NLRP3 concentration, oxidants, and antioxidants in plasma of endometriosis patients undergoing treatment with dienogest.

OBJECTIVE: NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is a cytosolic multi-protein complex that induces inflammation and is negatively regulated by progesterone. Previous researches have reported abnormal induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and progesterone resistance in endometriosis (EM). Since progesterone regulates ROS level and, consequently, inflammation, our objective is to investigate whether dienogest (DNG) regulates NLRP3 and whether the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome by DNG in the blood plasma of patients with EM can affect oxidant and antioxidant markers. METHODS: Plasma samples were obtained from control and EM patients experiencing pain symptoms to measure the level of NLRP3, oxidants, and antioxidants. Subsequently, these patients were given oral DNG 2 mg/day for six months for drug treatment. After six months, plasma samples were collected from the patients for re-examination. RESULTS: The findings indicate that DNG reduced NLRP3 concentration and oxidant production while increasing antioxidant production in blood plasma. By reducing NLRP3, DNG was able to alleviate inflammation and pain caused by inflammation in EM patients. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the use of DNG in EM patients resulted in a decrease in NLRP3 concentration in the patient's plasma. Furthermore, this effect was enhanced by balancing oxidant/antioxidant levels, which may contribute to reducing inflammation associated with EM.

Does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduce the laparoscopic related shoulder pain?

OBJECTIVE: Although laparoscopic surgery is a good substitute for laparotomy in reducing postsurgical pain, many patients complain of shoulder pain after laparoscopic surgery and require pain-relief. Post-operative pain management leads to increased patient satisfaction. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological, noninvasive modality that reduces pain by activating the descending inhibitory systems in the central nervous system. Given the importance of decreasing shoulder pain after gynecological laparoscopy, the current study aimed to investigate the management of shoulder pain in these patients using TENS. METHODS: This was a retrospective case-control study. A total of 112 women aged 18-45 years who experienced shoulder pain due to gynecologic laparoscopic surgery were included in the study. Patients were divided into TENS and control groups. In the TENS group, TENS was used twice for 20 minutes each, but in the control group, the patients received regular treatment. Patients were evaluated at intervals of 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after laparoscopy for shoulder pain score. RESULTS: The results showed a significant decrease in visual analog scale scores at 2, 4, and 8-hour in the TENS group compared with the control group. At 24 hours evaluation, although the pain was reduced, the difference was not significant. At 48- and 72-hour assessment, all patients in each group reported zero score for severity of pain. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that TENS significantly reduces postoperative shoulder pain.

A Case of Spontaneous Autoamputation of Ovary in a 46-Year-Old Woman: An Uncommon Presentation (Painless Ovarian Torsion) with Unique Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.

This article presents a case of spontaneous autoamputation of ovary in a 46-year-old nulligravid woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension, who presented with secondary amenorrhea and white vaginal discharge. Despite an initial diagnosis of dermoid cyst based on ultrasound findings, subsequent laparoscopic surgery revealed a necrotized oval-shaped mass in the cul-de-sac, which was identified as the right ovary that had undergone torsion and autoamputation. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with this uncommon presentation, which may be easily misdiagnosed. Clinicians should consider spontaneous autoamputation of ovary as a potential differential diagnosis in women presenting with adnexal masses, even if there is no prior history of abdominal pain.

Does laparoscopic treatment of deep endometriosis improve sexual dysfunction.

