The PAY test: a new approach for assessing functional performance in children and adolescents with asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To develop, validate, and test the reproducibility of a new test capable of assessing functional performance in children and adolescents (PAY test: Performance Activity in Youth). METHODS: participants without and with asthma were included in the development and validation phases, respectively. The PAY test includes five activities: transition from sitting to standing, walking 10 m, step climbing, shoulder extension and flexion, and star jumps. Participants underwent the Pediatric Glittre test (TGlittre-P test time), modified shuttle test (MST), and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). OUTCOMES: PAY test and TGlittre-P test times, oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and distance walked in the MST. RESULTS: 8 healthy volunteers, aged 12 (7 - 15) years old were included in the development phase and 34 participants with asthma, aged 11 (7 -14) years old, in the validation phase. The PAY test elicited greater physiological responses (VO2peak 33.5 ± 6.9 mL/kg) than the TGlittre-P (VO2peak: 27.4 ± 9.0 mL/kg), but lower than the MST (VO2peak: 48.9 ± 14.2 mL/kg) and CPET (VO2peak: 42.0 ± 8.8 mL/kg), p < .05. Moderate correlation between the PAY test time and the TGlittre-P time (r = 0.70, p < .001) and distance walked in the MST (r = -0.72, p < .001). The PAY test time was longer in participants with asthma than in healthy participants (3.1 [3.0 - 3.3] min vs. 2.3 [2.1 - 2.4 min]), p < .001.; and the test was reproducible (ICC 0.78, CI 95% 0.55-0.90, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The PAY test is a valid and reproducible tool for assessing functional performance in children and adolescents with asthma.

Validation and reliability of the Glittre-ADL test to evaluate functional capacity in older adults

INTRODUCTION: The decline in functional capacity (FC) interferes with the functional independence of older adults, so it is important to assess the FC and use appropriate instruments for this. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the Glittre Activities of Daily Living (ADL) test's validity and reliability for assessing functional capacity in older adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 100 elderly (68 ± 5.16 years). To assess the convergent validity, the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) were performed. The intra-examiner test-retest of the Glittre-ADL test was performed on the same day with a 30-minute interval between repetitions and inter-examiner reliability with an interval of seven days. RESULTS: There was a strong correlation between the Glittre-ADL test and the 6MWT (r=-0,75; p<0.001) and the TUG (r=0.77; p<0.001). The intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability was excellent (ICC)=0.91 and 95% CI=0.14-0.97; p<0.001 and ICC=0.91; 95% CI: 0.86-0.94; p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The Glittre-ADL test demonstrated that it is valid and that its reliability is adequate to assess functional capacity in older adults.

The PAY test: a new approach for assessing functional performance in children and adolescents with asthma

Abstract Objective: To develop, validate, and test the reproducibility of a new test capable of assessing functional performance in children and adolescents (PAY test: Performance Activity in Youth). Methods: participants without and with asthma were included in the development and validation phases, respectively. The PAY test includes five activities: transition from sitting to standing, walking 10 m, step climbing, shoulder extension and flexion, and star jumps. Participants underwent the Pediatric Glittre test (TGlittre-P test time), modified shuttle test (MST), and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Outcomes: PAY test and TGlittre-P test times, oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and distance walked in the MST. Results: 8 healthy volunteers, aged 12 (7 -15) years old were included in the development phase and 34 participants with asthma, aged 11 (7-14) years old, in the validation phase. The PAY test elicited greater physiological responses (VO2peak 33.5 ± 6.9 mL/kg) than the TGlittre-P (VO2peak: 27.4 ± 9.0 mL/kg), but lower than the MST (VO2peak: 48.9 ± 14.2 mL/kg) and CPET (VO2peak: 42.0 ± 8.8 mL/kg), p < .05. Moderate correlation between the PAY test time and the TGlittre-P time (r = 0.70, p < .001) and distance walked in the MST (r = -0.72, p < .001). The PAY test time was longer in participants with asthma than in healthy participants (3.1 [3.0 - 3.3] min vs. 2.3 [2.1 - 2.4 min]), p < .001.; and the test was reproducible (ICC 0.78, CI 95% 0.55-0.90, p < .001). Conclusions: The PAY test is a valid and reproducible tool for assessing functional performance in children and adolescents with asthma.

Normative values and reference equation for the six-minute step test to evaluate functional exercise capacity: a multicenter study / Valores normativos e equação de referência para o teste do degrau de seis minutos para avaliar a capacidade funcional de exercício: um estudo multicêntrico

