Tobacco use by sexual and gender minorities: findings from a Brazilian national survey.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims to identify the prevalence of use of tobacco products by sexual and gender minorities (SGM) in Brazil, the users' profile and associations between tobacco use and social and behavioural variables. METHODOLOGY: The study used data from a representative nationwide household survey of the Brazilian population aged 12-65 years-the first one to address the issue of sexual orientation/gender identity. The study sample consisted of 15 801 individuals. Social and behavioural characteristics and the use of tobacco products were compared according to sexual orientation/gender identity. A multivariate logistic model was constructed to assess the association between tobacco use and sexual orientation/gender identity, as well as models stratified by SGM and non-SGM. RESULTS: Prevalence of any tobacco product use was 44.7% among SGM and 17.0% among non-SGM. Water pipe use was ~8 times higher for SGM than for non-SGM (13.5% vs 1.6%). SGM tobacco users were younger and had more schooling than non-SGM tobacco users. After adjusting for social and behavioural variables, the multivariate model showed that SGM were 150% more likely to use tobacco products than non-SGM (adjusted OR 2.52; 95% CI 1.61 to 3.95). In the model for SGM, schooling, alcohol consumption, illicit drug consumption, violence and anxiety/depression were significantly associated with tobacco use. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of tobacco use among SGM was higher than among non-SGM, and the profile of tobacco users differed between them. It is urgent to monitor health issues in SGM in Brazil and to adopt tobacco control strategies for this group.

The first case of acute HIV and monkeypox coinfection in Latin America

ABSTRACT Monkeypox (MPX) transmission outside non-endemic countries has been reported since May 2022, rapidly evolving into a multi-country outbreak. A potential role of sexual contact in transmission dynamics, as well as a predominance of anogenitallesions, are remarkable features of current cases. Screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with suspected MPX infection. Herein we report the first case of a patient diagnosed with both MPX and acute HIV infection in Latin America. He had no major complications during his clinical course, and antiretroviral therapy was promptly initiated. Diagnosis of acute HIV requires a high level of suspicion and appropriate laboratory investigation. Health practitioners need to consider this diagnosis while evaluating patients with suspected MPX with a recent unprotected sexual contact.

Reduced physical functional performance before hospitalization predicts life support limitations and mortality in nonsurgical intensive care unit patients. / O desempenho físico funcional reduzido antes da hospitalização prediz limitações de suporte de vida e mortalidade em pacientes não cirúrgicos de unidade de terapia intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether scales of physical functional performance and the surprise question ("Would I be surprised if this patient died in 6 months?") predict life support limitations and mortality in critically ill nonsurgical patients. METHODS: We included 114 patients admitted from the Emergency Department to an intensive care unit in this prospective cohort. Physical functional performance was assessed by the Palliative Prognostic Score, Karnofsky Performance Status, and the Katz Activities of Daily Living scale. Two intensivists responded to the surprise question. RESULTS: The proposed physical functional performance scores were significantly lower in patients with life support limitations and those who died during the hospital stay. A negative response to the surprise question was more frequent in the same subset of patients. Adjusted univariable analysis showed an increased odds ratio for life support limitations and death regarding the activities of daily living scale (1.35 [1.01 - 1.78] and 1.34 [1.0 - 1.79], respectively) and a negative response for the surprise question (42.35 [11.62 - 154.43] and 47.79 [11.41 - 200.25], respectively); with a p < 0.05 for all results. CONCLUSION: All physical functional performance scales showed lower scores in nonsurvivors and patients with life support limitations. The activities of daily living score and the surprise question increased the odds of life support limitations and mortality in our cohort of nonsurgical intensive care unit patients admitted from the Emergency Department.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se as escalas de desempenho físico funcional e a pergunta surpresa ("Eu ficaria surpreso se esse paciente morresse em 6 meses?") predizem limitações de suporte de vida e mortalidade em pacientes críticos não cirúrgicos. METÓDOS: Participaram desta coorte prospectiva 114 pacientes admitidos do serviço de emergência em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. O desempenho físico funcional foi avaliado pelo Palliative Prognostic Score, pela Escala de Desempenho de Karnofsky e pela escala de Atividades de Vida Diária de Katz. Dois intensivistas responderam à pergunta surpresa. RESULTADOS: Os escores de desempenho físico funcional propostos foram significativamente menores em pacientes com limitações de suporte de vida e naqueles que vieram a óbito durante a hospitalização. A resposta negativa à pergunta surpresa foi mais frequente no mesmo subgrupo de pacientes. A análise univariada ajustada mostrou aumento da razão de chances para limitações de suporte de vida e morte em relação à escala de Atividades de Vida Diária (1,35 [1,01 - 1,78] e 1,34 [1,0 - 1,79], respectivamente) e uma resposta negativa para a pergunta surpresa (42,35 [11,62 - 154,43] e 47,79 [11,41 - 200,25], respectivamente), com p < 0,05 para todos os resultados. CONCLUSÃO: Todas as escalas de desempenho físico funcional apresentaram escores mais baixos em não sobreviventes e em pacientes com limitações de suporte de vida. A redução da capacidade funcional prévia à internação e a resposta negativa à pergunta surpresa aumentaram as chances de limitações de suporte de vida e mortalidade em nossa coorte de pacientes não cirúrgicos da unidade de terapia intensiva com entrada no serviço de emergência.

