RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diet and gut microbiota contribute to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. High-fat diets (HFDs) change gut microbiota compositions, induce gut dysbiosis, and intestinal barrier leakage, which facilitates portal influx of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to the liver and triggers inflammation in NASH. Current therapeutic drugs for NASH have adverse side effects; however, several foods and herbs that exhibit hepatoprotection could be an alternative method to prevent NASH. METHODS: We investigated ginger essential oil (GEO) against palm oil-containing HFDs in LPS-injected murine NASH model. RESULTS: GEO reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase levels and hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels; and increased antioxidant catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione levels to prevent NASH. GEO alleviated hepatic inflammation through mediated NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and LPS/Toll-like receptor four (TLR4) signaling pathways. GEO further increased beneficial bacterial abundance and reduced NASH-associated bacterial abundance. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that GEO prevents NASH progression which is probably associated with the alterations of gut microbiota and inhibition of the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Hence, GEO may offer a promising application as a dietary supplement for the prevention of NASH.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Inflamassomos , Lipopolissacarídeos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Óleos Voláteis , Transdução de Sinais , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Zingiber officinale , Animais , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/prevenção & controle , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Progressão da Doença , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Dietary patterns and corresponding gut microbiota profiles are associated with various health conditions. A diet rich in polyphenols, primarily plant-based, has been shown to promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, subsequently reducing the risk of metabolic disorders in the host. The beneficial effects of these bacteria are largely due to the specific metabolites they produce, such as short-chain fatty acids and membrane proteins. In this study, we employed a metabolomics-guided bioactive metabolite identification platform that included bioactivity testing using in vitro and in vivo assays to discover a bioactive metabolite produced from probiotic bacteria. Through this approach, we identified 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) as a probiotic bacterial-derived metabolite with anti-obesity properties. Furthermore, our findings indicate that MTA administration has several regulatory impacts on liver functions, including modulating fatty acid synthesis and glucose metabolism. The present study elucidates the intricate interplay between dietary habits, gut microbiota, and their resultant metabolites.
Assuntos
Desoxiadenosinas , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Doenças Metabólicas , Tionucleosídeos , Humanos , Metionina , Bifidobacterium , RacemetioninaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies of female cats. FMC is highly metastatic and thus leads to poor disease outcomes. Among all metastases, liver metastasis occurs in about 25% of FMC patients. However, the mechanism underlying hepatic metastasis of FMC remains largely uncharacterized. RESULTS: Herein, we demonstrate that FMC-derived extracellular vesicles (FMC-EVs) promotes the liver metastasis of FMC by activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to prime a hepatic premetastatic niche (PMN). Moreover, we provide evidence that sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) delivered by FMC-EV was pivotal for the activation of HSC and the formation of hepatic PMN. Depletion of SK1 impaired cargo sorting in FMC-EV and the EV-potentiated HSC activation, and abolished hepatic colonization of FMC cells. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings uncover a previously uncharacterized mechanism underlying liver-metastasis of FMC and provide new insights into prognosis and treatment of this feline malignancy.
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Recently, the role of the gut microbiota in diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), has gained considerable research attention. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which is formed during Ê-carnitine metabolism, promotes the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, causing thrombosis. Here, we elucidated the anti-atherosclerotic effect and mechanism of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil (GEO) and its bioactive compound citral in Gubra Amylin NASH (GAN) diet with Ê-carnitine-induced atherosclerosis female ApoE-/- mice. Treatment with GEO at both low and high doses and citral inhibited the formation of aortic atherosclerotic lesions, improved plasma lipid profile, reduced blood sugar, improved insulin resistance, decreased plasma TMAO levels, and inhibited plasma inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-1ß. Additionally, GEO and citral treatment modulated gut microbiota diversity and composition by increasing the abundance of beneficial microbes and decreasing the abundance of CVD-related microbes. Overall, these results showed that GEO and citral may serve as potential dietary supplements for CVD prevention by improving gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Strengthening the gut epithelial barrier is a potential strategy for management of gut microbiota-associated illnesses. Here, we demonstrate that dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6) knockout enhances baseline colon barrier integrity and ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colonic injury. DUSP6 mutation in Caco-2 cells enhances the epithelial feature and increases mitochondrial oxygen consumption, accompanied by altered glucose metabolism and decreased glycolysis. We find that Dusp6-knockout mice are more resistant to DSS-induced dysbiosis, and the cohousing and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments show that the gut/fecal microbiota derived from Dusp6-knockout mice also confers protection against colitis. Further culturomics and mono-colonialization experiments show that one gut microbiota member in the genus Duncaniella confers host protection from DSS-induced injury. We identify Dusp6 deficiency as beneficial for shaping the gut microbiota eubiosis necessary to protect against gut barrier-related diseases.
