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1.
J Reconstr Microsurg ; 40(3): 205-210, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37315932

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Preoperative imaging prior to deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap harvest is a common practice to locate perforators and identify aberrant anatomy. METHODS: We report a retrospective review of 320 consecutive patients who underwent preoperative computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography prior to DIEP flap breast reconstruction. The locations relative to the umbilicus of preoperatively identified perforators were compared with the selected intraoperative perforators. The diameter of all intraoperative perforators was also measured. RESULTS: Across the 320 patient, 1,833 potentially suitable perforators were identified on preoperative imaging. A total of 564 of the 795 perforators selected intraoperatively for DIEP flap harvest were within 2 cm of a predicted perforator, for a rate of 70.1%. The size of the perforator was unrelated to the detection rate. CONCLUSION: We were able to demonstrate a sensitivity of 70% of clinically selected DIEP perforators identified on preoperative imaging in this large series. This contrasts with the nearly 100% predictive value reported by others. Continued reporting of findings and methods of measuring are needed to improve the practical efficacy of CTA and raise awareness about the limitations of CTA, despite its well-documented usefulness.


Assuntos
Mamoplastia , Retalho Perfurante , Humanos , Retalho Perfurante/cirurgia , Artérias Epigástricas/diagnóstico por imagem , Artérias Epigástricas/cirurgia , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética , Mamoplastia/métodos
2.
Plast Reconstr Surg ; 151(2): 299e-307e, 2023 02 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36696331

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Procedures performed by plastic surgeons tend to generate lower work relative value units (RVUs) compared to other surgical specialties despite their major contributions to hospital revenue. The authors aimed to compare work RVUs allocated to all free flap and pedicled flap reconstruction procedures based on their associated median operative times and discuss implications of these compensation disparities. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of deidentified patient data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was performed, and relevant CPT codes for flap-based reconstruction were identified from 2011 to 2018. RVU data were assessed using the 2020 National Physician Fee Schedule Relative Value File. The work RVU per unit time was calculated using the median operative time for each procedure. RESULTS: A total of 3991 procedures were included in analysis. With increased operative time and surgical complexity, work RVU per minute trended downward. Free-fascial flaps with microvascular anastomosis generated the highest work RVUs per minute among all free flaps (0.114 work RVU/minute). Free-muscle/myocutaneous flap reconstruction generated the least work RVUs per minute (0.0877 work RVU/minute) among all flap reconstruction procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Longer operative procedures for flap-based reconstruction were designated with higher work RVU. Surgeons were reimbursed less per operative unit time for these surgical procedures, however. Specifically, free flaps resulted in reduced compensation in work RVUs per minute compared to pedicled flaps, except in breast reconstruction. More challenging operations have surprisingly resulted in lower compensation, demonstrating the inequalities in reimbursement within and between surgical specialties. Plastic surgeons should be aware of these discrepancies to appropriately advocate for themselves.


Assuntos
Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Escalas de Valor Relativo , Humanos , Reoperação , Duração da Cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos
3.
Clin Exp Immunol ; 209(1): 90-98, 2022 07 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35522978

RESUMO

T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 following infection and vaccination are less characterized than antibody responses, due to a more complex experimental pathway. We measured T-cell responses in 108 healthcare workers (HCWs) using the commercialized Oxford Immunotec T-SPOT Discovery SARS-CoV-2 assay service (OI T-SPOT) and the PITCH ELISpot protocol established for academic research settings. Both assays detected T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike, membrane, and nucleocapsid proteins. Responses were significantly lower when reported by OI T-SPOT than by PITCH ELISpot. Four weeks after two doses of either Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 AZD1222 vaccine, the responder rate was 63% for OI T-SPOT Panels 1 + 2 (peptides representing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein excluding regions present in seasonal coronaviruses), 69% for OI T-SPOT Panel 14 (peptides representing the entire SARS-CoV-2 spike), and 94% for the PITCH ELISpot total spike. The two OI T-SPOT panels correlated strongly with each other showing that either readout quantifies spike-specific T-cell responses, although the correlation between the OI T-SPOT panels and the PITCH ELISpot total spike was moderate. The standardization, relative scalability, and longer interval between blood acquisition and processing are advantages of the commercial OI T-SPOT assay. However, the OI T-SPOT assay measures T-cell responses at a significantly lower magnitude compared to the PITCH ELISpot assay, detecting T-cell responses in a lower proportion of vaccinees. This has implications for the reporting of low-level T-cell responses that may be observed in patient populations and for the assessment of T-cell durability after vaccination.


