CE: Health and the Human Microbiome: A Primer for Nurses.

: The profound impact of the human microbiome on health makes it imperative that nurses understand the basic structures and functions of the various microbial communities. In studying the human microbiome, advances in DNA and RNA sequencing technology offer benefits over traditional culture-based methods. Such technology has permitted more thorough investigations of microbial communities, particularly those of the gastrointestinal (GI) and female reproductive tracts. Although individual variations exist, each site exhibits distinct compositions. The diverse GI microbiota aid in digestion, mood regulation, and vitamin synthesis. While many factors affect the composition and functions of the GI microbiota, diet likely exerts the strongest influence. Vaginal microbiota tend to be less diverse, and mainly serve to protect women from infection. The composition of the vaginal microbiota is influenced by sexual activity, hygienic practices, medications, smoking, and other factors. Our increasing knowledge about the structures and functions of the GI and vaginal microbiota allows nurses to provide targeted, evidence-based education and care for various populations.

Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in Black Women with and without Breast Cancer: Cause for Concern.

OBJECTIVE: After chemotherapy for breast cancer, Black women gain more weight and have an increased mortality rate compared with White women. Our study objective was to compare biomarkers associated with obesity in Black women with and without a history of breast cancer. DESIGN: Case-control. SETTING: Academic/federal institution. PARTICIPANTS: Black women with a history of breast cancer (cases) and age-matched controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, CRP); lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides). METHODS: We compared insulin resistance, inflammation, and lipids in overweight and obese Black women with a history of breast cancer (n=19), age similar controls (n=25), and older controls (n=32). Groups did not differ on mean body mass index (BMI), which was 35.4 kg/m2, 36.0 kg/m2, and 33.0 kg/m2, respectively. RESULTS: Cases had 1.6 and 1.38 times higher HOMA-IR values compared with age similar and older controls, respectively (P≤.001 for both). TNF-α and IL-1b were significantly higher in cases compared with both control groups (P<.001 for both). IL-6 was also higher in cases compared with age-similar controls (P=.007), and IL-8 was lower in cases compared with older controls (P<.05). Lipids did not differ between cases and either control group. CONCLUSIONS: Black women with breast cancer were significantly more insulin resistant with increased inflammation compared not only with age similar controls but with women who were, on average, a decade older. These biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer recurrence and require ongoing evaluation, especially given the relatively abnormal findings compared with the controls in this underserved group.

Testing reliability and validity of the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) for older adults recruited online.

Currently, vast amounts of health information and health management tools are available to the public online. To maximize the benefits of these e-health technologies, it is important to assess the e-health literacy of individuals. The eHealth Literacy Scale has been used widely in the past several years, but mainly in younger populations. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric aspects of the eHealth Literacy Scale for older adults using a secondary data analysis (N=866; mean age, 62.8±8.5 years). Reliability of the eHealth Literacy Scale was examined by calculating α coefficients and conducting test-retest procedures. Its validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis and the hypothesis testing procedure. Findings demonstrated that eHealth Literacy Scale was internally consistent (α=.94) and stable (t244=-1.48, P=.140). The exploratory factor analysis yielded a single factor structure explaining 67.3% of the variance. The hypothesis testing also supported the validity of eHealth Literacy Scale. In recent years, there have been great efforts to use e-health interventions to engage patients in healthcare and to help them manage their own health. Our study suggests that the eHealth Literacy Scale, a short screening tool for e-health literacy, can be successfully used for older adults.

Measuring nursing informatics competencies of practicing nurses in Korea: Nursing Informatics Competencies Questionnaire.

Informatics competencies are a necessity for contemporary nurses. However, few researchers have investigated informatics competencies for practicing nurses. A full set of Informatics competencies, an instrument to measure these competencies, and potential influencing factors have yet to be identified for practicing nurses. The Nursing Informatics Competencies Questionnaire was designed, tested for psychometrics, and used to measure beginning and experienced levels of practice. A pilot study using 54 nurses ensured item comprehension and clarity. Internal consistency and face and content validity were established. A cross-sectional survey was then conducted on 230 nurses in Seoul, Korea, to determine construct validity, describe a complete set of informatics competencies, and explore possible influencing factors on existing informatics competencies. Principal components analysis, descriptive statistics, and multiple regression were used for data analysis. Principal components analysis gives support for the Nursing Informatics Competencies Questionnaire construct validity. Survey results indicate that involvement in a managerial position and self-directed informatics-related education may be more influential for improving informatics competencies, whereas general clinical experience and workplace settings are not. This study provides a foundation for understanding how informatics competencies might be integrated throughout nurses' work lives and how to develop appropriate strategies to support nurses in their informatics practice in clinical settings.