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish normative values and a reference equation for the number of steps climbed during the six-minute step test (6MST) in healthy adults, and to assess the reliability of the test and of the equation. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study involving 468 healthy volunteers (age range: 18-79 years) recruited from the general community in six research laboratories across different regions of Brazil, which is a country with continental dimensions. The 6MST was performed twice (30-min interval), and clinical, demographic, and functional variables were evaluated. An independent sample of 24 volunteers was evaluated to test the reference equation a posteriori. Results: The number of steps had excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96 [95%CI: 0.95-0.97]), and the mean number of steps was 175 ± 45, the number being 14% greater in males than in females. The best performance on the test was correlated with age (r = −0.60), sex (r = 0.28), weight (r = 0.13), height (r = 0.41), BMI (r = −0.22), waist circumference (r = −0.22), thigh circumference (r = 0.15), FVC (r = 0.54), and physical activity level (r = 0.17; p < 0.05 for all). In the regression analysis, age, sex, height, and weight explained 42% of the variability of the 6MST. Normative values were established for the 6MST according to age and sex. There was no difference between the 6MST values from the independent sample and its predicted values (157 ± 29 steps vs. 161 ± 25 steps; p = 0.47; 97% of predicted values). Conclusions: The normative values and the reference equation for the 6MST in this study seem adequate to accurately predict the physical functional performance in adults in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estabelecer valores normativos e uma equação de referência para o número de degraus subidos no teste do degrau de seis minutos (TD6) em adultos saudáveis, bem como avaliar a confiabilidade do teste e da equação. Métodos: Estudo transversal multicêntrico com 468 voluntários saudáveis (faixa etária: 18-79 anos) recrutados na comunidade geral em seis laboratórios de pesquisa em diferentes regiões do Brasil, um país de dimensões continentais. O TD6 foi realizado duas vezes (com 30 min de intervalo entre uma e outra), e foram avaliadas variáveis clínicas, demográficas e funcionais. Uma amostra independente composta por 24 voluntários foi avaliada para testar a equação de referência a posteriori. Resultados: O número de degraus subidos apresentou excelente confiabilidade teste-reteste [coeficiente de correlação intraclasse = 0,96 (IC95%: 0,95-0,97)], e a média de degraus subidos foi de 175 ± 45, sendo 14% maior no sexo masculino. O melhor desempenho no teste correlacionou-se com as seguintes variáveis: idade (r = −0,60), sexo (r = 0,28), peso (r = 0,13), estatura (r = 0,41), IMC (r = −0,22), circunferência da cintura (r = −0,22), circunferência da coxa (r = 0,15), CVF (r = 0,54) e nível de atividade física (r = 0,17; p < 0,05 para todos). Na análise de regressão, idade, sexo, estatura e peso explicaram 42% da variabilidade do TD6. Foram estabelecidos valores normativos para o TD6 de acordo com a idade e o sexo. Não houve diferença entre os valores do TD6 na amostra independente e os valores previstos (157 ± 29 vs. 161 ± 25 degraus subidos; p = 0,47; 97% dos valores previstos). Conclusões: Os valores normativos e a equação de referência para o TD6 neste estudo parecem adequados para predizer com precisão o desempenho físico funcional em adultos no Brasil.

Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Adults with Bronchiectasis: Association with Clinical and Functional Features.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) states of adults with bronchiectasis with those of healthy controls and correlate inflammatory and OS levels with lung function and physical capacity. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design. Seventy-four adults with bronchiectasis (age: 49±15 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]: 52.5±25.6%) and 42 healthy controls (age: 44±17 years, FEV1: 95.9±14.0%) performed cardiopulmonary exercise tests and incremental shuttle walking tests. Their physical activity in daily life, inflammatory cytokine, and antioxidant levels in plasma were measured. RESULTS: Compared to that of the controls, the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 (p<0.001), IL-10 (p<0.001), carbonylated proteins (p=0.001), and superoxide anions (p=0.046) were significantly increased in adults with bronchiectasis. Catalase activity was also reduced in this group (p<0.001). The inflammatory markers IL-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α correlated negatively with aerobic capacity (r=-0.408, r=-0.308, and r=-0.207, respectively). We observed similar correlations with OS markers (thiobarbituric acid and carbonyls; r=-0.290 and r=0.379, respectively), and these markers also significantly correlated with the aerobic capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with bronchiectasis presented an increased systemic inflammatory response that correlated negatively with physical capacity.

Exercise-induced desaturation in subjects with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: laboratory-based tests versus field-based exercise tests.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the validity of field walking tests to identify exercise-induced hypoxemia and to compare cardiorespiratory responses and perceived effort between laboratory-based and field-based exercise tests in subjects with bronchiectasis. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 72 non-oxygen-dependent participants (28 men; mean age = 48.3 ± 14.5 years; and mean FEV1 = 54.1 ± 23.4% of the predicted value). The participants underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a treadmill and constant work-rate exercise testing (CWRET) on the same day (1 h apart). In another visit, they underwent incremental shuttle walk testing (ISWT) and endurance shuttle walk testing (ESWT; 1 h apart). Desaturation was defined as a reduction in SpO2 ≥ 4% from rest to peak exercise. RESULTS: CPET results were compared with ISWT results, as were CWRET results with ESWT results. There was no difference in the magnitude of desaturation between CPET and ISWT (-7.7 ± 6.3% vs. -6.6 ± 5.6%; p = 0.10) and between CWRET and ESWT (-6.8 ± 5.8% vs. -7.2 ± 6.3%; p = 0.50). The incremental tests showed an agreement in the magnitude of desaturation in the desaturation and no desaturation groups (42 and 14 participants, respectively; p < 0.01), as did the endurance tests (39 and 16 participants; p < 0.01). The magnitude of desaturation was similar among the participants who did or did not reach at least 85% of the maximum predicted HR. CONCLUSIONS: Field exercise tests showed good precision to detect desaturation. Field tests might be an alternative to laboratory tests when the clinical question is to investigate exercise-induced desaturation in subjects with bronchiectasis.

Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in adults with bronchiectasis: association with clinical and functional features

OBJECTIVES: To compare the inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) states of adults with bronchiectasis with those of healthy controls and correlate inflammatory and OS levels with lung function and physical capacity. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design. Seventy-four adults with bronchiectasis (age: 49±15 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]: 52.5±25.6%) and 42 healthy controls (age: 44±17 years, FEV1: 95.9±14.0%) performed cardiopulmonary exercise tests and incremental shuttle walking tests. Their physical activity in daily life, inflammatory cytokine, and antioxidant levels in plasma were measured. RESULTS: Compared to that of the controls, the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 (p<0.001), IL-10 (p<0.001), carbonylated proteins (p=0.001), and superoxide anions (p=0.046) were significantly increased in adults with bronchiectasis. Catalase activity was also reduced in this group (p<0.001). The inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α correlated negatively with aerobic capacity (r=-0.408, r=-0.308, and r=-0.207, respectively). We observed similar correlations with OS markers (thiobarbituric acid and carbonyls; r=-0.290 and r=0.379, respectively), and these markers also significantly correlated with the aerobic capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with bronchiectasis presented an increased systemic inflammatory response that correlated negatively with physical capacity.

Exercise-induced desaturation in subjects with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: laboratory-based tests versus field-based exercise tests / Dessaturação induzida pelo exercício em pacientes com bronquiectasia não fibrocística: testes laboratoriais versus testes clínicos de campo

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the validity of field walking tests to identify exercise-induced hypoxemia and to compare cardiorespiratory responses and perceived effort between laboratory-based and field-based exercise tests in subjects with bronchiectasis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 72 non-oxygen-dependent participants (28 men; mean age = 48.3 ± 14.5 years; and mean FEV1 = 54.1 ± 23.4% of the predicted value). The participants underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a treadmill and constant work-rate exercise testing (CWRET) on the same day (1 h apart). In another visit, they underwent incremental shuttle walk testing (ISWT) and endurance shuttle walk testing (ESWT; 1 h apart). Desaturation was defined as a reduction in SpO2 ≥ 4% from rest to peak exercise. Results: CPET results were compared with ISWT results, as were CWRET results with ESWT results. There was no difference in the magnitude of desaturation between CPET and ISWT (−7.7 ± 6.3% vs. −6.6 ± 5.6%; p = 0.10) and between CWRET and ESWT (−6.8 ± 5.8% vs. −7.2 ± 6.3%; p = 0.50). The incremental tests showed an agreement in the magnitude of desaturation in the desaturation and no desaturation groups (42 and 14 participants, respectively; p < 0.01), as did the endurance tests (39 and 16 participants; p < 0.01). The magnitude of desaturation was similar among the participants who did or did not reach at least 85% of the maximum predicted HR. Conclusions: Field exercise tests showed good precision to detect desaturation. Field tests might be an alternative to laboratory tests when the clinical question is to investigate exercise-induced desaturation in subjects with bronchiectasis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a validade dos testes de caminhada de campo para identificar dessaturação durante o exercício, comparando os testes de exercício laboratoriais e clínicos de campo quanto às respostas cardiorrespiratórias e percepção de esforço em indivíduos com bronquiectasia não fibrocística. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 72 participantes não dependentes de oxigênio (28 homens; média de idade: 48,3 ± 14,5 anos; média do VEF1: 54,1 ± 23,4% do previsto). Os participantes foram submetidos ao teste de exercício cardiopulmonar (TECP) incremental em esteira e ao constant work-rate exercise testing (CWRET, teste de exercício com carga constante) em esteira, com intervalo de 1 h. Em outra visita, foram submetidos ao incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT, teste de caminhada incremental) e ao endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT, teste de caminhada de resistência), com intervalo de 1 h. A definição de dessaturação foi uma redução da SpO2 ≥ 4% do repouso ao pico do exercício. Resultados: O TECP e o ISWT resultaram em dessaturação de magnitude comparável (−7,7 ± 6,3% vs. −6,6 ± 5,6%; p = 0,10), assim como o fizeram o CWRET e o ESWT (−6,8 ± 5,8% vs. −7,2 ± 6,3%; p = 0,50). Houve concordância entre o TECP e o ISWT quanto ao número de participantes que apresentaram e não apresentaram dessaturação, respectivamente (42 e 14; p < 0,01), bem como entre o CWRET e o ESWT (39 e 16; p < 0,01). A magnitude da dessaturação foi semelhante nos participantes que atingiram ≥ 85% da FC máxima prevista ou não. Conclusões: Os testes de exercício de campo apresentaram boa precisão para detectar dessaturação. Os testes de campo podem ser uma alternativa aos testes de laboratório quando o objetivo é investigar a dessaturação durante o exercício em indivíduos com bronquiectasia.