Assuntos
Vacina BNT162 , COVID-19 , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 , Linfócitos T , Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacina BNT162/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/imunologia , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Peptídeos , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Vacinação
5.
Semin Plast Surg ; 35(3): 159-163, 2021 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34526863

RESUMO

Chronic inflammation, long implicated in the genesis of malignancy, is now understood to underlie an estimated 25% of all cancers. The most pertinent malignancies, to the plastic surgeon, associated with the degeneration of chronic inflammation include Marjolin's ulcer, breast implant-associated large cell lymphoma, radiation-induced sarcoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma. The cellular and genetic damage incurred by a prolonged inflammatory reaction is controlled by an increasingly understood cytokinetic system. Advances in understanding the chronic inflammatory cascade have yielded new therapeutics and therapeutic targets.

6.
Nat Commun ; 12(1): 2055, 2021 04 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33824342

RESUMO

Identification of protective T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 requires distinguishing people infected with SARS-CoV-2 from those with cross-reactive immunity to other coronaviruses. Here we show a range of T cell assays that differentially capture immune function to characterise SARS-CoV-2 responses. Strong ex vivo ELISpot and proliferation responses to multiple antigens (including M, NP and ORF3) are found in 168 PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected volunteers, but are rare in 119 uninfected volunteers. Highly exposed seronegative healthcare workers with recent COVID-19-compatible illness show T cell response patterns characteristic of infection. By contrast, >90% of convalescent or unexposed people show proliferation and cellular lactate responses to spike subunits S1/S2, indicating pre-existing cross-reactive T cell populations. The detection of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 is therefore critically dependent on assay and antigen selection. Memory responses to specific non-spike proteins provide a method to distinguish recent infection from pre-existing immunity in exposed populations.


Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Imunoensaio/métodos , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Proliferação de Células , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Memória Imunológica , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Pandemias , Peptídeos/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos
7.
Semin Plast Surg ; 34(1): 47-52, 2020 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32071579

RESUMO

The hands are one of the most visible parts of the body, and prominent dorsal veins and extensor tendons are the most readily recognized signs of the aging process. Fat grafting has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective method of hand rejuvenation by restoration of subcutaneous fat. Despite some variability in the technical approach, fat grafting techniques are consistent in their use of low-pressure injection with standard cannula sizes, small aliquots of graft, and a total volume of graft greater than or equal to 15 mL per hand. While distribution of the fat is an area of debate and a topic of active research, published studies have shown high patient satisfaction rates, suggesting that perhaps the restoration of volume alone is paramount. In this article, we will review the applications of fat grafting to the hand, focusing primarily on its role in hand rejuvenation.

8.
Cancer Immunol Res ; 8(2): 203-216, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31771983

RESUMO

Enrichment of CD103+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) is associated with improved outcomes in patients. However, the characteristics of human CD103+ cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) and their role in tumor control remain unclear. We investigated the features and antitumor mechanisms of CD103+ CTLs by assessing T-cell receptor (TCR)-matched CD103+ and CD103- cancer-specific CTL immunity in vitro and its immunophenotype ex vivo Interestingly, we found that differentiated CD103+ cancer-specific CTLs expressed the active form of TGFß1 to continually self-regulate CD103 expression, without relying on external TGFß1-producing cells. The presence of CD103 on CTLs improved TCR antigen sensitivity, which enabled faster cancer recognition and rapid antitumor cytotoxicity. These CD103+ CTLs had elevated energetic potential and faster migration capacity. However, they had increased inhibitory receptor coexpression and elevated T-cell apoptosis following prolonged cancer exposure. Our data provide fundamental insights into the properties of matured human CD103+ cancer-specific CTLs, which could have important implications for future designs of tissue-localized cancer immunotherapy strategies.