Assuntos
Colite/microbiologia , Fosfatase 6 de Especificidade Dupla/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Animais , Células CACO-2 , Colite/prevenção & controle , Colo/metabolismo , Sulfato de Dextrana/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fosfatase 6 de Especificidade Dupla/deficiência , Fosfatase 6 de Especificidade Dupla/genética , Disbiose/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Fezes , Feminino , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , RNA Ribossômico 16S/metabolismoRESUMO
Feline mammary tumor is a relatively commonly diagnosed neoplasm in the cat. Development of new veterinary cancer therapies is limited by the shortage of in vivo models that reproduce tumor microenvironment and metastatic progression. Four feline mammary tumor orthotopic patient-derived xenograft model (PDX) successfully established in NOD-SCID gamma (NSG) mice. The overall success rate of PDX establishment was 36% (4/11). Histological, immunohistochemical, and short tandem repeat analysis showed a remarkable similarity between patient's tumor and xenograft. The tumor grafts conserve original tumor essential features, including distant metastasis. Primary FMT-1807 cell line isolated from FMT-1807PDX tumor tissue. Tumorigenicity of FMT-1807 cells expanded from PDX was assessed by orthotopic injection into NSG mice. Mice yielded tumors which preserve the lung and liver metastasis ability. This work provides a platform for FMT translational investigation.
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The progression of metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) leads to steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus far, there have been no FDA-approved medications for MAFLD. Bariatric surgery (BS) has been found to improve insulin resistance, steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis but is not recommended for treating MAFLD due to its invasiveness. Recent studies suggest the improved glucose metabolism after BS is a result of, at least partly, alterations to the gut microbiota and its associated metabolites, including short chain fatty acids and bile acids. It makes sense the improved steatohepatitis and fibrosis after BS are also induced by the gut microbiota that involves in host metabolic modulation, for example, through altering bile acids composition. Given that the gut-liver axis is a path that may harbor unexplored mechanisms behind MAFLD, we review current literatures about disentangling the metabolic benefits of MAFLD after BS, with a focus on gut microbiota. Some useful research tools including the rodent BS model, the multiomics approach, and the human microbiota associated (HMA) mice are presented and discussed. We believe, by taking advantage of these modern translational tools, researchers will uncover microbiota related pathways to serve as potential therapeutic targets for treating MAFLD.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/microbiologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/microbiologia , Animais , Cirurgia Bariátrica , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismo , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/cirurgia , Camundongos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/cirurgiaRESUMO
Bacteroides fragilis (BF) plays a critical role in developing and maintaining the mammalian immune system. We previously found that BF colonization could prevent inflammation and tumor formation in a germ-free (GF) colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) mouse model. The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in CAC development has not been clearly elucidated in BF mono-colonized gnotobiotic mice. The wild-type (WT) and TLR4 knockout (T4K) germ-free mice were raised with or without BF colonization for 28 days (GF/WT, GF/T4K, BF/WT, and BF/T4K) and then CAC was induced under azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration. The results showed that tumor formation and tumor incidence were significantly inhibited in the BF/WT group compared to those observed in the GF/WT group. However, the tumor prevention effect was not observed in the BF/T4K group unlike in the BF/WT group. Moreover, the CAC histological severity of the BF/WT group was ameliorated, but more severe lesions were found in the GF/WT, GF/T4K, and BF/T4K groups. Immunohistochemistry showed decreased cell proliferation (PCNA, ß-catenin) and inflammatory markers (iNOS) in the BF/WT group compared to those in the BF/T4K group. Taken together, BF mono-colonization of GF mice might prevent CAC via the TLR4 signal pathway.