O desempenho físico funcional reduzido antes da hospitalização prediz limitações de suporte de vida e mortalidade em pacientes não cirúrgicos de unidade de terapia intensiva / Reduced physical functional performance before hospitalization predicts life support limitations and mortality in nonsurgical intensive care unit patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se as escalas de desempenho físico funcional e a pergunta surpresa ("Eu ficaria surpreso se esse paciente morresse em 6 meses?") predizem limitações de suporte de vida e mortalidade em pacientes críticos não cirúrgicos. Metódos: Participaram desta coorte prospectiva 114 pacientes admitidos do serviço de emergência em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. O desempenho físico funcional foi avaliado pelo Palliative Prognostic Score, pela Escala de Desempenho de Karnofsky e pela escala de Atividades de Vida Diária de Katz. Dois intensivistas responderam à pergunta surpresa. Resultados: Os escores de desempenho físico funcional propostos foram significativamente menores em pacientes com limitações de suporte de vida e naqueles que vieram a óbito durante a hospitalização. A resposta negativa à pergunta surpresa foi mais frequente no mesmo subgrupo de pacientes. A análise univariada ajustada mostrou aumento da razão de chances para limitações de suporte de vida e morte em relação à escala de Atividades de Vida Diária (1,35 [1,01 - 1,78] e 1,34 [1,0 - 1,79], respectivamente) e uma resposta negativa para a pergunta surpresa (42,35 [11,62 - 154,43] e 47,79 [11,41 - 200,25], respectivamente), com p < 0,05 para todos os resultados. Conclusão: Todas as escalas de desempenho físico funcional apresentaram escores mais baixos em não sobreviventes e em pacientes com limitações de suporte de vida. A redução da capacidade funcional prévia à internação e a resposta negativa à pergunta surpresa aumentaram as chances de limitações de suporte de vida e mortalidade em nossa coorte de pacientes não cirúrgicos da unidade de terapia intensiva com entrada no serviço de emergência.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess whether scales of physical functional performance and the surprise question ("Would I be surprised if this patient died in 6 months?") predict life support limitations and mortality in critically ill nonsurgical patients. Methods: We included 114 patients admitted from the Emergency Department to an intensive care unit in this prospective cohort. Physical functional performance was assessed by the Palliative Prognostic Score, Karnofsky Performance Status, and the Katz Activities of Daily Living scale. Two intensivists responded to the surprise question. Results: The proposed physical functional performance scores were significantly lower in patients with life support limitations and those who died during the hospital stay. A negative response to the surprise question was more frequent in the same subset of patients. Adjusted univariable analysis showed an increased odds ratio for life support limitations and death regarding the activities of daily living scale (1.35 [1.01 - 1.78] and 1.34 [1.0 - 1.79], respectively) and a negative response for the surprise question (42.35 [11.62 - 154.43] and 47.79 [11.41 - 200.25], respectively); with a p < 0.05 for all results. Conclusion: All physical functional performance scales showed lower scores in nonsurvivors and patients with life support limitations. The activities of daily living score and the surprise question increased the odds of life support limitations and mortality in our cohort of nonsurgical intensive care unit patients admitted from the Emergency Department.

Polysubstance use in a Brazilian national sample: Correlates of co-use of alcohol and prescription drugs.