Assuntos
Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Cadeias alfa de Integrinas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Antígenos CD/imunologia , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem/métodos , Cadeias alfa de Integrinas/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Prognóstico , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo
9.
Front Oncol ; 9: 1066, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31709176

RESUMO

Background: Cancer patients often display dysfunctional antitumor T-cell responses. Because noteworthy benefits of immune checkpoint pathway blockade, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, have been achieved in multiple advanced cancers, the next critical question is which mono-blockade or combinatorial blockade regimens may reinvigorate antitumor T-cell immunity in those cancer patients while limiting immune-related adverse effects. Method: This study recruited, in total, 172 primary cancer patients (131 were blood-tumor-matched patients) who were treatment-naïve prior to the surgeries or biopsies covering the eight most prevalent types of cancer. With access to fresh surgical samples, this study simultaneously investigated the ex vivo expression level of eight known immune checkpoint receptors [PD-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 [CTLA-4], T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 [Tim-3], 2B4, killer cell lectin like receptor G1 [KLRG-1], TIGIT, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator [BTLA], and CD160] on tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs) and paired circulating T cells in blood from a 131-patient cohort. Results: We found increased an expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 but a decreased expression of BTLA on TILs when compared with peripheral blood from multiple types of cancer. Moreover, our co-expression analysis of key immune checkpoint receptors delineates "shared" subsets as PD-1+Tim-3+TIGIT+2B4+KLRG-1-CTLA-4- and PD-1+TIGIT+2B4+Tim-3-KLRG-1-CTLA-4- from bulk CD8 TILs. Furthermore, we found that a higher frequency of advanced differentiation stage T cells (CD27-CCR7-CD45RA-) among the "shared" subset (PD-1+Tim-3+TIGIT+2B4+KLRG-1-CTLA-4-) in bulk CD8 TILs was associated with poorly differentiated cancer type in cervical cancer patients. Conclusions: To our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive analysis of key immune checkpoint receptors on T cells in treatment-naïve, primary cancer patients from the eight most prevalent types of cancer. These findings might provide useful information for future design of mono-blockade/combinatorial blockades and/or genetically modified T-cell immunotherapy.

10.
Cancer Immunol Res ; 7(8): 1293-1306, 2019 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31213473

RESUMO

Immunotherapy treatments with anti-PD-1 boost recovery in less than 30% of treated cancer patients, indicating the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Expression of HLA-E is linked to poor clinical outcomes in mice and human patients. However, the contributions to immune evasion of HLA-E, a ligand for the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptor, when expressed on tumors, compared with adjacent tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, remains unclear. In this study, we report that epithelial-derived cancer cells, tumor macrophages, and CD141+ conventional dendritic cells (cDC) contributed to HLA-E enrichment in carcinomas. Different cancer types showed a similar pattern of enrichment. Enrichment correlated to NKG2A upregulation on CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) but not on CD4+ TILs. CD94/NKG2A is exclusively expressed on PD-1high TILs while lacking intratumoral CD103 expression. We also found that the presence of CD94/NKG2A on human tumor-specific T cells impairs IL2 receptor-dependent proliferation, which affects IFNγ-mediated responses and antitumor cytotoxicity. These functionalities recover following antibody-mediated blockade in vitro and ex vivo Our results suggest that enriched HLA-E:CD94/NKG2A inhibitory interaction can impair survival of PD-1high TILs in the tumor microenvironment.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Subfamília C de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , Subfamília D de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citometria de Fluxo , Expressão Gênica , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Humanos , Cadeias alfa de Integrinas/genética , Cadeias alfa de Integrinas/metabolismo , Ligantes , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/patologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-E
11.
J Infect Public Health ; 4(4): 207-10, 2011 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22000849

RESUMO

This study describes the first case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in the Thames Valley and South East Region and discuss the public health implications, highlighting the need to integrate current epidemiological knowledge with clinical expertise in order to diagnose drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) early. The management of the XDR-TB patients is challenging with few treatment options, expensive therapy, side effects of drugs and a longer course of the treatment.