Assuntos
Bacteroides fragilis , Neoplasias Associadas a Colite , Colite , Neoplasias Colorretais , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Animais , Azoximetano , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/metabolismo , Colite/microbiologia , Colite/patologia , Neoplasias Associadas a Colite/metabolismo , Neoplasias Associadas a Colite/microbiologia , Neoplasias Associadas a Colite/patologia , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/microbiologia , Colo/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/etiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/microbiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Sulfato de Dextrana , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Vida Livre de Germes , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/metabolismo , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
In recent years, probiotics of human origin have shown superior results and performance compared to probiotics from plant or dairy sources, in both in vitro and animal studies. Towards this end, the current study was conducted to explore the ergogenic properties of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum OLP-01 isolated from the intestinal microbiome of the gold medalist from the 2008 Beijing Olympics women's 48 kg weightlifting competition. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group) and orally administered OLP-01 for 4 weeks at 0 (vehicle), 2.05 × 109 (OLP-01-1X), 4.10 × 109 (OLP-01-2X), and 1.03 × 1010 (OLP-01-5X) CFU/kg/day. Physical performance tests including grip strength and endurance time were measured, with OLP-01 supplementation dose-dependently elevating grip strength and endurance. The anti-fatigue activity levels of serum lactate, ammonia, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured after an acute exercise challenge, and OLP-01 was found to significantly decrease lactate, ammonia, and CK levels. OLP-01 treatment was also found to significantly increase the resting levels of both hepatic and muscular glycogen, an indicator of energy storage. Supplementation by OLP-01 showed no subchronic toxic effects while supporting many health-promoting, performance-improving, and fatigue-ameliorating functions.
Assuntos
Bifidobacterium/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Intestinos/microbiologia , Fadiga Muscular , Força Muscular , Resistência Física , Probióticos , Levantamento de Peso , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Comportamento Competitivo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) is an enzyme that converts pro-apoptotic ceramide and sphingosine into anti-apoptotic sphingosine-1-phosphate. There is growing evidence that SPHK1 activation promotes oncogenic transformation, tumor growth, chemotherapy resistance, and metastatic spread. High SPHK1 expression has been associated with a poor prognosis in several human cancers. RESULTS: In the present study, the expression level of SPHK1 was examined in feline mammary tumor (FMT) specimens, and the IHC expression level of SPHK1 was associated with the histological grade of FMTs. IHC analysis of 88 FMT cases revealed that the expression level of SPHK1 was upregulated in 53 tumor tissues (60.2%) compared to adjacent mammary tissues. SPHK1 expression in FMTs was significantly associated with histological grade, presence of lymphovascular invasion, and estrogen receptor negativity. Treatment of primary FMT cells with SPHK1 inhibitors reduced cell viability, indicating that SPHK1 acts to promote FMT cell survival. These results indicate that SPHK1 may play an important role in FMTs and may be a therapeutic target in cats with FMT. CONCLUSIONS: SPHK1 over-expression in breast cancer tissues is associated with a poor prognosis in humans. SPHK1 over-expression in more aggressive FMTs provides support for a potential role of SPHK1 inhibitors for the treatment of FMTs. Targeting SPHK1 has potent cytotoxic effects in primary FMT cells. These findings suggest that further examination of the role SPHK1 plays in FMTs will pave the way for the investigation of SPHK1 inhibitors in future clinical applications.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/patologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/enzimologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/patologia , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/metabolismo , Animais , Vasos Sanguíneos/patologia , Doenças do Gato/enzimologia , Gatos , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Sistema Linfático/patologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/enzimologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/genética , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/metabolismo , Invasividade Neoplásica , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Objective: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is generally considered as a major risk factor in the progression of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Previous studies have indicated that the composition of gut microflora may be involved in CAC induction and progress. Bacteroides fragilis (BF) is a Gram-negative anaerobe belonging to colonic symbiotic bacteria of the host. This study was aimed to investigate the protective role of BF in a colorectal cancer (CRC) model induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in germ-free (GF) mice. Materials and methods: Total 22 GF mice were divided into two groups: GF and BF group. Half of the GF mice were colonized with BF for 28 days before CRC induction by AOM/DSS. Results: BF colonization increased animal survival (100%). Cecum weight and cecum/body weight ratio significantly decreased in BF/AOM/DSS group. Interestingly, there was a significant decrease in tumor number and tumor incidence in the BF/AOM/DSS group as compared to the GF/AOM/DSS group. The adenocarcinoma/adenoma incidence and histologic score were also decreased in the BF/AOM/DSS group. In addition, immunohistochemistry staining found decreased numbers of cell proliferation (PCNA) and inflammatory cell (granulocytes) infiltration in the colon mucosa of the BF group. The ß-catenin staining in the BF/AOM/DSS group had fewer and weaker positive signal expressions. Taking together, the BF colonization significantly ameliorated AOM/DSS-induced CRC by suppressing the activity of cell proliferation-related molecules and reducing the number of inflammatory cells. Conclusions: Symbiotic BF may play a pivotal role in maintaining the gastrointestinal immunophysiologic balance and regulating anti-tumorigenesis responses.
