Calpains Orchestrate Secretion of Annexin-containing Microvesicles during Membrane Repair.

Microvesicles (MVs) are membrane-enclosed, plasma membrane-derived particles released by cells from all branches of life. MVs have utility as disease biomarkers and may participate in intercellular communication; however, physiological processes that induce their secretion are not known. Here, we isolate and characterize annexin-containing MVs and show that these vesicles are secreted in response to the calcium influx caused by membrane damage. The annexins in these vesicles are cleaved by calpains. After plasma membrane injury, cytoplasmic calcium-bound annexins are rapidly recruited to the plasma membrane and form a scab-like structure at the lesion. In a second phase, recruited annexins are cleaved by calpains-1/2, disabling membrane scabbing. Cleavage promotes annexin secretion within MVs. Our data supports a new model of plasma membrane repair, where calpains relax annexin-membrane aggregates in the lesion repair scab, allowing secretion of damaged membrane and annexins as MVs. We anticipate that cells experiencing plasma membrane damage, including muscle and metastatic cancer cells, secrete these MVs at elevated levels.

Impaired activity and membrane association of most calpain-5 mutants causal for neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy.

Neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (NIV) is a rare eye disease that ultimately leads to complete blindness and is caused by mutations in the gene encoding calpain-5 (CAPN5), with six pathogenic mutations identified. In transfected SH-SY5Y cells, five of the mutations resulted in decreased membrane association, diminished S-acylation, and reduced calcium-induced autoproteolysis of CAPN5. CAPN5 proteolysis of the autoimmune regulator AIRE was impacted by several NIV mutations. R243, L244, K250 and the adjacent V249 are on ß-strands in the protease core 2 domain. Conformational changes induced by Ca2+binding result in these ß-strands forming a ß-sheet and a hydrophobic pocket which docks W286 side chain away from the catalytic cleft, enabling calpain activation based on comparison with the Ca2+-bound CAPN1 protease core. The pathologic variants R243L, L244P, K250N, and R289W are predicted to disrupt the ß-strands, ß-sheet, and hydrophobic pocket, impairing calpain activation. The mechanism by which these variants impair membrane association is unclear. G376S impacts a conserved residue in the CBSW domain and is predicted to disrupt a loop containing acidic residues which may contribute to membrane binding. G267S did not impair membrane association and resulted in a slight but significant increase in autoproteolytic and proteolytic activity. However, G267S is also identified in individuals without NIV. Combined with the autosomal dominant pattern of NIV inheritance and evidence that CAPN5 may dimerize, the results are consistent with a dominant negative mechanism for the five pathogenic variants which resulted in impaired CAPN5 activity and membrane association and a gain-of-function for the G267S variant.

S-acylation regulates the membrane association and activity of Calpain-5.

Calpain-5 (CAPN5) is a member of the calpain family of calcium-activated neutral thiol proteases. CAPN5 is partly membrane associated, despite its lack of a transmembrane domain. Unlike classical calpains, CAPN5 contains a C-terminal C2 domain. C2 domains often have affinity to lipids, mediating membrane association. We recently reported that the C2 domain of CAPN5 was essential for its membrane association and the activation of its autolytic activity. However, despite the removal of the C2 domain by autolysis, the N-terminal fragment of CAPN5 remained membrane associated. S-acylation, also referred to as S-palmitoylation, is a reversible post-translational lipid modification of cysteine residues that promotes membrane association of soluble proteins. In the present study several S-acylated cysteine residues were identified in CAPN5 with the acyl-PEG exchange method. Data reported here demonstrate that CAPN5 is S-acylated on up to three cysteine residues including Cys-4 and Cys-512, and likely Cys-507. The D589N mutation in a potential calcium binding loop within the C2 domain interfered with the S-acylation of CAPN5, likely preventing initial membrane association. Mutating specific cysteine residues of CAPN5 interfered with both its membrane association and the activation of CAPN5 autolysis. Taken together, our results suggest that the S-acylation of CAPN5 is critical for its membrane localization which appears to favor its enzymatic activity.

The C2 domain of calpain 5 contributes to enzyme activation and membrane localization.

The enzymatic characteristics of the ubiquitous calpain 5 (CAPN5) remain undescribed despite its high expression in the central nervous system and links to eye development and disease. CAPN5 contains the typical protease core domains but lacks the C terminal penta-EF hand domain of classical calpains, and instead contains a putative C2 domain. This study used the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line stably transfected with CAPN5-3xFLAG variants to assess the potential roles of the CAPN5 C2 domain in Ca2+ regulated enzyme activity and intracellular localization. Calcium dependent autoproteolysis of CAPN5 was documented and characterized. Mutation of the catalytic Cys81 to Ala or addition of EGTA prevented autolysis. Eighty µM Ca2+ was sufficient to stimulate half-maximal CAPN5 autolysis in cellular lysates. CAPN5 autolysis was inhibited by tri-leucine peptidyl aldehydes, but less effectively by di-Leu aldehydes, consistent with a more open conformation of the protease core relative to classical calpains. In silico modeling revealed a type II topology C2 domain including loops with the potential to bind calcium. Mutation of the acidic amino acid residues predicted to participate in Ca2+ binding, particularly Asp531 and Asp589, resulted in a decrease of CAPN5 membrane association. These residues were also found to be invariant in several genomes. The autolytic fragment of CAPN5 was prevalent in membrane-enriched fractions, but not in cytosolic fractions, suggesting that membrane association facilitates the autoproteolytic activity of CAPN5. Together, these results demonstrate that CAPN5 undergoes Ca2+-activated autoproteolytic processing and suggest that CAPN5 association with membranes enhances CAPN5 autolysis.

Detecting the active conformation of calpain with calpastatin-based reagents.

The specific, calcium-dependent, high affinity interaction between calpain and its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin was exploited to selectively detect the calcium-bound, catalytically competent, conformation of calpain in vitro. Modification of calpastatin domain-1 (Val(114)-Ser(270)) or its N-terminal fragment (Val(114)-Pro(202)), at selected unique cysteine residues with maleimide-AlexaFluor546 did not compromise calpastatin function (inhibition of calpain) or its binding with calpain. Ca(2+)-dependent binding between catalytically dead calpain-2 (Cys(105)Ala) fused with eGFP and these fluorigenic calpastatin peptides generates fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET). The FRET signal documents proximity of calpain-2, C-terminally linked fluorophore to specific sites within calpastatin when the proteins form a complex. These results provide important insights into the calcium-dependent interaction between calpain and calpastatin and for holo-calpain-2 in solution experimentally validate some key features of their predicted interactions. These data also provide proof of concept that the calpastatin-based reagents may be useful to selectively detect the active conformation of calpain.