Assuntos
Busca de Comunicante/métodos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Adulto , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos/microbiologia , Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Vigilância da População , Saúde Pública , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
12.
J Immunol ; 179(1): 597-606, 2007 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17579081

RESUMO

During chronic HIV-1 infection, continuing viral replication is associated with impaired proliferative capacity of virus-specific CD8+ T cells and with the expansion and persistence of oligoclonal T cell populations. TCR usage may significantly influence CD8+ T cell-mediated control of AIDS viruses; however, the potential to modulate the repertoire of functional virus-specific T cells by immunotherapy has not been explored. To investigate this, we analyzed the TCR Vbeta usage of CD8+ T cells populations which were expanded following vaccination with modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing a HIV-1 gag/multiepitope immunogen (MVA.HIVA) in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Vaccinations induced the re-expansion of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells and these showed broad TCR Vbeta usage which was maintained for at least 1 year in some individuals. By contrast, virus-specific CD8+ T cell populations in the same donors which failed to expand after vaccination and in unvaccinated controls were oligoclonal. Simultaneously, we observed that CD8+ T cells recognizing vaccine-derived HIV-1 epitopes displayed enhanced capacity to proliferate and to inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro, following MVA.HIVA immunizations. Taken together, these data indicate that an attenuated viral-vectored vaccine can modulate adaptive CD8+ T cell responses to HIV-1 and improve their antiviral functional capacity. The potential therapeutic benefit of this vaccination approach warrants further investigation.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Epitopos de Linfócito T/administração & dosagem , HIV-1/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T alfa-beta/biossíntese , Vacinas contra a AIDS/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra a AIDS/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Doença Crônica , Epitopos de Linfócito T/biossíntese , Epitopos de Linfócito T/genética , Produtos do Gene gag/genética , Produtos do Gene gag/imunologia , Produtos do Gene nef/genética , Produtos do Gene nef/imunologia , Produtos do Gene pol/genética , Produtos do Gene pol/imunologia , Genes Codificadores da Cadeia beta de Receptores de Linfócitos T , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T alfa-beta/genética , Produtos do Gene nef do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana
13.
Vaccine ; 25(17): 3277-83, 2007 Apr 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17257714

RESUMO

The safety of attenuated poxviruses in HIV-1-infected individuals is an important consideration in their application as vaccine vectors, first, because new HIV-1 infections may occur in vaccine trials involving persons at high risk of infection and secondly, therapeutic vaccinations are a potential means to enhance virus-specific immune responses once infection has occurred. We administered a candidate modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored HIV-1 vaccine, MVA.HIVA, by intradermal injection to 16 chronically infected adults during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Vaccinations were well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events. No breakthrough viraemia occurred after immunisations or throughout follow-up. These data confirm the safety of MVA.HIVA in HIV-1-infected individuals and provide support for further evaluation of MVA-vectored vaccines in prophylactic and therapeutic immunisation strategies.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/efeitos adversos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , HIV-1/imunologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/virologia , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T , Feminino , Produtos do Gene gag/imunologia , Antígenos HIV/imunologia , Proteína do Núcleo p24 do HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vacinas de DNA , Carga Viral , Proteínas Virais/imunologia , Produtos do Gene gag do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana
14.
Eur J Immunol ; 36(10): 2585-94, 2006 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17013989

