The Implication of Serum Autoantibodies in Prognosis of Canine Mammary Tumors.

Canine mammary tumor (CMT) is the most prevalent neoplasm in female dogs. Tumor recurrence and metastasis occur in malignant CMT (MMT) dogs after surgery. Identification of serum prognostic biomarkers holds the potential to facilitate prediction of disease outcomes. We have identified CMT-associated autoantibodies against thymidylate synthetase (TYMS), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5), hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1), and anterior gradient 2 (AGR2), i.e., TYMS-AAb, IGFBP5-AAb, HAPLN1-AAb, and AGR2-AAb, respectively, by conducting serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Herein we assessed serum AAb levels in 11 MMT dogs before and after surgery, demonstrating that IGFBP5-AAb and HAPLN1-AAb significantly decrease at 3- and 12-months post-surgery (p < 0.05). We evaluated the correlation between the presurgical AAb level and overall survival (OS) of 90 CMT dogs after surgery. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis reveals that IGFBP5-AAbHIgh and TYMS-AAbHigh are significantly correlated with worse OS (p = 0.017 and p = 0.029, respectively), while AGR2-AAbLow is correlated with somewhat poorer OS (p = 0.086). Areas under a time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of IGFBP5-AAb and TYMS-AAb in predicting OS of MMT dogs are 0.611 and 0.616, respectively. Notably, MMT dogs presenting TYMS-AAbHigh/IGFBP5-AAbHigh/AGR2-AAbLow have worst OS (p = 0.0004). This study reveals an association between the serum AAb level and CMT prognosis.

The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory role of hyaluronic acid in endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: Endometriosis is a bothersome disease affected women worldwide, the mechanism of disease development is still under investigation. Several inflammatory responses after clinical hyaluronic acid (HA) use were reported. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mediated inflammation pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Thus, we tried to investigate the inflammatory role of hyaluronic acid in endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peritoneal fluid was collected in endometriosis and disease-free patients for the measurement of HA. Endometriotic stromal cells were treated with IL-1ß and HA and expression of COX-2 was evaluated. Mice model of endometriosis was established and treated with fluid or gel form of HA. Endometriotic lesion size and weight were recorded and level of COX-2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS: The level of HA in the peritoneal fluid had no statistically significant difference between normal, early and advanced stage endometriosis patients. The overexpression of COX-2 protein was detected when treating endometriotic stromal cell with HA in the presence of IL-1ß (P < 0.001). The endometriotic lesion size was reduced in mice model when treated with higher concentration gel form HA. It further showed less proportion of strong COX-2 expression compare of gel form HA to fluid form treatment in COX-2 expression score of endometriosis lesion. CONCLUSION: Both proinflammatory evidence, elevated COX-2 expression, and anti-inflammatory result, reduced endometriosis lesion size and COX-2 expression score, were noted in our study after treating HA in in vivo and in vitro models. We hypothesized it is possible that HA may induce an acute proinflammatory response followed by chronic anti-inflammatory reaction in the formation of endometriosis.

Normal cells repel WWOX-negative or -dysfunctional cancer cells via WWOX cell surface epitope 286-299.

Metastatic cancer cells are frequently deficient in WWOX protein or express dysfunctional WWOX (designated WWOXd). Here, we determined that functional WWOX-expressing (WWOXf) cells migrate collectively and expel the individually migrating WWOXd cells. For return, WWOXd cells induces apoptosis of WWOXf cells from a remote distance. Survival of WWOXd from the cell-to-cell encounter is due to activation of the survival IκBα/ERK/WWOX signaling. Mechanistically, cell surface epitope WWOX286-299 (repl) in WWOXf repels the invading WWOXd to undergo retrograde migration. However, when epitope WWOX7-21 (gre) is exposed, WWOXf greets WWOXd to migrate forward for merge. WWOX binds membrane type II TGFß receptor (TßRII), and TßRII IgG-pretreated WWOXf greet WWOXd to migrate forward and merge with each other. In contrast, TßRII IgG-pretreated WWOXd loses recognition by WWOXf, and WWOXf mediates apoptosis of WWOXd. The observatons suggest that normal cells can be activated to attack metastatic cancer cells. WWOXd cells are less efficient in generating Ca2+ influx and undergo non-apoptotic explosion in response to UV irradiation in room temperature. WWOXf cells exhibit bubbling cell death and Ca2+ influx effectively caused by UV or apoptotic stress. Together, membrane WWOX/TßRII complex is needed for cell-to-cell recognition, maintaining the efficacy of Ca2+ influx, and control of cell invasiveness.