Critical vs estimated heart rate in elderly subjects / Frequência cardíaca crítica x estimada em indíviduos idosos / Frecuencia cardíaca crítica x estimada en individuos de la tercera edad

ABSTRACT Introduction: Heart rate (HR) has been a simple and easy-to-use physiological parameter widely used to determine exercise intensity. The critical power fatigue limit model, known as the critical heart rate (CHR), can be extrapolated to HR. However, an estimate for a CHR mathematical model has not yet been extrapolated for upper limb exercise in the elderly. Objective: To compare the mathematical model previously used to estimate CHR with the heart rate values at the critical power (CP) during arm-ergometer exercises in elderly subjects. Methods: After an initial maximum-incremental exercise test on a cycle arm-ergometer, seven elderly people performed four high-intensity constant-load tests to the limit of tolerance (Tlim), to determine CP and critical heart rate (CHR). For each power output, the heart rate of the last five seconds (HRlim) and total time to exhaustion (in minutes) were obtained. The slope coefficients of the regression lines between HRlim and Tlim were defined as CHR, and between Wlim and Tlim as CP. A square-wave test was performed on a different day, in the power determined as equivalent to CP, and the heart rate at CP (CPHR) was assessed. Results: The HR-Tlim relationship was found to be hyperbolic in all subjects, who were able to sustain upper-limb exercise at CP for 20 min. CP attained 66.8±9.4% of peak work rate in the ramp test. The real average HR measured in the CP test was strikingly similar to the CHR calculated by the mathematical model of PC (137.6±16.9 versus 139.7±13.3bpm, respectively, p=0.53). There was strong correlation between the real and the estimated CHR. Conclusion: This study indicated that the maximal sustainable exercise intensity can be based on a physiological variable such as HR, and the CHR test can define exercise endurance, which can be useful in performance assessment and training prescription. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução: A frequência cardíaca (FC) tem sido um parâmetro fisiológico fácil de usar, amplamente empregado para determinar a intensidade de exercício. O modelo de limiar de fadiga pela potência crítica pode ser extrapolado para a FC, conhecido como frequência cardíaca crítica (FCC). Entretanto, a estimativa para um modelo matemático da FCC ainda não foi extrapolada para o exercício de membros superiores em idosos. Objetivo: Comparar o modelo matemático para estimar a FCC usado anteriormente com os valores da frequência cardíaca na potência crítica (PC) durante exercícios com ergômetro de braço em idosos. Métodos: Depois de exercício inicial máximo incremental em um ciclo de ergômetro de braço, sete idosos realizaram quatro testes de carga constante até o limite de tolerância (Tlim) (para determinar a PC e a frequência cardíaca crítica (FCC). Para cada potência, foram obtidas a frequência cardíaca dos últimos cinco segundos (FClim) e o tempo total de exaustão (em minutos). Os coeficientes de declive das linhas de regressão entre FClim e Tlim foram definidos como FCC e entre CTlim e Tlim como PC. Um teste de onda quadrada foi realizado em um dia diferente, na potência que se determinou equivalente à PC, e a frequência cardíaca na PC (PCFC) foi avaliada. Resultados: Verificou-se que a relação FC-Tlim era hiperbólica em todos os indivíduos, que foram capazes de manter o exercício do membro superior na PC por 20 minutos. A PC atingiu 66,8 ± 9,4% da taxa de pico de trabalho no teste de rampa. A FC média real medida no teste de PC foi notavelmente semelhante à FCC calculada pelo modelo matemático de PC (137,6 ± 16,9 versus 139,7 ± 13,3 bpm, respectivamente, p = 0,53). Houve forte correlação entre FCC real e a estimado. Conclusão: Este estudo indicou que a intensidade máxima de exercício sustentável pode basear-se em uma variável fisiológica, como a FC, e que o teste de FCC pode definir a resistência ao exercício, o que pode ser útil para a avaliação do desempenho e para a prescrição do treinamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción: La frecuencia cardíaca (FC) ha sido un parámetro fisiológico fácil de usar, ampliamente empleado para determinar la intensidad de ejercicio. El modelo de umbral de fatiga por la potencia crítica puede ser extrapolado para la FC, conocido como frecuencia cardíaca crítica (FCC). Entretanto, la estimativa para un modelo matemático de la FCC aún no fue extrapolada para el ejercicio de miembros superiores en personas de la tercera edad. Objetivo: Comparar el modelo matemático para estimar la FCC usado anteriormente con los valores de la frecuencia cardíaca en la potencia crítica (PC) durante ejercicios con ergómetro de brazo en personas de la tercera edad. Métodos: Después de ejercicio inicial máximo incremental en un ciclo de ergómetro de brazo, siete ancianos realizaron cuatro tests de carga constante hasta el límite de tolerancia (Tlim) para determinar la PC y la frecuencia cardíaca crítica (FCC). Para cada potencia, fueron obtenidas la frecuencia cardíaca de los últimos cinco segundos (FClim) y el tiempo total de agotamiento (en minutos). Los coeficientes de declive de las líneas de regresión entre FClim y Tlim fueron definidos como FCC y entre CTlim y Tlim como PC. Un test de onda cuadrada fue realizado en un día diferente, en la potencia que se determinó equivalente a la PC, y fue evaluada la frecuencia cardíaca en la PC (PCFC). Resultados: Se verificó que la relación FC-Tlim era hiperbólica en todos los individuos, que fueron capaces de mantener el ejercicio del miembro superior en la PC por 20 minutos. La PC alcanzó 66,8 ± 9,4% de la tasa de pico de trabajo en el test de rampa. La FC promedio real medida en el test de PC fue notablemente semejante a la FCC calculada por el modelo matemático de PC (137,6 ± 16,9 versus 139,7 ± 13,3 bpm, respectivamente, p = 0,53). Hubo fuerte correlación entre FCC real y la estimada. Conclusión: Este estudio indicó que la intensidad máxima de ejercicio sostenible puede basarse en una variable fisiológica, como la FC, y que el test de FCC puede definir la resistencia al ejercicio, lo que puede ser útil para la evaluación del desempeño y para la prescripción del entrenamiento. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Physiological Responses During Field Walking Tests in Adults with Bronchiectasis.

