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1.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 2024 Apr 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38642586

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Article 11 of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) requires Parties to adopt and implement effective tobacco packaging and labeling policies to communicate health risks and reduce tobacco consumption. The goal of this study was to assess adoption of these policies in the WHO African Region (AFRO). METHODS: We reviewed tobacco packaging and labeling policies adopted in AFRO from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' Tobacco Control Laws database (w w w.tobaccocontrollaws.org). We assessed these policies based on WHO FCTC Article 11 and its Implementation Guidelines examining three sub-policy areas (health warning labels [HWLs], descriptive constituents and emissions information, and misleading packaging and labeling). We developed a scoring system to rank AFRO countries individually and by World Bank's income-level groups and documented the progress during 1985-2023. RESULTS: Forty (of 47) AFRO countries adopted national laws, of which a majority adopted large rotating pictorial HWLs and banned misleading descriptors; only Cote d'Ivoire and Mauritius adopted standardized packaging. The higher a country is in the World Bank's income-level group, the stronger their packaging and labeling policies are. This observation was not present in the sub-policy area of HWLs. Prior to approving the WHO FCTC Article 11 Implementation Guidelines, only 23 countries adopted text-only HWLs whereas 26 countries adopted pictorial HWLs after the approval. CONCLUSION: Several AFRO countries have adopted tobacco packaging and labeling policies that align with the WHO FCTC Article 11 Implementation Guidelines. More efforts could be directed toward the low-income group and disseminating standardized packaging throughout AFRO. IMPLICATIONS: In the WHO African Region (AFRO), the number of tobacco users is increasing, highlighting the need for tobacco packaging and labeling policies aligned with WHO FCTC Article 11 and its Implementation Guidelines as these are proven tobacco control strategies. This study provides a country-level and income-level group ranking of tobacco packaging and labeling policies and documents the evolution of health warning labels adopted in AFRO. It also identifies regional and income-level group successes and gaps in tobacco product packaging and labeling policies and provides recommendations to further align with WHO FCTC Article 11 and its Implementation Guidelines.

2.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38541280

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to document how Ethiopia adopted a WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)-based tobacco control law. METHODS: We analyzed publicly available documents, including news media articles, advocacy reports, and government documents. We triangulated these findings by interviewing nine key stakeholders. Data were analyzed to construct a historical and thematic narrative and analyzed through a retrospective policy analysis. RESULTS: Local and international health advocacy efforts helped introduce and support WHO FCTC-based legislation by (1) educating policymakers about the WHO FCTC, (2) providing legal assistance in drafting legislation, (3) generating local data to counter industry claims, and (4) producing media advocacy to expose industry activity. Health advocates worked closely with government officials to create a multi-sectoral tobacco committee to institutionalize efforts and insulate tobacco companies from the policymaking process. Japan Tobacco International bought majority shares of the government-owned tobacco company and attempted to participate in the process, using standard industry tactics to undermine legislative efforts. However, with health advocacy assistance, government officials were able to reject these attempts and adopt a WHO FCTC-based law in 2019 that included 100% smoke-free indoor places, a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, and large pictorial health warning labels, among other provisions. CONCLUSION: Sustained local health advocacy efforts supported by international technical and financial assistance can help establish WHO FCTC-based tobacco control laws. Applying a standardized multi-sectoral approach can establish coordinating mechanisms to further institutionalize the WHO FCTC as a legal tool to build support with other government sectors and insulate the tobacco industry from the policymaking process.


Assuntos
Indústria do Tabaco , Produtos do Tabaco , Etiópia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Controle do Tabagismo , Organização Mundial da Saúde
4.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37297620

RESUMO

Preemptive statutory language within tobacco minimum legal sales age (MLSA) laws has prohibited localities from enacting stricter laws than state statutes. With the recent uptake of state Tobacco 21 laws in the US, the current landscape of preempted MLSA laws is unknown. This study sought to update the status of preemption in MLSA laws enacted in US states between 2015-2022. A public health attorney reviewed state tobacco MLSA laws (n = 50) and state tobacco control codes, searching for language regarding preemption. When statutes were unclear, case law was reviewed by examining local ordinances that were invalidated by state court decisions. Overall, 40 states enacted Tobacco 21 laws, seven of which expanded or introduced preemption when they increased the MLSA; a total of 26 states (52%) included preemption. Six states (12%) retained 'savings clauses' included in the MLSA prior to Tobacco 21, and 18 states (36%) did not mention preemption. Based on the precedent set by state courts, eight of these 18 states may preempt localities from raising their MLSA. Historically, preemption has slowed the diffusion of best practices in tobacco control, and once implemented, the laws are difficult to repeal. The recent expansion of preemption could inhibit the evolution, development, and implementation of effective tobacco control policies.