A p53/TIAF1/WWOX triad exerts cancer suppression but may cause brain protein aggregation due to p53/WWOX functional antagonism.

BACKGROUND: Tumor suppressor WWOX physically binds p53 and TIAF1 and together induces apoptosis and tumor suppression. To understand the molecular action, here we investigated the formation of WWOX/TIAF1/p53 triad and its regulation of cancer cell migration, anchorage-independent growth, SMAD promoter activation, apoptosis, and potential role in neurodegeneration. METHODS: Time-lapse microscopy was used to measure the extent of cell migration. Protein/protein interactions were determined by co-immunoprecipitation, FRET microscopy, and yeast two-hybrid analysis. The WWOX/TIAF1/p53 triad-mediated cancer suppression was determined by measuring the extent of cell migration, anchorage-independent growth, SMAD promoter activation, and apoptosis. p53-deficient lung cancer cell growth in nude mice was carried out to assess the tumor suppressor function of ectopic p53 and/or WWOX. RESULTS: Wwox-deficient MEF cells exhibited constitutive Smad3 and p38 activation and migrated individually and much faster than wild type cells. TGF-ß increased the migration of wild type MEF cells, but significantly suppressed Wwox knockout cell migration. While each of the triad proteins is responsive to TGF-ß stimulation, ectopically expressed triad proteins suppressed cancer cell migration, anchorage-independent growth, and SMAD promoter activation, as well as caused apoptosis. The effects are due in part to TIAF1 polymerization and its retention of p53 and WWOX in the cytoplasm. p53 and TIAF1 were effective in suppressing anchorage-independent growth, and WWOX ineffective. p53 and TIAF1 blocked WWOX or Smad4-regulated SMAD promoter activation. WWOX suppressed lung cancer NCI-H1299 growth and inhibited splenomegaly by inflammatory immune response, and p53 blocked the event in nude mice. The p53/WWOX-cancer mice exhibited BACE upregulation, APP degradation, tau tangle formation, and amyloid ß generation in the brain and lung. CONCLUSION: The WWOX/TIAF1/p53 triad is potent in cancer suppression by blocking cancer cell migration, anchorage-independent growth and SMAD promoter activation, and causing apoptosis. Yet, p53 may functionally antagonize with WWOX. p53 blocks WWOX inhibition of inflammatory immune response induced by cancer, and this leads to protein aggregation in the brain as seen in the Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegeneration.

Strategies by which WWOX-deficient metastatic cancer cells utilize to survive via dodging, compromising, and causing damage to WWOX-positive normal microenvironment.

Proapoptotic tumor suppressor WWOX is upregulated in the early stage of cancer initiation, which probably provides limitation to cancer growth and progression. Later, WWOX protein is reduced to enhance cancer cell growth, migration, invasiveness and metastasis. To understand how WWOX works in controlling cancer progression, here we demonstrate that apoptotic stress mediated by ectopic WWOX stimulated cancer cells to secrete basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in order to support capillary microtubule formation. This event may occur in the cancer initiation stage. Later, when WWOX loss occurs in cancer cells, hyaluronidase production is then increased in the cancer cells to facilitate metastasis. We determined that inhibition of membrane hyaluronidase Tyr216-phosphorylated Hyal-2 by antibody suppresses cancer growth in vivo. WWOX-negative (WWOX-) cells dodged WWOX+cells in the microenvironment by migrating individually backward to avoid physical contacts and yet significantly upregulating the redox activity of WWOX+parental cells or other WWOX+cell types for causing apoptosis. Upon detecting the presence of WWOX+cells from a distance, WWOX- cells exhibit activation of MIF, Hyal-2, Eph, and Wnt pathways, which converges to MEK/ERK signaling and enables WWOX- cells to evade WWOX+cells. Inhibition of each pathway by antibody or specific chemicals enables WWOX- cells to merge with WWOX+cells. In addition, exogenous TGF-ß assists WWOX- cells to migrate collectively forward and merge with WWOX+cells. Metastatic WWOX- cancer cells frequently secrete high levels of TGF-ß, which conceivably assists them to merge with WWOX+cells in target organs and secure a new home base in the WWOX+microenvironment. Together, loss of WWOX allows cancer cells to develop strategies to dodge, compromise and even kill WWOX-positive cells in microenvironment.