Background: Endometriosis is one of the common gynecological problems during the reproductive years, affecting the quality of life, fertility, and sexual function of women. It is known that sexual dysfunction and quality of life are interrelated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of resection of endometriosis lesions via laparoscopic surgery on the improvement of sexual dysfunction in women with endometriosis. Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 30 patients with endometriosis. The Female Sexual Function Index, Endometriosis Health Profile-30, and Visual Analog Scale were completed for the patients before laparoscopic surgery and three, six, and 12 months after surgery. The results were examined and compared before and after the intervention using the ANOVA test. Results: The present results showed that the mean pain score of the patients (dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and pelvic pain) was significant after laparoscopic surgery (P<0.005). The female sexual function improved after laparoscopic surgery compared to the preoperative phase, and changes in the domains of psychological stimulation, humidity, and sexual orgasm were significant (P<0.005). Moreover, the female quality of life scores increased in all dimensions compared to the preoperative phase, although these improvements were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The present results revealed that laparoscopic surgery is an effective treatment, leading to a considerable improvement in female sexual function.

Modulation of microRNAs expression and cellular signaling pathways through curcumin as a potential therapeutical approach against ovarian cancer: A review.

Short non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs) control gene expression by either inhibiting translation or degrading messenger RNA. MiRNAs are crucial for many biological functions, and the deregulation of their expression is strongly linked to the emergence of cancer. A single miRNA controls several gene expressions, allowing it to simultaneously control a number of cellular signaling pathways. As a result, miRNAs may be used as therapeutic targets as well as biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of different cancers. Recent research has shown that natural compounds like curcumin, resveratrol and quercetin exert their pro-apoptotic and/or anti-proliferative impacts by modulating one and/or more miRNAs, which inhibits the growth of cancer cells, induces apoptosis, or increases the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapies. Here, we summarize the most recent developments in curcumin's control over the expression of miRNAs and emphasize the significance of these herbal remedies as a viable strategy in the treatment and prevention of cancer.

Correlation of High-Risk Human Papilloma Virus with Deep Endometriosis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Recently, it has been suggested that microbial infections play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. One of the most commonly suggested infections associated with the pathogenesis of endometriosis is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The present study is aimed at evaluating the prevalence, types, and risk factors for HPV infection in women with endometriosis and at investigating the association of upper and lower genital tract involvement with HPV and the severity of endometriosis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 81 patients with endometriosis, referred to Rasool Akram Medical Complex in Tehran, Iran, for laparoscopic surgery. The patients' demographic, clinical, and anthropometric data were extracted from their medical records, as well as interviews. The stage of disease was scored based on the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) classification. The HPV-positive and HPV-negative cases were compared using the chi-square test for categorical variables and Student t-test for continuous variables. Results: Twenty (24.69%) out of 81 women with endometriosis were infected with HPV (nine cases of pelvic HPV, nine cases of vaginal HPV, and two cases of both pelvic and vaginal HPV). The HPV-infected women had a significantly lower infertility rate (15% vs. 45.9%; P = 0.014). The VAS scores for dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia were relatively the same in the two groups (P > 0.05). HPV 6 and HPV 11 were the most common types of HPV, reported in 35% and 30% of endometriosis cases, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of HPV was 24.69%, and low-risk genotypes were dominant. No significant association was found between HPV and the severity of endometriosis.

Monozygotic twin cases of endometriosis with Glanzmann thrombasthenia: a case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare bleeding disorder with a high prevalence in communities where consanguineous marriages are mainstream. Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, and its risk increases in women with menstrual periods of longer than six days. The phenotypic expression of endometriosis is determined by the frequency and rate of the menstrual flow, as well as genetic and environmental factors. RESULT AND CASE PRESENTATION: 14-year-old monozygotic twin sisters with GT who developed ovarian endometriosis were referred to Hazrat Rasoul Hospital due to severe dysmenorrhea. In ultrasonic examination, endometrioma cysts were reported in both patients. They both went under endometrioma cystectomy, and the bleeding was managed using antifibrinolytic drugs, followed by recombinant activated coagulation factor VII. Both were discharged after 3 days. In the ultrasound examination performed one year after the surgery, ovaries were normal in the first twin, while the second twin had a 28 × 30 hemorrhagic cyst in the left ovary. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Menstrual bleeding and genetic factors are two theories that could be related to GT and endometriosis association, and GT could be considered a risk factor for endometriosis.