Assuntos
Formulação de Políticas , Estados Unidos , Governo Estadual , Saúde Pública , Controle do Tabagismo
6.
Tob Control ; 32(4): 458-466, 2023 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34916305

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To document the regulatory environment of new tobacco and nicotine products (NTNPs), including electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTPs), in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). METHODS: Review of market research reports and databases, regulatory websites, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, relevant published literature and the 2021 WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. RESULTS: ENDS entered the LAC market in the 2010s and are now available in most LAC countries. A majority of LAC countries (n=18) have either banned the commercialisation of ENDS (n=7) or regulated ENDS as tobacco products (n=7), medicinal products (n=1) or consumer products (n=3). The remaining LAC countries (n=15) do not regulate ENDS. HTPs were first introduced in 2017 and have been officially launched in five countries (Colombia, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Mexico and Costa Rica). Few countries have banned HTP commercialisation (n=3) or regulated commercialisation and use (n=7), while the majority of countries have existing legislation that applies to HTPs (n=19). A few countries (n=4) have no tobacco control legislation and therefore do not regulate HTPs. CONCLUSION: NTNPs are emerging products in the LAC region. Governments should follow WHO guidance and the decisions of the Conference of Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and ban or regulate NTNPs as tobacco products; otherwise NTNPs could create a new generation of tobacco and nicotine users.


Assuntos
Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Produtos do Tabaco , Humanos , Nicotina , Nicotiana , América Latina/epidemiologia , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia
7.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 46: e196, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36519066

RESUMO

Objectives: To assess the adoption of tobacco packaging and labeling policies based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)'s Article 11 guidelines, in the WHO Region of the Americas (AMRO). Methods: We reviewed tobacco control laws in AMRO from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' Tobacco Control Laws database. We analyzed four sub-policy areas for smoked and smokeless tobacco products: 1) health warning labels (HWLs), 2) constituents and emissions (C&Es), 3) misleading tobacco packaging and labeling, and 4) standardized "plain" packaging. Results: Of 35 countries in AMRO, 31 have tobacco packaging and labeling laws. Twenty-six countries require pictorial HWLs, 24 require warnings printed on at least 50% of the front and back of the packs, and 24 rotate a single or multiple (from 2 to 16) warnings within a specified period (from 5 up to 24 months). Only 21 countries require descriptive messages on toxic C&Es information. Twenty-seven countries ban brand descriptors with references to implied harm reduction (e.g., "light"), 24 ban figures, colors, and other signs, but only 13 prohibit emission yields printed on the packs. Only Canada and Uruguay have adopted standardized tobacco packaging while Uruguay also requires a single presentation (one brand variant) per brand family. Conclusion: Many countries in AMRO have made good progress in adopting multiple, rotating, large pictorial HWLs and banning misleading brand descriptors. However, there needs to be greater attention on other tobacco packaging and labeling provisions with a focus on implementing standardized tobacco packaging.

8.
PLoS One ; 17(12): e0278888, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36508420

RESUMO

The South African government imposed one of the strictest lockdowns in the world as part of measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the country, including a ban on the sale of tobacco products. This study explored news media coverage of arguments and activities in relation to the South African lockdown tobacco sales ban. We collected media articles published between 26 March to 17 August 2020, which corresponded to the period of the sales ban. Data were sourced via google search and snowball identification of relevant articles. Thematic analysis of data was conducted with the aid of NVivo. We analysed a total of 305 articles relevant to the South African tobacco sales ban during the lockdown. Six major themes were identified in the data: challenges associated with implementing the ban, litigation, and threats of litigation to remove the ban, governance process and politicization of the ban, pro and anti-tobacco sales ban activities and arguments and reactions to the announcement lifting the ban. The initial reason for placing the ban was due to the non-classification of tobacco products as an essential item. Early findings of a link between tobacco smoking and COVID-19 disease severity led to an extension of the ban to protect South Africa's fragile health system. Pro-sales ban arguments included the importance of protecting the health system from collapse due to rising COVID-19 hospitalization, benefit of cessation, and the need for non-smokers to be protected from exposure to secondhand smoke. Anti-sales ban arguments included the adverse effect of nicotine withdrawal symptoms on smokers, loss of jobs and the expansion of the illicit cigarette markets. Litigation against the ban's legality was a strategy used by the tobacco industry to mobilize the public against the ban while promoting their business through the distribution of branded masks and door-to-door delivery which goes against current tobacco regulations. The media could serve as a veritable tool to promote public health if engaged in productive ways to communicate and promote public health regulations to the general population. Engagement with the media should be enhanced as part of health promotion strategies.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Indústria do Tabaco , Produtos do Tabaco , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Comércio , Nicotiana
9.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 46: e102, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36211239