Ursolic Acid Induces Apoptotic Cell Death Through AIF and Endo G Release Through a Mitochondria-dependent Pathway in NCI-H292 Human Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Ursolic acid (UA), a triterpene compound present in natural plants, has been shown to induce cytotoxic effects on many human cancer cells through induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. This study investigated the effects of UA on human lung cancer NCI-H292 cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flow cytometric assay was used to measure the percentage of cell viability, apoptotic cell death by double staining of annexin V and propidium iodide (PI), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+, and mitochondriaI membrane potential (Ψm). UA-induced chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation were examined by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining and DNA gel electrophoresis, respectively. Western blotting was used to examine the changes of apoptosis-associated protein expression in NCI-H292 cells. RESULTS: UA reduced cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death. UA increased Ca2+ production, reduced Ψm, but did not affect ROS production in NCI-H292 cells. UA increased apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G in NCI-H292 cells. CONCLUSION: Based on these observations, we suggest UA induces apoptotic cell death via AIF and Endo G release through a mitochondria-dependent pathway in NCI-H292 cells.

Laminarin Promotes Immune Responses and Normalizes Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase and Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase Levels in Leukemic Mice In Vivo.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Laminarin, mainly found in the fronds of Laminaria, has antimicrobial characteristics and induces immune responses. However, there are no available information to show the laminarin effect on glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels in mice with leukemia in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty normal BALB/c mice were separated randomly into five groups. Group I mice received normal diet as control. Leukemia was generated in groups II-V using WEHI-3 cells: Group II mice received normal diet as positive control; group III, IV and V mice received laminarin at 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml with ddH2O, respectively, by oral gavage every 2 days for 14 days (total of seven times). All mice were weighed during the treatment. After treatment, mice were sacrificed, blood was collected for determination of cell markers, liver and spleen samples were weighed, and spleens were used for phagocytosis and natural killer (NK) cell activity and cell proliferation using flow cytometric assay. RESULTS: Laminarin did not affect animal appearances, but increased the body weight at all doses. It reduced the weight of liver at 2.5 and 5 mg/ml and of spleen at 5 mg/ml. Laminarin increased CD3 (2.5 mg/ml) and CD19 (1 and 5 mg/ml) cell populations but reduced CD11b (5 mg/ml) cell populations, however, these did not affect Mac-3 marker level. Laminarin at 1 mg/ml increased phagocytosis by macrophages from peripheral blood mononuclear cell, but did not affect those from the peritoneal cavity. Laminarin increased NK cell cytotoxic activity at all doses and at a target ratio of 25:1 and 50:1. Laminarin did not affect B-cell proliferation, but at 5 mg/ml significantly reduced T-cell proliferation. Laminarin restored glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (2.5 and 5 mg/ml) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (2.5 mg/ml) levels. Based on these results, we suggest that laminarin can promote immune responses and protect against liver injury.

Zfra activates memory Hyal-2+ CD3- CD19- spleen cells to block cancer growth, stemness, and metastasis in vivo.