Evaluation of expression of biomarkers of PLAGL1 (ZAC1), microRNA, and their non-coding RNAs in patients with endometriosis.

Since the PLAGL1 (ZAC1) gene is expressed in the human endometrium. It may be involved in the etiology of endometrial disorders by its abnormal regulation and expression. This study aimed to investigate the Zac1 gene and related microRNA and LncRNA and its alterations in patients with endometriosis. Blood plasma, ectopic (EC) and eutopic (EU) endometrial samples were gathered from 30 patients with endometriosis and 30 healthy fertile women, and the Q-PCR technique was used to determine the expression level of Zac1 mRNA and microRNAs (miR-1271-5p, hsa-miR-490-3pin) and LncRNAs (TONSL-AS1 TONSL, KCNQ1OT1 KCNQ1). According to the results, the Zac1 gene and KCNQ1OT1 KCNQ1, TONSL-AS1 TONSL LncRNA expression were significantly decreased in the endometriosis group versus the control group (P < 0.05). MiR-1271-5p and hsa-miR-490-3pin microRNA expression were significantly raised in the endometriosis group as opposed to the control group (P < 0.05). In summary, this research for the first time revealed that identifying Zac1 expression provides us with new indicators for evaluating endometriosis.

LncRNAs and MiRNAs: New Targets for Resveratrol in Ovarian Cancer Research.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the 3rd common gynecologic cancer. Numerous procedures are involved in the growth of OC, like migration, angiogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, a better knowledge of the molecular processes complicated in ovarian tumorigenesis can lead to better measures for the prevention and treatment of the disease and its diagnosis. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), a subclass of non-coding RNAs, are much more diverse than previously thought. It is suggested that these RNAs may play a role in controlling complex cellular signaling mechanisms via binding to proteins and influencing their function. Nevertheless, our acquaintance with the participation of LncRNAs in the pathogenesis of OC is still restricted. Especially, we do not yet recognize how to pharmacologically correct the epi-mutations. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol mostly derived from grapes, has been evaluated in many studies to find its cancer therapeutic potential. In the current paper, we aimed to review the role of resveratrol as a potential natural product on lncRNAs as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in OC and represent new insights for further investigations.

Effect of PLGA Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of miRNA 503 on The Apoptosis of Ovarian Endometriosis Cells.

OBJECTIVE: One of the challenges in gene therapy is the transfer of the gene to the target cell. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression after transcription by binding directly to the messenger and play a vital role in cell behaviors and the pathogenesis of some diseases. This study was aimed at developing poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)- based nanoparticles (NPs) for gene delivery to endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, endometriosis cells were isolated from women with severe endometriosis (DIE) and digested by the enzymatic method (40 µg/ml DNAase I and 300 µg/ml collagenase type 3). PLGA-based NPs were synthesized and characterized. The size of sole PLGA NPs and PLGA/miRNA were 60 ± 4 nm and 70 ± 5.1 nm respectively. Poly lactic-co-glycolic-based NPs were used as vector carriers for miRNA 503 transfection in endometriosis cells. The cells were divided into the five groups of control and four doses (25, 50, 75, and 100 µm) of miRNA 503/PLGA at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Viability and apoptosis were evaluated by the MTT assay and Annexin Kits. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The results show that the size of PLGA/miRNA complex with dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 70 ± 5.1 nm and zeta potential values of the PLGA/PEI/miRNA complexes were 27.9 mV. Based on the MTT assay results, the optimal dose of miRNA 503/PLGA was 75 µm, at which the viability of ECSCs was 52.6% ± 1.2 (P≤0.001), and the optimal time was 48 hours. The apoptotic rates of ECSCs treated with PLGA/miRNA503 (34.75 ± 4.9%) were significantly higher than those of ECSCs treated with PLGA alone (3.35 ± 2.58%, P≤0.01). CONCLUSION: Cell death increased with increasing the concentration of miRNA; thus, it can be suggested as a treatment for endometriosis.

