuir os ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular quando comparado ao TF isolado. Dessa forma, esse estudo teve como objetivo comparar os efeitos de16 semanas de TF e TC sobre os indicadores de hipertrofia e a força muscular em mulheres de meia-idade na pós-menopausa. Participaram 24 mulheres, não ativas fisicamente, subdivididas em três grupos: Grupo TC (n=8), Grupo TF (n=8) e Grupo Controle (n=8). Os treinamentos foram compostos de duas etapas (E1 e E2) com duração de oito semanas cada, e frequência de três sessões/semana (TF: 10 exercícios com 3 x 8-10 RM; TC: 6 exercícios com 3 x 8-10 RM, seguido de 30 min de caminhada ou corrida a 55-85% VO2pico). Foram avaliadas a área muscular de coxa (AMC), força máxima e consumo pico de oxigênio (VO2pico). Os resultados demonstraram aumento na força máxima nos exercícios leg press, supino reto e rosca direta para o TF e TC, sem diferença entre eles. Com relação aos indicadores hipertróficos não houve aumento na AMC para o TF e TC. Houve aumento do VO2pico somente para o TC. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que o TC, realizado com as recomendações mínimas de TA preconizadas pelo American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), não promoveu efeito de interferência na força máxima e hipertrofia muscular de mulheres de meia-idade na pós-menopausa.

The combination of strength (TF) and aerobic training (TA), known as concurrent training (TC), seems to diminish the muscle strength and hypertrophy gains when compared with isolated TF. This study aimed to compare the effects of 16 weeks of concurrent training (TC) and resistance training (TF) on hypertrophic indicators and muscle strength of middle-aged postmenopausal women. Participated 24 non-active women randomly assigned in three groups: TC (n=8), TP (n=8) and control group (GC, n=8). Both training protocols were divided in two phases lasting eight weeks with a three weeks sessions frequency (TF: 10 exercises, 3x8-10 RM; TC: 6 exercises, 3x8-10 RM followed by 30 min of walking or running at 55-85% VO2peak). It were assessed thigh muscle area (AMC), muscle strength and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Our data showed that both training protocols (i.e., TF and TC) significantly increased maximal strength in leg press, bench press and arm curl without differences between groups. Regarding the hypertrophic indicators there was no difference in AMC for both training groups. VO2peak significantly increased only for TC. Thus, our data showed that when TC is held closely to the minimum of American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendation for aerobic training, no interference effect is observed in muscle strength and hypertrophic indicators in middle-aged postmenopausal women.

Effects of eccentric exercise on systemic concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin (E2): comparison between young and postmenopausal women.

The present study aimed to analyze the magnitude of muscle damage and inflammatory responses induced by eccentric exercise in young (YW) and postmenopausal women (PMW). Seventeen healthy women (nine YW, 23.89 ± 2.03 years; and eight PMW, 51.13 ± 5.08 years) performed five sets of six maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors. Changes in isometric strength, range of motion, muscle soreness, and upper-arm circumference were evaluated pre, post, 24, 48, and 72 h following eccentric exercise. Changes in creatine kinase activity, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) were measured pre, 24, 48, and 72 h following eccentric exercise. For intra and inter-group analysis, a two-way repeated measures ANOVA was applied followed by a Tukey's post hoc test. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correlations between variables. It was observed no differences between groups for the markers of muscle damage, although significant modifications (p < 0.05) occurred within groups throughout time for all variables. Post menopausal women showed significantly higher values for TNF-α (p < 0.05). Also, IL-6 presented superior pre value for PMW. For YW, IL-6 and IL-10 values increased 72 h post-eccentric exercise compared to pre. Further, IL-10 was higher for YW than PMW 72 h post-eccentric exercise. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between age and soreness, and between age and PGE(2). In conclusion, YW do not have attenuated muscle damage compared to PMW who do not make use of hormonal replacement therapy. In addition, YW have a greater anti-inflammatory response after eccentric exercise compared to PMW.

Effect of resistance, endurance, and concurrent training on TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 16 wk of resistance training (RT), endurance training (ET), and concurrent training (CT) on inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), and functional capacity in sedentary middle-age men. METHODS: Healthy subjects were randomized into RT (n = 11), ET (n = 12), CT (n = 11), and a control group (n = 13). The subjects performed three weekly sessions lasting about 60 min for 16 wk. Maximal strength was tested in bench press and leg press. The peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was measured in an incremental exercise test. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CRP levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Maximal strength was increased after 16 wk, with no differences between RT and CT. VO2peak increased in ET and CT comparing before and after training. There were no significant differences in TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP comparing before and after training. CONCLUSIONS: Sixteen weeks of RT, ET, or CT in middle-age healthy men has not affected low and moderate IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels. CT performed in the same weekly frequency and session duration of ET and RT was effective in increasing both maximal strength and VO2peak, in addition to improvements in lipid profile.