Zfra is a 31-amino-acid zinc finger-like protein, which participates in the tumor necrosis factor signaling. Here, we determined that when nude mice and BALB/c mice were pre-injected with nanogram levels of a synthetic Zfra1-31 or truncated Zfra4-10 peptide via tail veins, these mice became resistant to the growth, metastasis and stemness of melanoma cells, and many malignant cancer cells. The synthetic peptides underwent self-polymerization in phosphate-buffered saline. Alteration of the Ser8 phosphorylation site to Gly8 abolished Zfra aggregation and its-mediated cancer suppression in vivo. Injected Zfra peptide autofluoresced due to polymerization and was trapped mainly in the spleen. Transfer of Zfra-stimulated spleen cells to naïve mice conferred resistance to cancer growth. Zfra-binding cells, designated Hyal-2+ CD3- CD19- Z cells, are approximately 25-30% in the normal spleen, but are significantly downregulated (near 0-3%) in tumor-growing mice. Zfra prevented the loss of Z cells caused by tumors. In vitro stimulation or education of naïve spleen cells with Zfra allowed generation of activated Z cells to confer a memory anticancer response in naïve or cancer-growing mice. In particular, Z cells are abundant in nude and NOD-SCID mice, and can be readily activated by Zfra to mount against cancer growth.

Tumor Suppressor WWOX and p53 Alterations and Drug Resistance in Glioblastomas.

Tumor suppressor p53 are frequently mutated in glioblastomas (GBMs) and appears to contribute, in part, to resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) and therapeutic drugs. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase WWOX (FOR or WOX1) is a proapoptotic protein and is considered as a tumor suppressor. Loss of WWOX gene expression is frequently seen in malignant cancer cells due to promoter hypermethylation, genetic alterations, and translational blockade. Intriguingly, ectopic expression of wild type WWOX preferentially induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells harboring mutant p53. WWOX is known to physically bind and stabilize wild type p53. Here, we provide an overview for the updated knowledge in p53 and WWOX, and postulate potential scenarios that wild type and mutant p53, or isoforms, modulate the apoptotic function of WWOX. We propose that triggering WWOX activation by therapeutic drugs under p53 functional deficiency is needed to overcome TMZ resistance and induce GBM cell death.

Self-aggregating TIAF1 in lung cancer progression.

Recent studies have demonstrated that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß1)-induced antiapoptotic factor (TIAF1) is able to form aggregates in the hippocampi of middle-aged normal individuals. The aggregating TIAF1 induces generation of amyloid beta (Aß) for causing neurodegeneration. Intriguingly, TIAF1 aggregates are shown, together with Smad4 and Aß, in the cancer stroma and peritumor capsules of many solid tumors. During lung cancer progression, for example, TIAF1 and amyloid fibrils are significantly upregulated in the cancer stroma. Aggregates of TIAF1 and Aß are shown on the interface between metastatic lung cancer cells and the brain tissues. Conceivably, these peritumor materials are needed for cancer cells to survive. In vitro experiments revealed that TIAF1 is a crucial component for tumor suppressors p53 and WWOX-mediated tumor suppression and apoptosis. While metastatic lung cancer cells are frequently devoid of WWOX and p53, we provide new perspectives regarding the role of TIAF1 in the pathogenesis of lung cancer development, and propose a therapeutic approach for targeting TIAF1.

Vitamin D receptor 1a promotor -1521 G/C and -1012 A/G polymorphisms in polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this case-control study was to investigate whether the vitamin D receptor (VDR) 1a promoter gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Women with PCOS and a control group, all aged 18-45 years, were enrolled. Genotypes of two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the 1521 bp (G/C) and 1012 bp (A/G), located on the 1a promoter of the VDR gene were determined by using direct sequencing. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Two functional SNPs in the 1a promoter region of the VDR gene were in complete linkage disequilibrium. The genotype distributions of these two polymorphisms in the PCOS group were not significantly different from those of the control group. Further subgroup analyses according to body mass index also revealed no significant differences in the genotype distribution in the PCOS group. Significantly lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were observed in the heterozygous 1521CG/1012GA haplotype of both groups. Metformin treatment was only effective to increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in PCOS patients carrying the homozygous 1521G/1012A haplotype. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the VDR 1a promoter polymorphisms may not be associated with the risk for PCOS, but are associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Metformin treatment will be beneficial to PCOS patients without the VDR 1a promoter variant in Taiwanese population.