Background: Responses to problem substance use have largely focused on illicit drugs, but reports on rising prescription drug misuse worldwide raise questions about their combined use with alcohol and potential consequences. The current study assessed prevalence of alcohol in conjunction with nonmedical opioid and benzodiazepine use across a nationally representative sample of adults in Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional data on prevalence were estimated from the 2015 Brazilian Household Survey on Substance Use. We estimated past month nonmedical use of benzodiazepines and alcohol and past month nonmedical use of opioids and alcohol among adults who reported any past-year alcohol use. Zero-inflated Poisson models assessed independent correlates of alcohol and nonmedical opioid use, and alcohol and nonmedical benzodiazepine use. Results: Among adults who reported past year alcohol use, 0.4% (N = 257,051) reported past month alcohol and non-medical benzodiazepine use, and 0.5% (N = 337,333) reported past month alcohol and non-medical opioid use. Factors independently associated with co-use of alcohol and benzodiazepines included having depression (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR):4.61 (95%CI 1.76-12.08)), anxiety (aPR:4.21 (95%CI 1.59-11.16)) and tobacco use (aPR: 5.48 (95%CI 2.26-13.27)). Factors associated with past-month alcohol and opioid use included having experienced physical or a threat of violence (aPR: 4.59 (95%CI 1.89-11.14)), and tobacco use (aPR:2.81(95%CI:1.29-6.12)). Conclusions: Co-use of prescription drugs with alcohol remains relatively rare among Brazilians, but findings point to a unique profile of persons at risk. Results of this study are important in light of changing dynamics and international markets of prescription drugs and the need for more research on use of these substances on a global scale.

Would the Brazilian population support the alcohol policies recommended by the World Health Organization?

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the support of the Brazilian population to the alcohol-policies proposed by the World Health Organization to decrease alcohol harm (specifically: to decrease alcohol availability and advertising, and to increase pricing). In addition, we evaluated the factors associated with being against those policies. METHODS Data from 16,273 Brazilians, aged 12-65 years, interviewed in the 3rd Brazilian Household Survey on Substance Use (BHSU-3) were analyzed. The BHSU-3 is a nationwide, probability survey conducted in 2015. Individuals were asked if they would be against, neutral, or in favor of seven alcohol policies grouped as: 1) Strengthen restrictions on alcohol availability; 2) Enforce bans or restrictions on alcohol advertising, sponsorship, and promotion; and 3) Raise prices on alcohol through excise taxes and pricing. Generalized linear models were fitted to evaluate factors associated with being against each one of those policies and against all of policies. RESULTS Overall, 28% of the Brazilians supported all the above mentioned policies, whereas 16% were against them. The highest rate of approval refers to restricting advertising (53%), the lowest refers to increasing prices (40%). Factors associated with being against all policies were: being male (AOR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.0-1.3), not having a religion (AOR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.1-1.8), being catholic (AOR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1-1.5), and alcohol dependence (AOR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.1-2.4). CONCLUSIONS The Brazilian government could count on the support of most of the population to restrict alcohol advertising. This information is essential to tackle the lobby of the alcohol industry and its clever marketing strategy.

Representações sociais: identificando fatores que influenciam as ações de médicos e enfermeiros da Atenção Primária à Saúde no rastreio do câncer de mama / Social representations: identifying factors that influence the actions of physicians and nurses on primary health care in breast cancer screening

O câncer é uma condição patológica e a neoplasia de mama é a mais comum. O objetivo do estudo é identificar as representações sociais que influenciam as ações de médicos e enfermeiros das Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Colatina/ES no rastreio do câncer de mama. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo e de abordagem qualitativa, realizado entre agosto a novembro de 2019, com médicos e enfermeiros das equipes básicas das Estratégias da Saúde da Família de Colatina, localizado na região noroeste do Espírito Santo. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário semiestruturado para levantamento das evocações mediante a pergunta norteadora. A análise lexical foi realizada pelo software IRaMuTeQ versão 0.7 Alpha 2 (2014) e posteriormente a elaboração de word cloud e análise de similitude das representações sociais. As evocações dos enfermeiros apontaram o vínculo mais próximo com as mulheres nas atividades de rastreio, já as evocações dos médicos elucidaram que o seu papel está mais atrelado às ações de diagnóstico e pareceres especializados. Diante dos pressupostos, as representações sociais do rastreio do câncer de mama entre médicos e enfermeiros foi "mamografia", sendo que ambos os profissionais assumem papéis importantes nas ações de detecção da neoplasia de mama.

Cancer is a pathological condition and breast cancer is the most common. The objective of the study is to identify the social representations that influence the actions of physicians and nurses from the Basic Health Units units in the city of Colatina/ES in breast cancer screening. This is an observational, descriptive and qualitative approach, conducted between August and November 2019 among physicians and nurses from the basic teams of the Family Health Strategies in Colatina, located in the northwest region of Espírito Santo. Data were collected through a semi- structured questionnaire to survey evocations through the guiding question. The lexical analysis was performed using the IRaMuTeQ software version 0.7 Alpha 2 (2014) and later the development of a word cloud and similarity analysis of social representations. Nurses' evocations pointed to the closest link with women in screening activities, while physicians' evocations elucidated that their role is more linked to diagnostic actions and specialized opinions. Given these assumptions, the social representations of breast cancer screening among physicians and nurses was "mammography", with both professionals playing important roles in breast cancer detection actions.