Efeito do treinamento concorrente sobre a força e área de secção transversa muscular / Effects of concurrent training on strength and muscle cross sectional area

O treinamento de força (TF) induz aumentos na força e hipertrofia muscular. Por outro lado, o treinamento aeróbio (TA) é capaz de elevar a potência aeróbia (VO2pico). Porém a associação entre o TF e TA, conhecido como treinamento concorrente (TC), parece diminuir os ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular quando comparado ao TF isolado. Dessa forma, esse estudo comparou os efeitos de 16 semanas de TF, TA e TC na área de secção transversa de coxa (ASTC) e força muscular em 49 homens de meia-idade idade não ativos fisicamente. Para tanto os sujeitos foram randomizados em TF (n=12), TA (n=12), TC (n=12) e grupo controle (GC, n=13). Os protocolos de treinamento foram compostos de duas etapas (E1 e E2) com duração de oito semanas cada, e frequência de três sessões/semana (TF: 10 exercícios 3 x 8 10RM; TA: 60 min de caminhada ou corrida a 55-85%VO2pico; TC: 6 exercícios 3 x 8-10RM somados de 30 min de caminhada ou corrida a 55-85%VO2pico; GC não realizou nenhum protocolo de treinamento durante o período do estudo). A ASTC foi mensurada pela equação de Knapik; força máxima por teste de 1-RM; VO2pico por meio de teste ergométrico em esteira. Os principais resultados demonstraram que o TF e TC obtiveram aumentos similares da ASTC (5,7 e 5,6%; respectivamente) e concomitante aumento da força máxima no exercício leg press após 16 semanas de intervenção (48,6 e 54,8%; respectivamente). Os resultados referentes ao VO2pico evidenciaram aumentos similares apenas para os grupos TC (14,8%) e TA (21,7%) após a intervenção. Dessa forma, concluímos que o protocolo de TC utilizado no presente estudo, não promove o efeito de interferência na ASTC e força muscular de membros inferiores de homens de meia-idade.

Strength training (TF) promotes muscle hypertrophy and enhances muscle strength. On the other hand, endurance training (TA) raises the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). However, the association between TF and TA, known as concurrent training (TC), might impair gains of muscle hypertrophy and strength compared to isolated TF. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of 16 weeks of TF, TA and TC in muscle strength and thigh cross sectional area (AST) in 49 non-physically active middle-aged men. Subjects were randomized in TF (n=12), TA (n=12), TC (n=12) and control group (GC, n=13). Trainings were composed of two periods (E1 and E2) of 8 weeks each and frequency of 3 days/week (TF: 10 exercises-3x8-10RM; TA: 60 min of walking or running; TC: 6 exercises-3x8-10RM followed by 30 min of walking or running at 55-85%VO2peak; GC did not performed any training during study period). Thigh AST was analyzed through the equation of Knapik; muscle strength through 1-RM test; VO2peak through a cardiorespiratory treadmill test. Main results showed that TF and TC enhanced similarly muscle strength in leg press (5,7 e 5,6%; respectively) and thigh AST (48,6 e 54,8%; respectively) following 16 weeks of intervention. The results regarding VO2peak demonstrated similar increases for TC (14,8%) and TA (21,7%) after intervention. We concluded that 16 weeks of TC did not produce the interference effect either for thigh AST or lower limbs muscle strength in middle-aged men.

Resposta da taxa metabólica de repouso após 16 semanas de treinamento com pesos em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Response of the resting metabolic rate after 16 weeks of resistance training in postmenopausal women

INTRODUÇÃO: As alterações corporais provenientes da menopausa como a diminuição da massa magra (MM), aumento e redistribuição da gordura corporal e diminuição do gasto energético de repouso, colaboram para o aumento nas dimensões corporais e subsequente aumento da massa corporal total. Nesse sentido, os benefícios reconhecidos do treinamento com pesos (TP) não estão atrelados apenas ao aumento da força e hipertrofia muscular, mas também à composição corporal e, consequentemente, na taxa metabólica de repouso (RMR). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a resposta da RMR após 16 semanas de TP em mulheres na pós-menopausa. MÉTODOS: Participaram 28 voluntárias, subdivididas em dois grupos: treinamento (GT n = 17) e controle (GC n = 11). O programa de TP foi realizado em três sessões semanais, em dias alternados e com duração de aproximadamente 60 min/sessão, por 16 semanas. A intensidade da carga foi determinada por meio de zona alvo de repetições máximas (RM), com reajuste semanal de carga. O consumo de oxigênio (O2) e da produção de gás carbônico (CO2), por meio de calorimetria indireta de circuito aberto, foi utilizado para cálculo da RMR segundo equação de Weir (1949). ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA: Foi utilizado pacote estatístico Bioestat na versão 5.0, com nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significante dos valores de MM e força muscular, somente no GT. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes para os valores da RMR após a intervenção para ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O programa de TP de 16 semanas foi eficiente para promover alterações na composição corporal e força muscular de mulheres na pós-menopausa; entretanto, não houve alteração da RMR após a intervenção.

INTRODUCTION: The physical changes from menopause such as decrease in lean mass (LM), growth and redistribution of body fat and decrease in resting energy expenditure, contribute to the increase in body size and subsequent increase in total body mass. Accordingly, the recognized benefits of resistance training (RT) are not only linked to increased strength and muscle hypertrophy, but also to body composition and consequently to the resting metabolic rate (RMR). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the RMR response after 16 weeks of RT in postmenopausal women. METHODS: 28 female volunteers subdivided into two groups participated in the study: training (TG n = 17) and control (CG n = 11). The RT program was conducted in three weekly sessions, on alternate days and lasted approximately 60 min/session during 16 weeks. Load intensity was determined by means of target area of maximum repetitions, with weekly load readjustment. The oxygen consumption (O2) and carbon dioxide production (CO2), using open circuit indirect calorimetry was used to calculate the RMR according to Weir equation (1949). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: statistical package Bioestat, version 5.0, with a significance level of p <0.05 was used. RESULTS: There was significant increase of the LM values and muscle strength in TG only. No significant differences were found for the RMR values after intervention for both groups. CONCLUSION: The RT program of 16 weeks was effective in promoting changes in body composition and muscle strength in postmenopausal women; nevertheless, there was not change in RMR after intervention.