Assuntos
Azoximetano/toxicidade , Bacteroides fragilis/imunologia , Colite , Neoplasias Colorretais , Sulfato de Dextrana/toxicidade , Vida Livre de Germes , Animais , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/imunologia , Colite/patologia , Colite/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Colorretais/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious liver disorder associated with the accumulation of fat and inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine the gut microbiota composition that might influence the progression of NAFLD. Germ-free mice were inoculated with feces from patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or from healthy persons (HL) and then fed a standard diet (STD) or high-fat diet (HFD). We found that the epididymal fat weight, hepatic steatosis, multifocal necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration significantly increased in the NASH-HFD group. These findings were consistent with markedly elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, endotoxin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (Mcp1), and hepatic triglycerides. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2), Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf-α), Mcp1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Ppar-γ) significantly increased. Only abundant lipid accumulation and a few inflammatory reactions were observed in group HL-HFD. Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes shifted in the HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Streptococcaceae was the highest in group NASH-HFD. Nevertheless, obesity-related Lactobacillaceae were significantly upregulated in HL-HFD mice. Our results revealed that the gut microbiota from NASH Patients aggravated hepatic steatosis and inflammation. These findings might partially explain the NAFLD progress distinctly was related to different compositions of gut microbiota.
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Dieta Hiperlipídica , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Vida Livre de Germes , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/microbiologia , Tecido Adiposo , Animais , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Different edible oils such as lard and soybean oil have been reported to interact with the gut microbiota, affecting host lipid metabolism. However, whether bacteria derived from the environment influence host lipid metabolism remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the roles of environmental bacteria in host lipid storage and distribution with various edible oils. Gnotobiotic C57BL/6JNarl mice were inoculated with Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Paenibacillus azoreducens and then fed either a normal diet (LabDiet 5010, control group) or a diet containing 60% lard (L-group) or soybean oil (S-group) for 18 months. Interestingly, the S-group accumulated massive amounts of white adipose tissue compared to the L- and control groups, while the L-group displayed more hepatic steatosis and fatty droplets than the other groups. The expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the livers of the L-group were markedly elevated compared to the S-group. FAS and PPARγ protein levels were also markedly elevated. However, there were no differences in the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α between the groups. Our results suggest that environmental bacteria may affect host hepatic inflammation and lipid distribution in the presence of high-fat diets, with different effects depending on the fat type consumed.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/microbiologia , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/microbiologia , Animais , Bacillaceae/fisiologia , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Paenibacillus/fisiologia , Óleo de Soja/efeitos adversos , Óleo de Soja/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bacteroides fragilis (BF) are Gram-negative anaerobe symbionts present in the colon. Recent studies have reported the beneficial role of BF in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, stimulating host immunologic development, and preventing infectious colitis caused by pathogenic bacteria. Our previous studies showed that monocolonization of germ-free mice with BF significantly reduced colon inflammations and damage. METHODS: In order to investigate the Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), TLR4, and interleukin 10 (IL-10) molecular signaling pathways involved in BF-mediated prevention of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The wild-type (WT), TLR4, TLR2, and IL-10 knockout (-/-) germ-free mice grown were with or without BF colonization for 28 days, and then administered 1% DSS in drinking water for 7 day to induce acute ulcerative colitis. RESULTS: We compared phenotypes such as weight loss, disease activity, intestinal histological scores, and immunohistochemistry for inflammatory cells. Unlike WT and TLR4-/- mice, the severity of DSS-colitis did not improve in TLR2-/- animals after BF colonization. The BF enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 expression and inhibited pro-inflammatory-related tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and IL-6 mRNA expression in both WT and TLR4-/- mice. In contrast, the failed to up-regulated IL-10 and down-regulated the TNF-α and IL-6 in BF colonization TLR2-/- mice. In addition, we further perform IL-10-/- mice to clarify whether the BF through TLR2 /IL-10 pathway to alleviate DSS-colitis. There were no significant differences in colitis severity and pro-inflammatory related genes expression in the IL-10-/- mice with or without BF colonization. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the disease-preventing effects of BF in acute DSS-induced colitis may occur through the TLR2/IL-10 signal pathway.