Substance use, self-rated health and HIV status in Brazil.

ABSTRACTWe compared the prevalence of of non-injecting drug use (NIDU) and Self-Rated Health (SRH) among individuals self-reporting as HIV-positive (PLWHA), HIV-negative and unknown at the III Brazilian Household Survey on Substance Use. Overall, 16,273 individuals, 12-65 years old, were interviewed in 2015. Prevalence and Standard Error (SE) were estimated considering the complex sample design and weight calibration. Chi-square tests with Rao-Scott adjustment were used to test independence between NIDU, SRH and HIV status. PLWHA presented higher frequencies of 12-month use for most substances than those reporting to be HIV-negative: alcohol use prevalence was 49.5% (SE 12.8) vs. 43.1% (SE 0.7), p = 0.34; tobacco 45.3% (SE 12.7) vs. 15.3% (SE 0.4), p < 0.01; amphetamines 1.7% (SE 1.7) vs. 0.3% (SE 0.1), p = 0.51; cannabis 10.5%(SE 6.7) vs. 2.5%(0.2), p = 0.06; powder cocaine 3.6% (SE 3.0) vs. 0.9% (SE 0.1), p = 0.45; crack-cocaine 5.3% (SE 3.2) vs. 0.3% (SE 0.1), p < 0.01; inhalants 3.6% (SE 3.0) vs. 0.2% (SE 0), p = 0.03; ketamine 1.7%(SE 1.7) vs. 0.1% (SE 0), p = 0.23; and opioids 1.7% (SE 1.7) vs. 1.4% (SE 0.2), p = 0.93. PLWHA also reported worse SRH. Our results and the scarcity of integrated substance use and HIV treatments call for innovative, cost-effective approaches to tackle these public health challenges.

Fábrica da nutrição neoliberal: elementos para uma discussão sobre as novas abordagens comportamentais / Neoliberal nutrition factory: elements to discuss new behavioral approaches

Resumo A aplicação de teorias do comportamento em diversas áreas tem despertado o interesse em investigar como essas teorias são incorporadas pelo campo da Alimentação e Nutrição, problematizando sua interdisciplinaridade. Este artigo busca contextualizar a Nutrição como ciência e seu desenvolvimento num contexto social em que o neoliberalismo opera como sistema de gestão da vida política, econômica e social. Visam-se reunir elementos teóricos relativos à noção de comportamento extraídos do campo da psicologia a fim de contribuir para o aprofundamento das reflexões acerca da emergência de técnicas baseadas em teorias do comportamento, tais como a Nutrição Comportamental, o Mindful Eating e o Comer Intuitivo, além de apresentar ponderações sobre os limites relacionados à aplicação dessas abordagens na formação e na prática dos profissionais de saúde.

Abstract The application of behavioral theories in several areas has aroused the interest in investigating how these theories are incorporated by the field of Food and Nutrition, problematizing its interdisciplinarity. This paper aims to contextualize Nutrition as a science and its development in a social context in which neoliberalism operates as a system for managing political, economic, and social life. The aim is to gather theoretical elements related to the notion of behavior extracted from the field of Psychology in order to contribute to the deepening of reflections on the emergence of techniques based on theories of behavior, such as Behavioral Nutrition, Mindful Eating and Intuitive Eating, in addition to presenting considerations on the limits related to the application of these approaches in the training and practice of health professionals.

Electronic cigarettes and narghile users in Brazil: Do they differ from cigarettes smokers?

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking prevalence is declining, however, other tobacco products have emerged recently, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and narghile (hookah/shisha/waterpipe). Narghile sales are not prohibited in Brazil, but e-cigarettes are. Accurate estimates of such products are key for proper monitoring and control. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of e-cigarettes and narghile use and to investigate whether sociodemographic characteristics of individuals who are using these products differ from those who are using manufactured cigarettes. METHODS: Using a nationally representative sample survey of Brazilians aged 12-65 years in 2015, we estimated the prevalence rates of each tobacco products within the last 12-months, stratified by macro-region, municipality size, sex-at-birth, sexual orientation, color/race, age-group, and monthly income. Multivariable logistic models were fitted to understand determinants of each tobacco product use, considering the complex sample design. RESULTS: E-cigarette, narghile, and cigarette prevalence rates were estimated at 0.43%, 1.65% and 15.35%, respectively, corresponding to around 0.6million e-cigarette users, 2.5 million narghile users and 23.5 million cigarette users. Non-heterosexual individuals were a most-at-risk group for both e-cigarette/narghile and cigarette use. Despite similarities, e-cigarette/narghile users were younger and had higher socioeconomic status than cigarette users. Additional analyses showed that recent cigarette use seems to be more associated with e-cigarette/narghile use among youth than among adults. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may provide valuable information about e-cigarette/narghile use in Brazil. Prevention strategies targeted to youth to both narghile and e-cigarettes use should be implemented together, which might be one strategy to prevent the emergency of a new generation of smokers in Brazil.