BACKGROUND: Field walking tests are commonly used in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases for assessment of functional capacity. However, the physiological demands and magnitude of desaturation on 6-min walk test (6MWT), incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT), and endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT) have not been investigated in patients with bronchiectasis. The objective of this study was to compare the physiological responses and the magnitude of desaturation of subjects with bronchiectasis when performing the 6MWT, ISWT, and ESWT. METHODS: Thirty-two subjects underwent the 6MWT, ISWT, and ESWT on 3 different days. Pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate, and [Formula: see text] were measured in all tests. RESULTS: There were no differences in the peak rate of oxygen uptake, ventilation, dyspnea, and leg fatigue between the tests. Equivalent cardiac demand (ie, heart rate at peak) was observed with the 6MWT (137 ± 21 beats/min) and the ESWT (142 ± 21 beats/min), but this was lower in the ISWT (135 ± 19 beats/min) compared to ESWT (P < .05). Most subjects achieved a vigorous exercise intensity (heart rate of 70-90% of predicted) in all tests. There was no difference in desaturation among the tests (6MWT: -6.8 ± 6.6%, ISWT: -6.1 ± 6.0%, and ESWT: -7.0 ± 5.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The 6MWT, ISWT, and ESWT induced similar physiological responses at the peak of exercise, eliciting a vigorous exercise intensity. The magnitude of desaturation was similar across tests. This means these tests can be used interchangeably for evaluation of exercise-induced desaturation.

Incremental shuttle walk test performed in a hallway and on a treadmill: are they interchangeable? / Shuttle walk teste incremental realizado no corredor e na esteira: eles são intercambiáveis? / La prueba incremental Shuttle walk realizada en el pasillo y la cinta caminadora: ¿son intercambiables?

ABSTRACT The performances of healthy individuals in an incremental shuttle walking test performed in a hallway (ISWT-H) and on a treadmill (ISWT-T) were compared to assess their physiological responses during aerobic training sessions with the speeds estimated from both tests. This was a cross-sectional study with 55 healthy subjects, who were randomized to perform the ISWT tests with 24 hours between them. Training sessions were held using a treadmill at 75% of the speeds obtained from the ISWT-H and ISWT-T. Measurements included walking distance, oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide (VCO2) production, heart rate (HR), and ventilation (VE). There was a significant difference between walking distances (ISWT-T: 823.9±165.2 m and ISWT-H:685.4±141.4 m), but similar physiological responses for VO2 (28.6±6.6 vs. 29.0±7.3 ml-1.kg-1.min-1), VCO2 (1.9±0.7 vs. 1.9±0.5 1), HR (158.3±17.8 vs. 158.6±17.7 bpm), and VE (41.5±10.4 vs. 43.7±12.9 1). The estimated speeds were different for the training sessions (5.5±0.5 km/h and 4.9±0.3 km/h), as well as the VO2, VCO2, VE, and HR. It was concluded that in healthy young adults, ISWTs carried out in a hallway and on a treadmill are not interchangeable. Since the ISWT-H was determined to have lower speed, the training intensity based on this test may underestimate a patient's responses to aerobic training.

RESUMO Comparou-se o desempenho no shuttle walk teste incremental realizado no corredor (SWTI-C) e na esteira (SWTI-E) em indivíduos saudáveis e comparar as respostas fisiológicas durante as sessões de treinamento aeróbio com as velocidades estimadas em ambos os testes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com cinquenta e cinco participantes saudáveis. Os participantes foram randomizados para realizar os testes com 24 horas de intervalo. As sessões de treinamento foram realizadas na esteira com 75% da velocidade obtida no SWTI-C e no SWTI-E. As avaliações incluíram a distância da caminhada, consumo de oxigênio (VO2), produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2), frequência cardíaca (FC) e ventilação (VE). Houve uma diferença significante entre as distâncias caminhadas (SWTI-E: 823,9 ± 165,2 m e SWTI-C: 685,4 ± 141,4 m), mas respostas fisiológicas semelhantes para o VO2 (28,6 ± 6,6 vs. 29,0 ± 7,3 ml-1.kg-1.min-1), VCO2 (1,9 ± 0,7 vs. 1,9 ± 0,5 1), HR (158,3 ± 17,8 vs. 158,6 ± 17,7 bpm) e VE (41,5 ± 10,4 vs. 43,7 ± 12,9 1). As velocidades estimadas foram diferentes para as sessões de treinamento (5,5 ± 0,5xkm/h e 4,9 ± 0,3 km/h), assim como o VO2, VCO2, VE e FC. Concluiu-se que em adultos jovens saudáveis, SWTI realizados no corredor e na esteira não são intercambiáveis. Uma vez que o SWTI-E determinou uma menor velocidade, a intensidade do treinamento baseada neste teste pode subestimar as respostas de um paciente ao treinamento aeróbio.