Comparison of diagnostic values of transvaginal sonography with laparoscopic and histological results in the evaluation of uterosacral ligaments' involvement in endometriosis patients.

Background: Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological disorders, which causes pain and reduces fertility. An accurate diagnostic technique would be helpful in the management of these patients preoperatively. The objective of this study was to do a comparative evaluation of uterosacral involvement in deep infiltrative endometriosis by transvaginal sonography (TVS) and laparoscopic biopsy. Methods: TVS and laparoscopy were done in all patients suspected to have endometriosis. TVS examination was carried out to identify endometriotic lesions, and in suspicious laparoscopic views, biopsy was done and laparoscopic findings were confirmed by pathologic report. Then, TVS and pathological findings in laparoscopy were compared and data analyzed by SPSS Version 23. Results: In our study on 80 patients, the mean age was 34.47 ± 5.94 (mean ± SD) years. Comparison of ultrasound with laparoscopic examinations showed that ultrasound as the gold standard method, has sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 93%, 65%, and 87%, and 78.9%, respectively, while in the diagnosis of increased uterosacral ligament thickness showed 82%, 100%, and 100% and 6.66%, respectively. While in the diagnosis of nodules in the uterosacral ligament, 100% for all four parameters in the diagnosis of endometrioma in the ovaries, and 71%, 96.4%, and 97.3% and 64.2%, respectively, in the diagnosis of rectal, bladder, and ureteral involvement. Conclusion: TVS can be used in the diagnosis of endometriosis by examining the increase in the thickness of the uterosacral ligament and the presence of hypoechoic nodules in it; also, this method demonstrates acceptable sensitivity and specificity in ovarian endometrioma.

Right-side inguinal canal endometriosis at ultrasound: A case report.

Background: The first case of inguinal endometriosis was described by Cullen. Endometriosis in the round ligament could be in the pelvic or inguinal area and is a rare disease occurring in 0.6% of women. Women with inguinal endometriosis have a painful inguinal mass during menstrual cycles and they mostly have a history of surgery. The right side is more commonly involved in inguinal endometriosis than the left side (90-94%). A history of gynecologic or abdominal surgery is common in women with inguinal endometriosis. Case presentation: In our case, a 39-yr-old virgin woman presented with localized pain in the right inguinal that had been present for 4 yr. She did not have any history of previous surgery, and abdominal ultrasonography showed a hypoechoic mass with minimal vascularity. Inguinal endometriosis was correctly diagnosed by two expert radiologists preoperatively, and she underwent laparoscopic surgery. Conclusion: Considering inguinal endometriosis in the differential diagnosis of women with inguinal masses is important, even if there is no history of gynecologic or abdominal surgery.

Hyaluronic acid gel application versus ovarian suspension for prevention of ovarian adhesions during laparoscopic surgery on endometrioma: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the effect of ovarian suspension and hyaluronic acid gel to prevent re-adhesions after laparoscopic endometrioma surgery. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was conducted at Rasoul-e-Akram and Pars Hospitals, Tehran, Iran, 2016-18. Fifty patients with bilateral endometrioma and pelvic adhesions, the candidates of laparoscopic surgery, were included. In each patient, at the end of ovarian cystectomy and adhesiolysis, one of the ovaries was randomly sutured to the abdominal wall, and the HYAcorp Endogel covered the other; the adhesion rate was compared between the groups by ultrasonography, three-month after surgery. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 32.6 years. Presurgical variables were similar between right and left ovaries and the study groups (P > 0.05). Postsurgical ultrasonography showed that ovarian soft markers, including < 1/3 ovarian adhesions (minimal adhesions) in 80.5% of ovaries of the Endogel group and 35.5% of the ovarian suspension group (P < 0.001) with higher ovarian mobility in the Endogel group (65% vs. 22%) (P = 0.001). In addition, site-specific tenderness and ovarian fading margin were lower in the Endogel group (P < 0.001). Trial registration Clinical trial registry number: IRCT2015081723666N1, 12.19.2015, Date of registration: 01/02/2016; https://en.irct.ir/trial/20174?revision=20174 . Date and number of IRB: 2015, I.R.IUMS.REC.1394.24703. CONCLUSION: Hyaluronic acid gel can be more effective than ovarian suspension in preventing ovarian adhesions after laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis.