HIV, HCV, HBV, and syphilis among transgender women from Brazil: Assessing different methods to adjust infection rates of a hard-to-reach, sparse population.

Different sampling strategies, analytic alternatives, and estimators have been proposed to better assess the characteristics of different hard-to-reach populations and their respective infection rates (as well as their sociodemographic characteristics, associated harms, and needs) in the context of studies based on respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Despite several methodological advances and hundreds of empirical studies implemented worldwide, some inchoate findings and methodological challenges remain. The in-depth assessment of the local structure of networks and the performance of the available estimators are particularly relevant when the target populations are sparse and highly stigmatized. In such populations, bottlenecks as well as other sources of biases (for instance, due to homophily and/or too sparse or fragmented groups of individuals) may be frequent, affecting the estimates.In the present study, data were derived from a cross-sectional, multicity RDS study, carried out in 12 Brazilian cities with transgender women (TGW). Overall, infection rates for HIV and syphilis were very high, with some variation between different cities. Notwithstanding, findings are of great concern, considering the fact that female TGW are not only very hard-to-reach but also face deeply-entrenched prejudice and have been out of the reach of most therapeutic and preventive programs and projects.We cross-compared findings adjusted using 2 estimators (the classic estimator usually known as estimator II, originally proposed by Volz and Heckathorn) and a brand new strategy to adjust data generated by RDS, partially based on Bayesian statistics, called for the sake of this paper, the RDS-B estimator. Adjusted prevalence was cross-compared with estimates generated by non-weighted analyses, using what has been called by us a naïve estimator or rough estimates.

An entomoepidemiological investigation of Chagas disease in the state of Ceará, Northeast Region of Brazil / Investigação entomoepidemiológica da doença de Chagas no Estado do Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil / Investigación entomoepidemiológica de la enfermedad de Chagas en el estado de Ceará, noreste de Brasil

The seroprevalence of Chagas disease in humans and the presence of triatomines were investigated in a rural locality in the State of Ceará, Brazil, an historically endemic region. Approximately 80% of the surveyed residents agreed to undergo serological tests. Intradomestic and peridomestic environments were searched for triatomines in both the dry and rainy seasons. The prevalence rate of Chagas disease was 1.2% and the majority of individuals confirmed with the disease over 50 years of age. A total of 761 specimens of triatomines were captured, most of which were from colonies composed of nymphs and adult bugs, and the majority of specimens were obtained in the dry season. Triatoma brasiliensis was the predominant species. Analysis using light microscopy revealed that 28.6% of the insects were Trypanosoma cruzi positive. Results suggest that peridomestic man-made structures, such as animal shelters, improper storage of timber and uninhabited dwellings contribute to the high rate of triatomine infestation in the area.

A presença de triatomíneos e a soroprevalência da infecção chagásica humana foram investigadas em uma localidade rural do Estado do Ceará, Brasil, região endêmica histórica da doença de Chagas. Os triatomíneos foram pesquisados nos domicílios, nos períodos de seca e de chuva. A soroprevalência encontrada no período foi de 1,2%, maior entre pessoas com mais de 50 anos de idade, e sem diferença significativa em relação ao sexo. Foram capturados 761 espécimes de triatomíneos, em colônias compostas de ninfas e insetos adultos, com predominância de Triatoma brasiliensis, especialmente no período de seca. O exame do conteúdo intestinal dos insetos revelou que 28,6% eram Trypanosoma cruzi positivos. Os resultados sugerem que os abrigos de animais e armazenamento inadequado de materiais no peridomicílio, particularmente amontoados de madeiras, bem como moradias desabitadas, contribuem para o alto índice de infestação de triatomíneos na localidade.