RESUMEN Se trata de una comparación del rendimiento en la prueba incremental shuttle walk llevado a cabo en el pasillo (SWPI-P) y en la cinta caminadora (SWPC) entre individuos sanos, para evaluar las respuestas fisiológicas durante las sesiones de entrenamiento aeróbico con velocidades estimadas en ambas pruebas. Estudio transversal con 55 individuos sanos. A los participantes se les eligieron al azar para realizar las pruebas con intervalo de 24 horas. Se llevaron a cabo sesiones de entrenamiento en la cinta caminadora con el 75 % de la velocidad obtenida en SWPI-P y en SWPC. Se incluyen entre las evaluaciones la distancia de la caminata, el consumo de oxígeno (VO2), la producción de dióxido de carbono (VCO2), la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) y la ventilación (VE). Hubo una diferencia significativa entre las distancias recorridas (SWPC: 823,9 ± 165,2 m y SWPI-P: 685,4 ± 141,4 m), pero similares a las respuestas fisiológicas del VO2 (28,6 ± 6,6 vs. 29,0 ± 7,3 ml-1.kg-1. min-1), VCO2 (1,9 ± 0,7 vs. ± 1,9 0,5 1), HR (158,3 ± 17,8 vs. 158,6 ± 17,7 bpm) y VE (41,5 ± 10,4 vs. 43,7 ± 12,9 1). Las velocidades estimadas fueron diferentes en las sesiones de entrenamiento (5,5 ± 0,5 km/h y 4,9 ± 0,3 km/h), así como VO2, VCO2, VE y FC. Se concluyó que, en los adultos jóvenes sanos, la SWPI llevada a cabo en el pasillo y en la cinta caminadora no pueden ser intercambiables. Dado que la SWPC determinó una menor velocidad, la intensidad de entrenamiento de esta prueba puede subestimar las respuestas de un paciente en el entrenamiento aeróbico.

Determinants of Peripheral Muscle Strength and Activity in Daily Life in People With Bronchiectasis.

Background: Bronchiectasis is characterized by a progressive structural lung damage, recurrent infections and chronic inflammation which compromise the exertion tolerance, and may have an impact on skeletal muscle function and physical function. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare peripheral muscle strength, exercise capacity, and physical activity in daily life between participants with bronchiectasis and controls and to investigate the determinants of the peripheral muscle strength and physical activity in daily life in bronchiectasis. Design: This study used a cross-sectional design. Methods: The participants' quadriceps femoris and biceps brachii muscle strength was measured. They performed the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and the number of steps/day was measured by a pedometer. Results: Participants had reduced quadriceps femoris muscle strength (mean difference to control group = 7 kg, 95% CI = 3.8-10.1 kg), biceps brachii muscle strength (2.1 kg, 95% CI = 0.7-3.4 kg), ISWT (227 m, 95% CI = 174-281 m), peak VO2 (6.4 ml/Kg/min, 95% CI = 4.0-8.7 ml/Kg/min), and number of steps/day (3,332 steps/day, 95% CI = 1,758-4,890 steps/day). A lower quadriceps femoris strength is independently associated to an older age, female sex, lower body mass index (BMI), higher score on the modified Medical Research Council scale, and shorter distance on the ISWT (R2 = 0.449). Biceps brachii strength is independently associated with sex, BMI, and dyspnea (R2 = 0.447). The determinants of number of daily steps were dyspnea and distance walked in ISWT, explaining only 27.7% of its variance. Limitations: Number of steps per day was evaluated by a pedometer. Conclusions: People with bronchiectasis have reduced peripheral muscle strength, and reduced aerobic and functional capacities, and they also are less active in daily life. Modifiable variables such as BMI, dyspnea, and distance walked on the ISWT are associated with peripheral muscle strength and physical activity in daily life.

Does home-based pulmonary rehabilitation improve functional capacity, peripheral muscle strength and quality of life in patients with bronchiectasis compared to standard care?

BACKGROUND: Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation is a promising intervention that may help patients to overcome the barriers to undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. However, home-based pulmonary rehabilitation has not yet been investigated in patients with bronchiectasis. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with bronchiectasis. METHODS: An open-label, randomized controlled trial with 48 adult patients with bronchiectasis will be conducted. INTERVENTIONS: The program will consist of three sessions weekly over a period of 8 weeks. Aerobic exercise will consist of stepping on a platform for 20min (intensity: 60-80% of the maximum stepping rate in incremental step test). Resistance training will be carried out using an elastic band for the following muscles: quadriceps, hamstrings, deltoids, and biceps brachii (load: 70% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction). CONTROL: The patients will receive an educational manual and a recommendation to walk three times a week for 30min. All patients will receive a weekly phone call to answer questions and to guide the practice of physical activity. The home-based pulmonary rehabilitation group also will receive a home visit every 15 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: incremental shuttle walk test, quality of life, peripheral muscle strength, endurance shuttle walk test, incremental step test, dyspnea, and physical activity in daily life. The assessments will be undertaken at baseline, after the intervention, and 8 months after randomization. DISCUSSION: The findings of this study will determine the clinical benefits of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation and will contribute to future guidelines for patients with bronchiectasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02731482). https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/SelectProtocol?sid=S00060X6&selectaction=Edit&uid=U00028HR&ts=2&cx=1jbszg.