Treatment of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome in a Mouse Model by Cannabidiol, an Angiogenesis Pathway Inhibitor.

Studies suggest that ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) can be treated by reducing the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, due to the side effects of commercially available VEGF-reducing drugs, they can be ruled out as a suitable treatment for OHSS; therefore, researchers are looking for new medications to treat OHSS. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in an OHSS model and to evaluate its efficacy in modulating the angiogenesis pathway and VEGF gene expression. For this purpose, 32 female mice were randomly divided into four groups (eight mice per group): control group, group 2 with OHSS induction, group 3 receiving 32 nmol of dimethyl sulfoxide after OHSS induction, and group 4 receiving 30 mg/kg of CBD after OHSS induction. The animals' body weight, ovarian weight, vascular permeability (VP), and ovarian follicle count were measured, and the levels of VEGF gene and protein expression in the peritoneal fluid were assessed. Based on the results, CBD decreased the body and ovarian weights, VP, and corpus luteum number compared to the OHSS group (p < 0.05). The peritoneal VEGF gene and protein expression levels reduced in the CBD group compared to the OHSS group (p < 0.05). Also, CBD caused OHSS alleviation by suppressing VEGF expression and VP. Overall, CBD downregulated VEGF gene expression and improved VP in OHSS.

Ovarian cysts disappear after 14-day oral regimen of Korean red ginseng extract in letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Hormonal and inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which is a prevalent metabolic disorder among women of reproductive age. We aimed to evaluate the comparative efficiency of short-term oral administration of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) and the standard treatment on PCOS by focusing on the histopathological parameters and serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). METHODS: A PCOS rat model was established by oral gavage of letrozole (1 mg/kg) for 21 days. The serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone, and NF-κB were measured, and the morphological features and differences of the ovaries were examined in each group using a light microscope before and after 14 days of treatment with oral regimens-KRGE, oral contraceptives (OCPs), KRGE+OCPs, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). RESULTS: OCPs alone could not normalize the mean ovarian weights of PCOS rats despite the 14-day oral regimen, but they were more effective in reducing the number and size of cysts compared to others. KRGE alone and in combination with OCPs was effective in normalizing abnormal ovarian weights, decreasing LH serum levels, and dissipating the ovarian cysts in PCOS rats. However, when combined with the standard regimen, KRGE showed additional therapeutic effects by efficiently reducing serum testosterone and NF-κB levels. CONCLUSION: Our necropsy and histopathological evidence suggests the efficacy of KRGE as a novel integrative medicine against abnormal multiple follicular cysts. However, antiandrogenic and anti-inflammatory effects were only seen in animals that were administered a combination of KRGE and the standard regimen.

Circular RNA as a potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic target for endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a pathology form of endometrium that behaves in a similar way to malignancies, such as invasion and resistance to apoptosis. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that have several biological functions including, miRNA sponging, sequestering of proteins, enhancing parental gene expression and translation resulting in polypeptides. In this review, we highlighted the roles of circRNAs as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in endometriosis. Moreover, we summarized the roles of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of endometriosis via different signaling pathways, such as the miRNA network and apoptosis.