Assuntos
Bacteroides fragilis/imunologia , Colite/imunologia , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/imunologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/imunologia , Animais , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/genética , Colite/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Vida Livre de Germes , Interleucina-10/deficiência , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Transdução de Sinais , Simbiose/imunologia , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/deficiência , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/deficiência , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
Current nutrition research is focusing on health promotion, disease prevention, and performance improvement for individuals and communities around the world. The humans with required nutritional ingredients depend on both how well the individual is provided with balanced foods and what state of gut microbiota the host has. Studying the mutually beneficial relationships between gut microbiome and host is an increasing attention in biomedical science. The purpose of this study is to understand the role of gut microbiota and to study interactions between gut microbiota and host. In this study, we used a shotgun proteomic approach to reveal the serum and liver proteomes in gut-microbiota-lacking mice. For serum, 15 and 8 proteins were uniquely detected in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice, respectively, as well as the 3 and 20 proteins were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in GF mice compared to SPF mice. Among the proteins of the serum, major urinary protein 1 (MUP-1) of GF mice was significantly decreased compared to SPF mice. In addition, MUP-1 expression is primarily regulated by testosterone. Lacking in gut flora has been implicated in many adverse effects, and now we have found its pathogenic root maybe gut bacteria can regulate the sex-hormone testosterone levels. In the liver, 8 and 22 proteins were uniquely detected in GF mice and SPF mice, respectively, as well as the 14 and 30 proteins were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in GF mice compared to SPF mice. Furthermore, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) indicated that gut microbiota influence the host in cancer, organismal injury and abnormalities, respiratory disease; cell cycle, cellular movement and tissue development; cardiovascular disease, reproductive system disease; and lipid metabolism, molecular transport and small molecule biochemistry. Our findings provide more detailed information of the role of gut microbiota and will be useful to help study gut bacteria and disease prevention.
Assuntos
Proteínas Sanguíneas/biossíntese , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Proteoma/genética , Animais , Bactérias/metabolismo , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Proteínas Sanguíneas/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Fígado/microbiologia , Camundongos , Distúrbios Nutricionais/genética , Distúrbios Nutricionais/microbiologia , Proteômica , Organismos Livres de Patógenos EspecíficosRESUMO
Atopic dermatitis is a complex chronic inflammatory skin disorder that results from intimate interactions among genetic predisposition, host environment, skin barrier defects, and immunological factors. However, a clear genetic roadmap leading to atopic dermatitis remains to be fully explored. From a genome-wide mutagenesis screen, deficiency of ZDHHC13, a palmitoylacyl transferase, has previously been associated with skin and multitissue inflammatory phenotypes. Here, we report that ZDHHC13 is required for skin barrier integrity and that deficiency of ZDHHC13 renders mice susceptible to environmental bacteria, resulting in persistent skin inflammation and an atopic dermatitis-like disease. This phenotype is ameliorated in a germ-free environment and is also attenuated by antibiotic treatment, but not by deletion of the Rag1 gene, suggesting that a microbial factor triggers inflammation rather than intrinsic adaptive immunity. Furthermore, skin from ZDHHC13-deficient mice has both elevated levels of IL-33 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells, reinforcing the role of innate immunity in the development of atopic dermatitis. In summary, our study suggests that loss of ZDHHC13 in skin impairs the integrity of multiple barrier functions and leads to a dermatitis lesion in response to microbial encounters.