Se investigó la presencia de insectos y seroprevalencia en la infección humana por Trypanosoma cruzi, en un área rural del estado de Ceará, Brasil, región endémica histórica de la enfermedad Chagas. Se informó sobre la presencia de insectos en los hogares durante los períodos de sequía y lluvia. La seroprevalencia en el período fue un 1,2%, mayor entre las personas de más de 50 años de edad, y no hubo diferencias significativas en relación al sexo. Se capturaron 761 ejemplares de insectos en colonias compuestas por ninfas y adultos de insectos, principalmente, Triatoma brasiliensis, especialmente durante la estación seca. El examen del contenido intestinal de los insectos reveló que un 28,6% eran T. cruzi positivo. Los resultados sugieren que los refugios de animales y el almacenamiento inadecuado de materiales fuera del hogar, especialmente pilas de madera y casas deshabitadas, contribuyen a la alta tasa de infestación de insectos en la localidad.

Caracterização das espécies do gênero Rhodnius Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) pelo método do Código de Barras de DNA / Characterization of the genus Rhodnius Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) by the method of DNA Barcode

A doença de Chagas é uma infecção causada pelo agente etiológico o Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitida ao ser humano através das fezes infectadas dos triatomíneos. O gênero Rhodnius, composto por 18 espécies, é um dos mais estudados, não só pela sua importância epidemiológica, como também pela difícil diferenciação de suas espécies. A correta identificação destas é necessária, pois o controle da doença esta baseado no combate ao vetor. O sequenciamento de DNA vem sendo amplamente utilizado para identificação, determinação das relações de parentesco e inferências filogenéticas de triatomíneos. O método do Código de Barras de DNA é um sistema de identificação taxonômica universal, rápido e de livre acesso, baseado na variação de uma parte da sequência do gene mitocondrial citocromo oxidase subunidade I (COI)O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a identidade taxonômica de espécimes do gênero Rhodnius, por meio da taxonomia clássica e da amplificação fragmento do COI, avaliando a utilidade deste marcador para discriminar as espécies. Através da análise do COI foi possível caracterizar 13 espécies de Rhodnius, porém não foi possível inferir a filogenia deste grupo utilizando este marcador. As análises das distâncias indicam a existência do barcoding-gap para a maioria das espécies. Portanto, este estudo demonstra que a proposta do Código de Barras de DNA para caracterizar espécies do gênero Rhodnius é útil, porém sugere-se a utilização integrada de procedimentos adicionais de sistemática e taxonomia.

Chagas disease is an infection caused by the etiological agent Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted to humans through the feces of infected triatomines. The genus Rhodnius, comprising 18 species, is one of the most studied, not only for its epidemiological importance, but also because of the difficult differentiation of these species. The correct identification is necessary, because the control of disease is based on vector combat. The DNA sequencing has been widely used for identification, determination of phylogenetic relationships and phylogenetic inferences of triatomines. The method of DNA Barcoding is a system of universal taxonomic identification, fast with free access, based on the variation of a part of the sequence of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). The objective of this study was to characterize the taxonomic identity of specimens of the genus Rhodnius, by classical taxonomy and amplification of COI fragment, evaluating its usefulness to discriminate species. By analysis of COI was possible to characterize 13 Rhodnius species, but it was not possible to infer the phylogeny of this group. The analysis of the distances indicates the existence of barcoding-gap for most species. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the proposed DNA Barcoding, to characterize the genus Rhodnius, is useful, but it is suggested to use additional procedures integrated systematic and taxonomy.

Fatores associados ao risco para doença de Chagas em área rural do Município de Russas - Ceará, Brasil: abordagem espacial / Factors associated with risk for Chagas disease in a rural municipality of Russian - Ceará, Brazil: a spatial approach

A doença de Chagas apresenta-se ainda como uma das mais importantes endemias das Américas. Estima-se que 16 a 18 milhões de pessoas estejam infectadas em todo o mundo, e que 50 mil morrerão a cada ano. O nordeste brasileiro é considerado a região mais importante para o controle da endemia no país por apresentar grande dispersão de espécies nativas de vetores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar fatores associados ao risco de infestação por triatomíneos e transmissão da doença de Chagas pautado no uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento, na localidade de Miguel Pereira, Município de Russas, Ceará. Foram investigados e caracterizados 220 domicílios durante a investigação entomológica e 812 pessoas foram entrevistadas. Foi realizada regressão logística multivariada para identificar variáveis relacionadas à presença de triatomíneos e os resultados utilizados para compor indicador de risco para infestação por estes insetos na localidade. No ano de 2007, foram encontrados dois amontoados de madeiras associados à infestação por triatomíneos, onde foram capturados 501 espécimes com 43,95 por cento de infecção natural por Trypanosoma cruzi. A prevalência da endemia no período estudado foi de 1,2 por cento, maior entre pessoas com mais de 50 anos e sem diferença significativa em relação ao sexo. No período de 2008 a 2009, foram capturados 761 triatomíneos, com 28,59 por cento de positividade para T. cruzi...