RESUMO

Virus-specific CD4+ T cells with IL-2-secreting and/or proliferative capacity are detected readily in HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors and rarely in persons with untreated progressive infection. The contribution of these cells to viraemia control is uncertain, but this question might be addressed in clinical therapeutic vaccination studies. However, the quality of T helper responses induced by currently available HIV-1 vaccine candidates has not been explored in depth. We determined the effect of vaccination with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing HIV-1 gag p24/p17 (MVA.HIVA) on HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell responses in 16 chronically infected, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated subjects using CD8-depleted IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays, intracellular cytokine staining assays for IL-2 and IFN-gamma, and a CFSE-based proliferation assay. Gag-specific CD4+ T cell responses were significantly increased in magnitude and breadth after vaccination and targeted both known and new epitopes, several of which were also recognised by healthy HIV-uninfected volunteers immunised with the same vaccines. The frequencies of CD4+ T cells expressing IL-2 or IFN-gamma, alone or simultaneously, were also augmented. These findings indicate that functional virus-specific T helper cells can be boosted by vaccination in chronic HIV-1 infection. Further evaluation of their role in viraemia control is warranted.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Produtos do Gene gag/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vaccinia virus/imunologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Epitopos de Linfócito T/genética , Epitopos de Linfócito T/imunologia , Produtos do Gene gag/genética , Proteína do Núcleo p24 do HIV/genética , Proteína do Núcleo p24 do HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/imunologia , Humanos , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/genética , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/genética , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana
15.
J Virol ; 80(10): 4705-16, 2006 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16641264

RESUMO

Affordable therapeutic strategies that induce sustained control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and are tailored to the developing world are urgently needed. Since CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells are crucial to HIV-1 control, stimulation of potent cellular responses by therapeutic vaccination might be exploited to reduce antiretroviral drug exposure. However, therapeutic vaccines tested to date have shown modest immunogenicity. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the changes in virus-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses occurring after vaccination of 16 HIV-1-infected individuals with a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored vaccine expressing the consensus HIV-1 clade A Gag p24/p17 sequences and multiple CD8(+) T-cell epitopes during highly active antiretroviral therapy. We observed significant amplification and broadening of CD8(+) and CD4(+) gamma interferon responses to vaccine-derived epitopes in the vaccinees, without rebound viremia, but not in two unvaccinated controls followed simultaneously. Vaccine-driven CD8(+) T-cell expansions were also detected by tetramer reactivity, predominantly in the CD45RA(-) CCR7(+) or CD45RA(-) CCR7(-) compartments, and persisted for at least 1 year. Expansion was associated with a marked but transient up-regulation of CD38 and perforin within days of vaccination. Gag-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell proliferation also increased postvaccination. These data suggest that immunization with MVA.HIVA is a feasible strategy to enhance potentially protective T-cell responses in individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Proliferação de Células , Produtos do Gene gag/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/virologia , Vaccinia virus/imunologia , Vacinas contra a AIDS/genética , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Produtos do Gene gag/administração & dosagem , HIV-1/imunologia , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/citologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/genética , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia
16.
AIDS ; 20(6): 821-9, 2006 Apr 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16549965

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether long-term HAART in chronic HIV-1 infection restores fully functional Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific CD4 T-cell responses. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of HIV-1-seropositive subjects on continuous HAART for over one year with CD4 cell counts greater than 300 cells/microl and undetectable viraemia, antiretroviral-naive individuals with primary HIV-1 infection (PHI), and healthy bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated low-risk controls. METHODS: Purified protein derivative (PPD)-specific cytokine-secreting CD4 T cells were quantified ex vivo by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and intracellular cytokine staining. Lymphoproliferation was detected by [3H]-thymidine incorporation. RESULTS: PPD-specific IFN-gamma-secreting CD4 T cells were markedly reduced in chronic HAART-treated HIV-1-positive and PHI subjects compared with healthy controls [medians 30, 155 and 582 spot-forming cells/million peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), respectively, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.002], but the frequency of these cells was, nonetheless, significantly greater in viraemic PHI subjects than in aviraemic chronic HIV-1-positive subjects (P < 0.01). In the latter, low frequencies of PPD-specific IL-2 and IL-4-secreting CD4 T cells were also observed. However, lymphoproliferation was evident after the in-vitro stimulation of PBMC with PPD, indicating that MTB-specific T cells were present. The defect in IFN-gamma secretion could be overcome by culture with IL-12. CONCLUSION: Despite an improvement in CD4 T-cell counts after HAART, MTB-specific CD4 T cells from chronically infected patients have impaired IFN-gamma-secreting capacity. The early initiation of HAART might preserve functional CD4 T-cell responses to MTB, and warrants evaluation in populations with a high risk of dual infection.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1 , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Adulto , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Proliferação de Células , Doença Crônica , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-12/imunologia , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Interleucina-4/biossíntese , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Tuberculina/imunologia
17.
J Gen Virol ; 85(Pt 4): 911-919, 2004 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15039533