Fisioterapia no paciente com asma: intervenção baseada em evidências / Physiotherapy in asthma patients: evidence-based intervention

As intervenções fisioterapêuticas destacam-se como tratamento não farmacológico e são coadjuvantes no tratamento da asma. O tratamento fisioterapêutico só deve ser iniciado quando o indivíduo estiver com a medicação ajustada para sua condição e em acompanhamento médico regular. Como a asma é uma doença crônica com episódios recorrentes de sibilância, tosse e dispneia, ocorre aumento do trabalho respiratório e da percepção do esforço, podendo levar a alterações da mecânica respiratória, função muscular respiratória e do descondicionamento físico. Os objetivos da fisioterapia são: reduzir o desconforto respiratório e a dispneia, melhorar a mecânica respiratória, melhorar a força muscular respiratória nos casos de fraqueza desta musculatura, melhorar o condicionamento cardiorrespiratório, promover higiene brônquica, quando necessária, e melhorar a qualidade de vida. Estudos prévios investigaram os efeitos dos exercícios respiratórios, do treinamento muscular respiratório (TMR), da reabilitação pulmonar (RP) e das técnicas de higiene brônquica em pacientes asmáticos. Não há evidências de que os exercícios respiratórios melhorem a função pulmonar, embora reduzam os sintomas e a medicação de resgate e melhorem a qualidade de vida. O TMR diminui a dispneia, aumenta a força muscular inspiratória e melhora a capacidade de exercício. O treinamento físico, que é o principal componente da RP, leva à melhora dos sintomas respiratórios, da capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida. Por fim, não há evidências científicas que suportem a realização de técnicas manuais de higiene brônquica. No entanto, o oscilador oral de alta frequência pode ser uma estratégia para eliminar secreção de adultos e crianças na vigência de infecção pulmonar.

Respiratory physiotherapy stands out as a nonpharmacological approach and is an adjuvant intervention in the treatment of asthma. Physiotherapy should only be initiated when the medication is adjusted to the patient's condition and when the patient is under regular medical follow-up. Asthma is a chronic disease with recurrent episodes of wheezing, cough, and dyspnea, resulting in increased respiratory workload and perceived exertion and potentially leading to changes in respiratory mechanics, respiratory muscle function, and physical deconditioning. The objectives of respiratory physiotherapy are: to reduce respiratory distress and dyspnea, to improve respiratory mechanics and respiratory muscle strength (in cases of muscle weakness), to improve cardiopulmonary conditioning, to promote bronchial hygiene when necessary, and to improve quality of life. Previous studies have investigated the effects of breathing exercises, respiratory muscle training (RMT), pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), and bronchial hygiene techniques in patients with asthma. There is no evidence that breathing exercises can improve lung function, even though they reduce symptoms and the use of rescue medication and improve quality of life. RMT reduces dyspnea, increases inspiratory muscle strength, and improves exercise capacity. Physical training, the main component of PR, leads to improvement of respiratory symptoms, functional capacity, and quality of life. Finally, there is no scientific evidence supporting the use of manual bronchial hygiene techniques. Nevertheless, the use of oral high-frequency oscillators could be a strategy for mucus clearance in adults and children with pulmonary infection.

Efeitos da fisioterapia no desmame da ventilação mecânica / Effects of physiotherapy in the weaning from mechanical ventilation

INTRODUÇÃO: A Fisioterapia vem atuando com o objetivo de reduzir falhas no desmame da ventilação mecânica (VM) que podem repercutir em desfechos desfavoráveis para o paciente. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da fisioterapia no desmame da VM. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e controlado com pacientes adultos. A formação dos grupos estudados foi resultado de dois períodos ocorridos em uma UTI; em determinado período, a unidade contou com a presença de um profissional de Fisioterapia, em outro, não teve a presença desse profissional por razões administrativas. Registraram-se os resultados do desmame por meio de coleta diária de informações. Foram estudados 50 pacientes, 31 fizeram fisioterapia (grupo fisioterapia, GF) e 19 não fizeram (grupo controle, GC). O GF realizou dois atendimentos diários (quarenta minutos cada), composto das técnicas: compressão do tórax, hiperinsuflação manual, aspiração traqueal e de vias aéreas, movimentação e condução do desmame. O GC recebeu tratamento médico usual. RESULTADOS: Observou-se no GF e GC, respectivamente: sucesso no desmame - 71% (22) e 21% (4) (p = 0,001); tempo de VM - 152 ± 142 e 414 ± 344 horas (p = 0,04); tempo de desmame: 13 ± 48 e 140 ± 122 horas (p < 0,0001); tempo de internação na UTI - 338 ± 192 e 781 ± 621 horas (p = 0,007); tempo de internação hospitalar - 710 ± 628 e 1108 ± 720 horas (p = 0,058); mortalidade: 35% (11) e 47% (9) (p = 0,41). CONCLUSÃO: A fisioterapia esteve associada ao aumento do sucesso no desmame, à redução do tempo de desmame, tempo de VM e de internação na UTI. Não houve diferença no tempo de internação hospitalar e na mortalidade.

