RESUMO
This article, the tenth in a series on the biological basis of child health, focuses on blood. Blood has a crucial role in the transport of substances such as respiratory gases, nutrients and antibodies, as well as in acid-base balance, fluid balance, blood clotting and the immune system. This article describes the composition, formation and function of blood, outlines normal blood count values and explains the effects of low blood cell counts in children. It also provides an overview of the blood disorders that are commonly seen in children, including anaemia, sickle cell disease, clotting disorders and blood cancers. It is essential for children's nurses to have knowledge and an understanding of blood, including its physiology and pathophysiology, to provide optimal care and support to children and young people and their families.
RESUMO
This article is the sixth in a series on the biological basis of child health. It provides an overview of the development of the skeletal system before and after birth, and outlines the potential congenital anomalies that may occur. The article explains the structure and function of the bones before describing the role of the joints, tendons and ligaments. It also outlines the presentation and management of some of the common orthopaedic conditions seen in infants and children, including fractures, osteogenesis imperfecta, scoliosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, developmental dysplasia of the hip and achondroplasia.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/fisiopatologia , Crescimento e Desenvolvimento/fisiologia , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/terapia , Osso e Ossos/cirurgia , Saúde da Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Fraturas Ósseas/fisiopatologia , Fraturas Ósseas/terapia , Luxação do Quadril/fisiopatologia , Luxação do Quadril/terapia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/fisiopatologia , Ortopedia/métodos , Osteogênese Imperfeita/fisiopatologia , Osteogênese Imperfeita/terapia , Escoliose/fisiopatologia , Escoliose/terapiaRESUMO
This article is the fifth in a series on the biological basis of child health. It describes the development of the respiratory system, which starts relatively late in the embryo and continues after birth until the age of seven to eight years. It explains what the developing anatomy of the respiratory system in infants and children means in terms of the conditions that may occur and the precautions required when assessing them. The article provides an overview of the elements of respiratory assessment in infants and children and describes some respiratory conditions seen in these patient groups. It also discusses some of the changes in the care of children with respiratory conditions, which has increasingly moved from hospital into the community and become nurse-led, multidisciplinary and holistic.
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Named after the French doctor who first described this rare neurological condition, Joubert syndrome is characterised by developmental delay, hypotonia, ataxia and oculomotor apraxia.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Múltiplas/terapia , Cerebelo/anormalidades , Anormalidades do Olho/diagnóstico , Anormalidades do Olho/terapia , Doenças Renais Císticas/diagnóstico , Doenças Renais Císticas/terapia , Retina/anormalidades , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Anormalidades do Olho/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças Renais Císticas/genéticaRESUMO
Fanconi anaemia is a rare inherited genetic condition that can lead to aplastic anaemia and bone marrow failure. People with the condition have a predisposition to some cancers. The condition is named after Swiss paediatrician Guido Fanconi.
Assuntos
Anemia de Fanconi/complicações , Anemia de Fanconi/fisiopatologia , Anemia de Fanconi/mortalidade , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/complicações , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/fisiopatologia , HumanosRESUMO
Achondroplasia, like all syndromes, is recognised by a collection of typical anomalies. It is a cause of short stature; the average adult height being about 4 feet.
Assuntos
Acondroplasia/enfermagem , Acondroplasia/diagnóstico por imagem , Acondroplasia/genética , Humanos , Idade Paterna , Autoimagem , Apoio Social , Ultrassonografia Pré-NatalRESUMO
This article considers the procedure known as male circumcision. This is practised throughout the world for a variety of reasons, including medically essential reasons, health promotion, health protection, cultural, religious and aesthetic. It has been estimated that approximately one-third of the male population has been circumcized. As with some other surgical interventions its use is controversial, and there are a number of ethical and moral issues that are of interest to the children's nurse. The anatomy and physiology of the prepuce is summarized and the practice of circumcision and some of the risks and proposed benefits of the procedure are considered. This article is intended to be culturally sensitive and it is hoped that it will inform others and provoke discussion. It may enable the children's nurse to raise awareness of the issues among the general population.