Scope and challenges of seaweed utilization in food and nutraceutical industry in India: a review.

Seaweeds are an excellent source of unique antioxidant phytochemicals, dietary fibres, essential amino acids, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and minerals. The presence of such structurally diverse and high value bioactive compounds has led to popularization of seaweed as functional food ingredient in global health supplement market. India, with a long coastline of 8100 km and exclusive economic zone of 2.17 million km2, is rich in diverse seaweed resources belonging to almost 700 species. However, food and nutraceutical application of Indian seaweed is highly constrained. Apart from Kappaphycus alvarezii, there is no systematic commercial cultivation of seaweed in India. The regulatory framework for use of seaweed as food is still developing and consumer acceptance is still low. However, there is a timely and renewed interest from different government agencies and research organisations to develop a thriving food and nutraceutical industry using India's vast seaweed resources. The review briefly describes the nutritional and functional food potential of the seaweed and goes on to discuss the scope of seaweed utilization in food and nutraceutical industry in India. Further, the review has identified the regulatory challenges and quality control requirements for use of seaweeds in food and nutraceuticals.

Sardine oil loaded vanillic acid grafted chitosan microparticles improves the in vivo antioxidant, haematological and lipid profile.

Oxidative stability of fish oil supplements poses a considerable health risk which can be prevented by novel delivery systems. A newly developed formulation of microencapsulated sardine oil showed excellent oxidative stability in vitro. The present study's objective is to evaluate the new formulation in vivo as a potential new supplement which may improve antioxidant, haematological, and lipid profile. The optimisation of the sardine oil loaded microparticles (SO-M) and the characterisation have been presented briefly. The SO-M formulation was fed to male albino rats for two months. Following the feeding experiment, haemoglobin content, platelet and RBC count were assessed in the control and treated group. Similarly, levels of serum cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and metabolic enzyme biomarkers, namely catalase, SOD, GST, AST, ALT, ACP and ALP, were compared. The blood analysis showed a significant increase in haemoglobin, platelets and RBC count in the treated group. Lipid profiling showed that both triglycerides and LDL levels were decreased in the sample treated group. This study also showed significant modulation of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, SOD and GST. The new formulation of PUFA rich sardine oil significantly improved the in vivo antioxidant, haematological and lipid profile, suggesting potential use as a dietary supplement. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05329-5.

Multiresidue analysis of pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in poultry meat and chicken eggs by GC-MS/MS: method development and validation.

The study uses gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to develop a reliable analytical approach for detecting multiclass pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in poultry meat and chicken eggs. The meat (2 g) and egg (4 g) samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile (10 mL) as part of the optimized sample preparation technique. The cleanup consisted of freezing an aliquot of the extract (5 mL) at -20 °C, followed by dispersive solid phase extraction using 50 mg PSA + 100 mg C18+150 mg MgSO4. The matrix co-extractives were effectively removed and the method performance met the European Commission's analytical quality control criteria (SANTE/12682/2019). The method was validated at two spiking levels (10 and 20 ng/g of 225 pesticides, 9 PAHs and 8 PCBs), and good recoveries (70-120%) and precision-RSDs (≤20%) were achieved for 90% of the targeted pesticide residues. For 80% of the compounds, the LOQs were ≤10 ng/g. The results of the intra-laboratory (involving six analysts) and inter-laboratory validation studies (involving eight ISO 17025 accredited laboratories) established satisfactory ruggedness and reproducibility. It created potential applications in commercial residue testing laboratories for regulatory compliance check purposes.

Nanoencapsulation in low-molecular-weight chitosan improves in vivo antioxidant potential of black carrot anthocyanin.

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins are flavonoids that are potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-carcinogenic nutraceutical ingredients. However, low chemical stability and low bioavailability limit the use of anthocyanins in food. Nanoencapsulation using biopolymers is a recent successful strategy for stabilization of anthocyanins. This study reports the development, characterization, and antioxidant activity of black carrot anthocyanin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ACNPs). RESULTS: The ionic gelation technique yielded the ACNPs. The mean hydrodynamic diameter d and polydispersity index PDI of chitosan nanoparticles and ACNPs were found to be d = 455 nm and PDI = 0.542 respectively for chitosan nanoparticles and d = 274 nm and PDI = 0.376 respectively for ACNPs. The size distribution was bimodal. The surface topography revealed that the ACNPs are spherical and display a coacervate structure. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed physicochemical interactions of anthocyanins with chitosan. The loading process could achieve an encapsulation efficiency of 70%. The flow behavior index η of encapsulated ACNPs samples revealed Newtonian and shear thickening characteristics. There was a marginal reduction in the in vitro antioxidant potential of anthocyanins after nanoencapsulation, as evidenced from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. Interestingly, the in vivo antioxidant potential of anthocyanins improved following nanoencapsulation, as observed in the serum antioxidant assays. CONCLUSION: The optimized nanoencapsulation process resulted in spherical nanoparticles with appreciable encapsulation efficiency. The nanoencapsulation process improved the in vivo antioxidant activity of anthocyanins, indicating enhanced stability and bioavailability. The promising antioxidant activity of the ACNPs suggests a potential for utilization as a nutraceutical supplement. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dietary Chitosan Supplementation Ameliorates Isoproterenol-Induced Aberrations in Membrane-Bound ATPases and Mineral Status of Rat Myocardium.

Myocardial infarction is one of the major public concerns in both developed and developing countries. Recently, there is growing interest in potential healthcare applications of marine natural products in the field of cardiovascular research. In the present study, we have examined the membrane-stabilizing potential of marine mucopolysaccharide-chitosan in modulating the aberrations of thiol-dependent membrane-bound ATPases activities, mineral status, and cardiac diagnostic markers in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction condition in rats. Dietary intake of chitosan significantly (p < 0.05) counteracted the isoproterenol-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the levels of thiol contents and cardiac biomarkers at concentrations analogous to that of normal controls in the rat myocardium. Chitosan administration also significantly mitigated isoproterenol-induced aberrations in the membrane-bound ATPase activities in the heart tissue and preserved the myocardial mineral status in serum and heart tissue of experimental rats at near normal value. The results of the present study have indicated that the salubrious effect of dietary chitosan supplementation in attenuating the experimentally induced myocardial infarction condition is probably ascribable to its antioxidant defense and membrane-stabilizing properties.