INTRODUCTION: Physiotherapy is acting with the aim of reducing failures in weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV), which may impact on unfavorable outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of physiotherapy in weaning from MV. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This transversal and controlled study included adult patients. During the duration of the study, for administrative reasons, the ICU has gone through a period without physiotherapy. Daily information was collected from medical records on the outcome of weaning from MV. We studied 50 patients, 31 aided by physiotherapy (physiotherapy group, PG) and 19 without physiotherapy (control group, CG). The PG underwent two sessions daily (forty minutes each). The techniques applied were: chest compression, manual hyperinflation, tracheal and upper airways suctioning, movement and conduct of monitoring and weaning. RESULTS: The results of weaning in PG and CG are respectively: successful weaning: 71% (22) and 21% (4) (p = 0.001), duration of MV: 152 ± 142 and 414 ± 344 hours (p = 0.04), duration of weaning: 13 ± 48 and 140 ± 122 hours (p < 0.0001), length of ICU: 338 ± 192 and 781 ± 621 hours (p = 0.007), length of hospital: 710 ± 628 and 1108 ±720 hours (p = 0.058), mortality 35% (11) and 47% (9) (p = 0.41). CONCLUSION: The physiotherapy in the ICU was associated with increase of the success rate, reducing weaning time, duration of MV, length of stay in ICU. There were no differences in length of hospital stay and mortality.

The use of step tests for the assessment of exercise capacity in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic lung disease.

Step tests are typically used to assess exercise capacity. Given the diversity of step tests, the aim of this review was to describe the protocols that have been used in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic lung disease. Step tests for use in healthy subjects have undergone a number of modifications over the years. In most step tests, the duration is variable (90 s-10 min), but the step height (23.0-50.8 cm) and stepping rate (22.5-35.0 steps/min) remain constant throughout the test. However, the use of a fixed step height and constant stepping rate might not provide adequate work intensity for subjects with different levels of fitness, the workload therefore being above or below individual capacity. Consequently, step test protocols have been modified by introducing changes in step heights and stepping rates during the test. Step tests have been used in patients with chronic lung diseases since the late 1970s. The protocols are quite varied, with adjustments in step height (15-30 cm), pacing (self-paced or externally paced), and test duration (90 s-10 min). However, the diversity of step test protocols and the variety of outcomes studied preclude the determination of the best protocol for use in individuals with chronic lung disease. Shorter protocols with a high stepping rate would seem to be more appropriate for assessing exercise-related oxygen desaturation in chronic lung disease. Symptom-limited testing would be more appropriate for evaluating exercise tolerance. There is a need for studies comparing different step test protocols, in terms of their reliability, validity, and ability to quantify responses to interventions, especially in individuals with lung disease.

O uso de testes do degrau para a avaliação da capacidade de exercício em pacientes com doenças pulmonares crônicas / The use of step tests for the assessment of exercise capacity in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic lung disease

Os testes do degrau são utilizados para avaliar a capacidade física. Devido à diversidade desses testes, o objetivo desta revisão foi descrever os protocolos utilizados em indivíduos saudáveis e naqueles com doença pulmonar crônica. Os testes do degrau utilizados em indivíduos saudáveis tiveram várias modificações ao longo dos anos. Na maioria dos testes, a duração é variável (90 s-10 min), mas a altura do degrau (23,0-50,8 cm) e o ritmo (22,5-35,0 degraus/min) permanecem constantes durante todo o teste. Entretanto, a utilização de uma altura fixa e de ritmo constante pode deixar de promover uma intensidade de trabalho adequada para indivíduos com diferentes níveis de aptidão física, e, portanto, a carga de trabalho pode estar acima ou abaixo da capacidade individual. Dessa forma, os protocolos foram modificados com a introdução de mudanças na altura do degrau e no ritmo durante o teste. Desde o final dos anos 70, os testes do degrau têm sido utilizados em pacientes com doenças pulmonares crônicas. Os protocolos são diversificados, com ajustes na altura do degrau (15-30 cm), ritmo (autocadenciado ou externamente cadenciado) e duração (90 s-10 min). Entretanto, a diversidade desses protocolos e a variedade de desfechos estudados impedem a determinação do melhor protocolo a ser utilizado em indivíduos com doenças pulmonares crônicas. Parece que os protocolos mais curtos com elevado ritmo seriam mais adequados para avaliar a dessaturação de oxigênio relacionada ao exercício na doença pulmonar crônica. Testes limitados por sintomas seriam mais apropriados para avaliar a tolerância ao exercício. São necessários estudos comparando diferentes protocolos de teste do degrau em relação a sua reprodutibilidade, validade e habilidade de quantificar respostas a intervenções, especialmente em indivíduos com doença pulmonar.

Step tests are typically used to assess exercise capacity. Given the diversity of step tests, the aim of this review was to describe the protocols that have been used in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic lung disease. Step tests for use in healthy subjects have undergone a number of modifications over the years. In most step tests, the duration is variable (90 s-10 min), but the step height (23.0-50.8 cm) and stepping rate (22.5-35.0 steps/min) remain constant throughout the test. However, the use of a fixed step height and constant stepping rate might not provide adequate work intensity for subjects with different levels of fitness, the workload therefore being above or below individual capacity. Consequently, step test protocols have been modified by introducing changes in step heights and stepping rates during the test. Step tests have been used in patients with chronic lung diseases since the late 1970s. The protocols are quite varied, with adjustments in step height (15-30 cm), pacing (self-paced or externally paced), and test duration (90 s-10 min). However, the diversity of step test protocols and the variety of outcomes studied preclude the determination of the best protocol for use in individuals with chronic lung disease. Shorter protocols with a high stepping rate would seem to be more appropriate for assessing exercise-related oxygen desaturation in chronic lung disease. Symptom-limited testing would be more appropriate for evaluating exercise tolerance. There is a need for studies comparing different step test protocols, in terms of their reliability, validity, and ability to quantify responses to interventions, especially in individuals with lung disease.