The Diagnostic Accuracy of Combined Enolase/Cr, CA125, and CA19-9 in the Detection of Endometriosis.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to verify the accuracy of the noninvasive biomarkers enolase/Cr, CA125, and CA19-9 as a clinical diagnostic tool for the detection of endometriosis. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed at Rasool-e-Akram Hospital affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, from April 2015 to April 2018. Eighty-six women were scheduled to undergo laparoscopy due to chronic pelvic pain, infertility, pelvic mass, and abnormal uterine bleeding. Serum and urine samples of all patients were collected preoperatively. Serum levels of CA125 and CA19-9, and urine levels of enolase-1 were measured. Serum levels of CA125 and CA19-9 were determined by the electrochemiluminescence method (ECL). Urinary enolase-1 was measured by the ELISA method. RESULT: Serum levels of CA125 and CA19-9 were significantly higher in the endometriosis group than in controls (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, respectively). Levels of enolase I and enolase/Cr were higher in patients with endometriosis, but the differences were not statistically significant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of combined enolase/Cr, CA125, and CA19-9 were 65%, 66.6%, 71%, and 60.1%, respectively. The positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of combined enolase/Cr, CA125, and CA19-9 was 1.94 and 0.52, respectively. The area under the ROC curve for enolase/Cr + CA125 + CA19 - 9 was 0.675 (95% confidence interval 0.573-0.710). CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that concurrent measurement of enolase-1, CA125, and CA19-9 might be a valuable noninvasive test for the identification of endometriosis.

Uterine Isthmus Tourniquet during Abdominal Myomectomy: Support or Hazard? A Randomized Double-Blind Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A tourniquet has been suggested as a useful means of reducing massive hemorrhage during myomectomy. However, it is not clear whether the restricted perfusion affects the ovaries. In the present study, we examined the effect of a tourniquet on ovarian reserve and blood loss during myomectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a randomized double-blind clinical trial, fertile nonobese patients scheduled for abdominal myomectomy at Rasool-e-Akram Hospital from February 2018 to June 2019 were randomized to a tourniquet (n = 46) or a non-tourniquet group (n = 35). Serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured before and 3 months after surgery, blood loss was recorded during surgery, and serum levels of hemoglobin (Hb) were recorded before surgery, 6 h and 3 days after surgery. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Demographic, obstetric, and myoma characteristics were similar in the 2 groups (p > 0.05). The mean baseline values of AMH and FSH did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). After surgery, only FSH was higher in the control group (p = 0.043). Despite the time taken to fasten and open the tourniquet, the mean operating time was shorter in the tourniquet group (p < 0.001). Blood loss was higher in the control group (p = 0.005). The drop in Hb levels at 6 h after surgery was higher in the non-tourniquet group (p = 0.002). Blood loss was significantly associated with the duration of surgery (r = 0.523, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The use of a tourniquet during abdominal myomectomy significantly reduced the mean volume of blood loss compared to the non-tourniquet group, while it did not prolong the duration of surgery, nor reduced the ovarian reserve. A tourniquet is a safe and efficient measure during abdominal myomectomy.

Anti-tumor activities of probiotics in cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is considered as an important malignancy among women worldwide. Currently-used treatments of cervical cancer are reported to be cytotoxic for patients. Moreover, these therapies have shown some side effects which can negatively affect the lives of women suffering from this cancer. Therefore, there is need for anti-tumor agents that are less toxic than common therapeutic drugs. Besides, applying agents for preventing or reducing the side effects of cervical cancer therapies can be effective in improving the life quality of cervical cancer patients. Studies have shown that probiotics have several effects on biological processes. One of the most prominent aspects in which probiotics play a role is in the field of cancer. There are multiple studies which have focused on the functions of probiotics in diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of cancer. Besides their direct anti-tumor activities, probiotics can be used as an additional agent for enhancing or modulating other diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Herein, the effects of probiotics on cervical cancer cells are discussed, which may be useful in the prevention and treatment of this cancer. We review the studies concerned with the roles of probiotics in modulating and reducing the gastrointestinal adverse effects caused by cervical cancer therapies. Furthermore, we cover the investigations focusing on the combination of probiotics with other drugs for diagnosis or treatment of cervical cancer.