Chagas disease still presents itself as one of the most important endemic diseases in Americas. It is estimated that 16 to 18 million people are infected worldwide and that 50,000 will die every year. The Brazilian northeast is considered the most important region to control it in the country because it presents a high dispersion of native vector species. The aim of this research was to analyse factors associated with the risk of infestation by triatomines and transmission of Chagas disease guided by the use of geoprocessing techniques, at Miguel Pereira, city of Russas, Ceará. Two-hundred andtwenty domiciles were investigated and characterized during the entomologicinvestigation and eight-hundred and twelve people were interviewed. Multivariate logistic regression was made to identify variables related to the presence of triatomines and theresults utilized to compose an insect infestation risk indicator at the location. On the year 2007, two piles of wood associated with triatomine infestation were found, where 501 specimen were captured with 43.95% of natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Theprevalence of the disease during the period of the research was 1.2%, higher among people over 50 years, with no significative difference regarding gender. From 2008 to2009, 761 triatomines were captured, with 28.59% positivity by T. cruzi...

Análise da dinâmica do processo de reparo de alvéolos preenchidos com coágulo sanguineo e vidro bioativo (Perioglass®) em ratos não diabéticos, diabéticos controlados e não controlados: estudo histológico, histométrico e imunoistoquímico / Analysis of dynamics of alveolar healing process of dental sockets filled with blood clot and bioactive glass (Perioglass®) in non diabetics, controlled diabetics and non controlled diabetics rats: a histological, histometric and imunohistochemistry study

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a dinâmica da reparação de alvéolos preenchidos com coágulo sanguineo e com vidro bioativo (Perioglass®) em ratos não diabéticos, diabéticos controlados e não controlados através de técnica histológica, histométrica e imunoistoquímica. Para tanto foram utilizados 90 ratos Wistar, machos, com peso entre 230-310g que foram divididos em 3 grupos: Grupo I (grupo controle), Grupo II (grupo diabético não controlado) e Grupo III (grupo diabético controlado); os animais dos Grupos II e III foram induzidos a diabetes através da administração de Streptozotocina (STZ) dissolvida em tampão citrato a 0,01M via veia peniana na concentração de 35mg/Kg de peso do animal enquanto os animais do grupo I receberam apenas a administração de tampão citrato a 0,01M. Os animais do Grupo III receberam diariamente a partir do 4º dia da indução do diabetes a administração de insulina NPH via subcutânea. No 12º após administração do diabetogênico ou tampão citrato os animais foram induzidos a anestesia geral e tiveram o incisivo superior direito extraídos. Metade dos animais de cada grupo tiveram o alvéolo preenchido com coágulo sanguineo e a outra metade teve o alvéolo preenchido parcialmente com Perioglass®; todos os animais foram suturados com o fio de poliglactina 910. Os períodos experimentais foram aos 7, 14 e 28 dias pós-operatórios. Foram realizadas análise histológica qualitativa em lâminas coradas pela HE e análise histométrica em dois campos de tamanhos idênticos localizados na porção lingual do terço médio alveolar utilizando o Software Imagelab 2000 (Diracon 3) em lâminas coradas pelo Tricrômico de Masson; as médias percentuais de tecido ósseo neoformado foram submetidos ao teste estatístico de Análise de Variância e o pós teste de Holm Sidak para avaliar se houve diferenças entre os grupos experimentais avaliados (p<0,05); para as comparações entre o processo de reparo alveolar observado na presença do coágulo sanguíneo ou vidro...

The present study has the aim to evaluate the dynamics of the bone repair in dental sockets filled with blood clot and with bioactive glass (Perioglass®) in non diabetics, controlled diabetics and non controlled diabetics rats through a histological, histometric and immunohistochemistry approach. To perform this study, 90 Wistar rats, male, wheighing between 230-310g were divided in three groups: Group I (Control Group), Group II (Non controlled diabetic Group) and Group III (Controled Diabetic Group); the animals of Groups II and III were induced to diabetics disease through the administration of Streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in 0,01M citrate buffer in penis vein in concentration of 35mg/kg corporal weigh while the animals of Group I received the administration of 0,01M citrate buffer. The animals of Group III received daily, since the 4th day after the diabetics induction, the administration of NPH insuline in a subcutaneous way. In the 12th day after the administration of STZ or citrate buffer, the animals were induced to general anesthesia and had the upper right incisive extracted. Half of the animals of each group had the dental socket filled with blood clot and the other animals had the dental socket partially filled with Perioglass®. All of the animals were sutured with 910 poliglactine thread. The experimental periods were at 7, 14 and 28 pos extraction days. It was performed a qualitative histological analysis in slices stained with HE and the histometric analysis in two sites with same size localized in the lingual portion of the middle third of the dental socket was performed using the Imagelab 2000 Software (Diracon 3) in slices stained with Masson’ s Tricromic; the percentual mean values of neoformed bone tissue were submitted to the statistical test of Variance Analysis and the post test of Holm Sidak to evaluate if there were differences between the experimental groups evaluated (p<0,05); to the comparisons between the alveolar healing...