RESUMO

The immunogenicities of candidate DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-vectored human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines were evaluated on their own and in a prime-boost regimen in phase I clinical trials in healthy uninfected individuals in the United Kingdom. Given the current lack of approaches capable of inducing broad HIV-neutralizing antibodies, the pTHr.HIVA DNA and MVA.HIVA vaccines focus solely on the induction of cell-mediated immunity. The vaccines expressed a common immunogen, HIVA, which consists of consensus HIV-1 clade A Gag p24/p17 proteins fused to a string of clade A-derived epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Volunteers' fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for HIV-specific responses in a validated gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay using four overlapping peptide pools across the Gag domain and three pools of known CTL epitopes present in all of the HIVA protein. Both the DNA and the MVA vaccines alone and in a DNA prime-MVA boost combination were safe and induced HIV-specific responses in 14 out of 18, seven out of eight and eight out of nine volunteers, respectively. These results are very encouraging and justify further vaccine development.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/farmacologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Proteínas Virais , Vacinas contra a AIDS/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra a AIDS/genética , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Produtos do Gene gag , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/biossíntese , Antígenos HIV , Proteína do Núcleo p24 do HIV , Humanos , Imunização Secundária , Injeções Intradérmicas , Injeções Intramusculares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Segurança , Vacinas de DNA/efeitos adversos , Vacinas de DNA/genética , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/farmacologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Sintéticas/genética , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/farmacologia , Vaccinia virus/genética , Vaccinia virus/imunologia , Produtos do Gene gag do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana
18.
Clin Ther ; 25(5): 1295-320, 2003 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12867214

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: A systematic review was performed to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of lipid-based amphotericin B (AmB) formulations and conventional AmB in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. METHODS: The literature and unpublished studies were searched using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biological Abstracts, AIDSLINE, CANCERLIT, CRD database, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and other databases. Search terms included: amphotericin, liposom*, lipid*, colloid*, antifungal agents, and mycoses. Studies were selected according to predetermined criteria. The outcome measures reviewed were efficacy, mortality, renal toxicity, and infusion-related reactions. Meta-analyses and number-needed-to-treat (NNT) analyses were performed. RESULTS: Seven studies (8 publications) met the entry criteria. Meta-analysis showed that lipid-based formulations significantly reduced all-cause mortality risk by an estimated 28% compared with conventional AmB (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.97). There was no significant difference in efficacy between the lipid-based formulations and conventional AmB (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.49). AmB lipid complex (ABLC) and liposomal AmB (L-AmB) significantly reduced the risk of doubling serum creatinine by an estimated 58% (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.54). There was no significant reduction in risk of infusion-related reactions with lipid-based formulations, although this was difficult to interpret given the lack of consistent control of confounding factors. Comparing the lipid-based formulations with conventional AmB, the overall NNT to prevent 1 death was 31. The NNT to prevent a doubling of serum creatinine for both ABLC and L-AmB compared with conventional AmB was 6. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates advantages with lipid-based formulations over conventional AmB in terms of reduced risk of mortality and renal toxicity. Future trials in patients with proven fungal infection should control for factors such as premedication, infusion rates, fluid preloading, sodium/potassium supplementation, and concomitant medication.


Assuntos
Anfotericina B/uso terapêutico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Anfotericina B/administração & dosagem , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Química Farmacêutica , Humanos , Micoses/mortalidade , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do Tratamento
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