RESUMO
The revolution in understanding higher order chromosome dynamics and organization derives from treating the chromosome as a chain polymer and adapting appropriate polymer-based physical principles. Using basic principles, such as entropic fluctuations and timescales of relaxation of Rouse polymer chains, one can recapitulate the dominant features of chromatin motion observed in vivo. An emerging challenge is to relate the mechanical properties of chromatin to more nuanced organizational principles such as ubiquitous DNA loops. Toward this goal, we introduce a real-time numerical simulation model of a long chain polymer in the presence of histones and condensin, encoding physical principles of chromosome dynamics with coupled histone and condensin sources of transient loop generation. An exact experimental correlate of the model was obtained through analysis of a model-matching fluorescently labeled circular chromosome in live yeast cells. We show that experimentally observed chromosome compaction and variance in compaction are reproduced only with tandem interactions between histone and condensin, not from either individually. The hierarchical loop structures that emerge upon incorporation of histone and condensin activities significantly impact the dynamic and structural properties of chromatin. Moreover, simulations reveal that tandem condensin-histone activity is responsible for higher order chromosomal structures, including recently observed Z-loops.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Centrômero/metabolismo , Cromatina/metabolismo , Cromossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Adenosina Trifosfatases/química , Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , Alelos , Cromatina/química , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/química , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Cromossomos/química , Biologia Computacional , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Histona Acetiltransferases/genética , Histona Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Histonas/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Mutação , Nucleossomos/química , Nucleossomos/metabolismo , Polímeros/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Termodinâmica , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
XMAP215/Dis1 family proteins are potent microtubule polymerases, critical for mitotic spindle structure and dynamics. While microtubule polymerase activity is driven by an N-terminal tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domain array, proper cellular localization is a requisite for full activity and is mediated by a C-terminal domain. Structural insight into the C-terminal domain's architecture and localization mechanism remain outstanding. We present the crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Stu2 C-terminal domain, revealing a 15-nm parallel homodimeric coiled coil. The parallel architecture of the coiled coil has mechanistic implications for the arrangement of the homodimer's N-terminal TOG domains during microtubule polymerization. The coiled coil has two spatially distinct conserved regions: CRI and CRII. Mutations in CRI and CRII perturb the distribution and localization of Stu2 along the mitotic spindle and yield defects in spindle morphology including increased frequencies of mispositioned and fragmented spindles. Collectively, these data highlight roles for the Stu2 dimerization domain as a scaffold for factor binding that optimally positions Stu2 on the mitotic spindle to promote proper spindle structure and dynamics.
Assuntos
Cinetocoros/fisiologia , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/fisiologia , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiologia , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos/fisiologia , Elementos Estruturais de Proteínas/fisiologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Fuso Acromático/metabolismo , Fuso Acromático/fisiologia , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismoAssuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Ansiedade/etiologia , Benzodiazepinas/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Depressão/etiologia , Feminino , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgia , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Fumar Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Fumar Tabaco/psicologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To identify risk factors that may lead to the development of dysphagia after combined anterior and posterior (360°) cervical fusion surgery. METHODS: A single center, retrospective analysis of patients who had same-day, 360° fusion at Henry Ford Hospital between 2008 and 2012 was performed. Variables analyzed included demographics, medical co-morbidities, levels fused, and degree of dysphagia. RESULTS: The overall dysphagia rate was 37.7 %. Patients with dysphagia had a longer mean length of stay (p < 0.001), longer mean operative time (p < 0.001), greater intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.002), and fusion above the fourth cervical vertebra, C4, (p = 0.007). There were no differences in the rates of dysphagia when comparing patients undergoing primary or revision surgery (p = 0.554). CONCLUSION: Prolonged surgery and fusion above C4 lead to higher rates of dysphagia after 360° fusions. Prior anterior cervical fusion does not increase the risk of dysphagia development.