Análise da dinâmica do processo de reparo de alvéolos preenchidos com coágulo sanguineo e vidro bioativo (Perioglass®) em ratos não diabéticos, diabéticos controlados e não controlados: estudo histológico, histométrico e imunoistoquímico / Analysis of dynamics of alveolar healing process of dental sockets filled with blood clot and bioactive glass (Perioglass®) in non diabetics, controlled diabetics and non controlled diabetics rats. A histological, histometric and imunohistochemistry study

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a dinâmica da reparação de alvéolos preenchidos com coágulo sanguineo e com vidro bioativo (Perioglass®) em ratos não diabéticos, diabéticos controlados e não controlados através de técnica histológica, histométrica e imunoistoquímica. Para tanto foram utilizados 90 ratos Wistar, machos, com peso entre 230-310g que foram divididos em 3 grupos: Grupo I (grupo controle), Grupo II (grupo diabético não controlado) e Grupo III (grupo diabético controlado); os animais dos Grupos II e III foram induzidos a diabetes através da administração de Streptozotocina (STZ) dissolvida em tampão citrato a 0,01M via veia peniana na concentração de 35mg/Kg de peso do animal enquanto os animais do grupo I receberam apenas a administração de tampão citrato a 0,01M. Os animais do Grupo III receberam diariamente a partir do 4º dia da indução do diabetes a administração de insulina NPH via subcutânea. No 12º após administração do diabetogênico ou tampão citrato os animais foram induzidos a anestesia geral e tiveram o incisivo superior direito extraídos. Metade dos animais de cada grupo tiveram o alvéolo preenchido com coágulo sanguineo e a outra metade teve o alvéolo preenchido parcialmente com Perioglass®; todos os animais foram suturados com o fio de poliglactina 910. Os períodos experimentais foram aos 7, 14 e 28 dias pós-operatórios. Foram realizadas análise histológica qualitativa em lâminas coradas pela HE e análise histométrica em dois campos de tamanhos idênticos localizados na porção lingual do terço médio alveolar utilizando o Software Imagelab 2000 (Diracon 3) em lâminas coradas pelo Tricrômico de Masson; as médias percentuais de tecido ósseo neoformado foram submetidos ao teste estatístico de Análise de Variância e o pós teste de Holm Sidak para avaliar se houve diferenças entre os grupos experimentais avaliados (p<0,05); para as comparações entre o processo de reparo alveolar observado na presença do coágulo sanguíneo ou vidro...

The present study has the aim to evaluate the dynamics of the bone repair in dental sockets filled with blood clot and with bioactive glass (Perioglass®) in non diabetics, controlled diabetics and non controlled diabetics rats through a histological, histometric and immunohistochemistry approach. To perform this study, 90 Wistar rats, male, wheighing between 230-310g were divided in three groups: Group I (Control Group), Group II (Non controlled diabetic Group) and Group III (Controled Diabetic Group); the animals of Groups II and III were induced to diabetics disease through the administration of Streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in 0,01M citrate buffer in penis vein in concentration of 35mg/kg corporal weigh while the animals of Group I received the administration of 0,01M citrate buffer. The animals of Group III received daily, since the 4th day after the diabetics induction, the administration of NPH insuline in a subcutaneous way. In the 12th day after the administration of STZ or citrate buffer, the animals were induced to general anesthesia and had the upper right incisive extracted. Half of the animals of each group had the dental socket filled with blood clot and the other animals had the dental socket partially filled with Perioglass®. All of the animals were sutured with 910 poliglactine thread. The experimental periods were at 7, 14 and 28 pos extraction days. It was performed a qualitative histological analysis in slices stained with HE and the histometric analysis in two sites with same size localized in the lingual portion of the middle third of the dental socket was performed using the Imagelab 2000 Software (Diracon 3) in slices stained with Masson’ s Tricromic; the percentual mean values of neoformed bone tissue were submitted to the statistical test of Variance Analysis and the post test of Holm Sidak to evaluate if there were differences between the experimental groups evaluated (p<0,05); to the comparisons between the alveolar healing...