Assuntos
Aciltransferases/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dermatite Atópica/genética , Dermatite Atópica/imunologia , Dermatite/microbiologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Biópsia por Agulha , Citocinas/imunologia , Dermatite/patologia , Dermatite Atópica/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Lipoilação/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Mutantes , Distribuição Aleatória , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
Sixty male Wistar rats were fed a control or an ethanol-containing diet in groups C or E. The fat compositions were adjusted with 25% or 57% fish oil substituted for olive oil in groups CF25, CF57, EF25, and EF57. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, cytochrome P450 2E1 protein expression, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, interleukin- (IL-) 1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 levels, as well as intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 levels were significantly elevated, whereas plasma adiponectin level was significantly reduced in group E (p < 0.05). Hepatic histopathological scores of fatty change and inflammation, in group E were significantly higher than those of group C (p < 0.05). Hepatic TBARS, plasma ICAM-1, and hepatic TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-10 levels were significantly lower, and plasma adiponectin levels were significantly higher in groups EF25 and EF57 than those in group E (p < 0.05). The immunoreactive area of the intestinal tight junction protein, ZO-1, showed no change between groups C and E. Only group CF57 displayed a significantly higher ZO-1 immunoreactive area compared to group C (p = 0.0415). 25% or 57% fish oil substituted for dietary olive oil could prevent ethanol-induced liver damage in rats, but the mechanism might not be related to intestinal tight junction ZO-1 expression.
Assuntos
Etanol/toxicidade , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Inflamação/etiologia , Intestinos/química , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína da Zônula de Oclusão-1/análise , Animais , Peso Corporal , Citocinas/análise , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/sangue , Intestinos/patologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análise , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/sangueRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effects of fish oil on hepatic injury in ethanol-fed rats based on the intestinal permeability and microbiota. Rats were assigned to 6 groups and fed either a control diet or an ethanol diet such as C (control), CF25 (control with 25% fish oil), CF57 (control with 57% fish oil), E (ethanol), EF25 (ethanol with 25% fish oil), and EF57 (ethanol with 57% fish oil) groups. Rats were sacrificed at the end of 8 weeks. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and aminotransferase (ALT) activities, hepatic cytokines, and plasma endotoxin levels were significantly higher in the E group. In addition, hepatic histopathological analysis scores in the E group were significantly elevated. Rats in the E group also showed increased intestinal permeability and decreased numbers of fecal Bifidobacterium. However, plasma AST and ALT activities and hepatic cytokine levels were significantly lower in the EF25 and EF57 groups. Histological changes and intestinal permeability were also improved in the EF25 and EF57 groups. The fecal Escherichia coli numbers were significantly lower, but fecal Bifidobacterium numbers were significantly higher in the EF25 and EF57 groups.
RESUMO
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms unique to breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) is required to control breast cancer metastasis. We found that phthalates promote BCSCs in human breast cancer cell cultures and xenograft tumors. A toxic phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor in breast cancer cells to stimulate sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1)/sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) signaling and enhance formation of metastasis-initiating BCSCs. BBP induced histone modifications in S1PR3 in side population (SP) cells, but not in non-SP cells. SPHK1 or S1PR3 knockdown in breast cancer cells effectively reduced tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Our findings suggest S1PR3 is a determinant of phthalate-driven breast cancer metastasis and a possible therapeutic target for regulating BCSC populations. Furthermore, the association between breast carcinogenesis and environmental pollutants has important implications for public health.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Ácidos Ftálicos/toxicidade , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/metabolismo , Pró-Proteína Convertases/metabolismo , Receptores de Lisoesfingolipídeo/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-FosfatoRESUMO
Postmenopausal women are particularly at increased risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we aimed to determine the impact of postmenopausal-induced NAFLD (PM-NAFLD) in an ovariectomized rat model. Sixteen six-week-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into two groups (eight per group), for sham-operation (Sham) or bilateral ovariectomy (Ovx). Four months after surgery, indices of liver damage and liver histomorphometry were measured. Both serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotranferease (ALT) levels were significantly higher in the Ovx than Sham group. We performed quantitative LC-MS/MS-based proteomic profiling of livers from rats with PM-NAFLD to provide baseline knowledge of the PM-NAFLD proteome and to investigate proteins involved in PM-NAFLD by ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA) to provide corroborative evidence for differential regulation of molecular and cellular functions affecting metabolic processes. Of the 586 identified proteins, the levels of 59 (10.0%) and 48 (8.2%) were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the Ovx group compared to the Sham group. In conclusion, the changes in regulation of proteins implicated in PM-NAFLD may affect other vital biological processes in the body apart from causing postmenopause-mediated liver dysfunction. Our quantitative proteomics analysis may also suggest potential biomarkers and further clinical applications for PM-NAFLD.