RESUMO

Objective: To assess progress in and barriers to implementing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) in Uruguay, which has a complete ban, and Argentina, with a partial ban. Methods: Legislation on TAPS bans in Uruguay and Argentina was reviewed and relevant published literature, news stories, civil society reports and tobacco industry reports retrieved to analyze progress in implementing TAPS bans. Results: In Uruguay, the complete TAPS ban, which includes standardized tobacco packaging, maintains high compliance and severely limits exposure of TAPS, despite a few problems with corporate social responsibility, social media, and transnational advertising. In Argentina, the partial TAPS ban has more problems with compliance and exposure to TAPS. The most important barriers to implementing TAPS bans in both countries are the tobacco companies. In Uruguay, tobacco companies do not comply in a few areas but the complete ban greatly minimizes this. In Argentina, however, tobacco companies can more easily exploit gaps in the partial TAPS ban, such as advertising at the points of sale, promoting contests, and using influencers on social media. Conclusions: The partial TAPS ban in Argentina illustrates the problems with enforcement and the tobacco industry's ability to exploit loopholes and continue to market their products, especially to young people. A complete TAPS ban, including standardized tobacco packaging, as in Uruguay, is easier to implement and enforce and is effective in reducing exposure to tobacco advertising. Nevertheless, governments should prioritize implementing TAPS bans on social media, which remains a difficult sphere to monitor and allows tobacco companies to continue recruiting and targeting young people.

10.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 46: e145, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36211244

RESUMO

Countries in the Region of the Americas have been slow to adopt standardized packaging of tobacco products. The objectives of this analysis are to report on the progress made in adopting such packaging in countries in the Region, review known tobacco industry strategies for opposing these policies and discuss the resources available to academics, advocates and policy-makers who might be interested in advancing the use of standardized packaging in the Region. Of the 23 countries worldwide that have fully adopted standardized packaging laws, only 2 are in the Region (Canada and Uruguay). Six other countries (Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Panama) have tried to introduce standardized packaging through draft bills, all of which have been delayed or withdrawn. There are indications that the tobacco industry has used its playbook of arguments to oppose the policy in those countries, including allegations that standardized packaging breaches national laws and international treaties protecting intellectual property, alongside threats of litigation. It is possible that these threats and allegations may have had a greater effect in the Region because of the lengthy (6 years) and costly (legal fees of US$ 10 million) international investment arbitration brought by Philip Morris International against Uruguay's strong tobacco packaging laws. However, all of the industry's arguments have been debunked, and national courts and international legal forums have upheld standardized packaging as a lawful policy. Governments in the Region of the Americas should follow the examples of Canada and Uruguay and reject the industry's false arguments and litigation threats. This analysis discusses some of the financial and technical resources that can assist them.


Los países de la Región de las Américas han tardado en adoptar el empaquetado estandarizado de los productos de tabaco. Los objetivos de este análisis son informar sobre el progreso realizado en la adopción de dicho empaquetado en los países de la Región, revisar las estrategias conocidas de la industria tabacalera para oponerse a estas políticas y abordar los recursos disponibles para la comunidad académica, los defensores de la causa y los responsables de formular las políticas que podrían estar interesados en fomentar el uso del empaquetado estandarizado en la Región. De los 23 países de todo el mundo que han adoptado plenamente leyes sobre el empaquetado estandarizado, solo dos se encuentran en la Región (Canadá y Uruguay). Otros seis países (Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México y Panamá) han tratado de introducir empaquetados estandarizados mediante proyectos de ley, los cuales han enfrentado demoras o han sido retirados. En esos países hay indicios de que la industria tabacalera ha recurrido a una cartilla de argumentos para oponerse a esta política, como acusaciones de que los empaquetados estandarizados violan las leyes nacionales y los tratados internacionales que protegen la propiedad intelectual, además de amenazas de litigios. Es posible que estas amenazas y alegatos hayan tenido un mayor efecto en la Región debido al largo (6 años) y costoso (costos legales de US$ 10 millones) arbitraje internacional en el ámbito de las inversiones presentado por Philip Morris International contra las fuertes leyes de empaquetado de tabaco de Uruguay. Sin embargo, todos los argumentos de la industria han sido desacreditados, y los tribunales nacionales y los foros jurídicos internacionales han defendido el empaquetado estandarizado como una política legal. Los gobiernos de la Región de las Américas deben seguir los ejemplos de Canadá y Uruguay y rechazar los argumentos falsos y las amenazas de litigio de la industria. En este análisis se examinan algunos de los recursos financieros y técnicos que pueden ayudarlos.


Os países da Região das Américas têm sido lentos em adotar embalagens padronizadas para produtos de tabaco. Os objetivos desta análise são: informar acerca do progresso feito na adoção de tais embalagens nos países da região; revisar as estratégias conhecidas da indústria do tabaco para se opor a essas políticas; e discutir os recursos disponíveis para acadêmicos, defensores e formuladores de políticas que possam estar interessados em avançar no uso de embalagens padronizadas na região. Dos 23 países do mundo que adotaram leis obrigando o uso de embalagens totalmente padronizadas, apenas 2 estão na região (Canadá e Uruguai). Seis outros países (Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Equador, México e Panamá) tentaram introduzir embalagens padronizadas por meio de projetos de lei, os quais foram todos adiados ou retirados. Há indícios de que a indústria do tabaco usou seus argumentos habituais ­ incluindo alegações de que embalagens padronizadas violam leis nacionais e tratados internacionais de proteção à propriedade intelectual, além de ameaças de litígio ­ para se opor às políticas nesses países. É possível que essas ameaças e alegações tenham tido um efeito maior na região devido ao longo (6 anos) e dispendioso (US$ 10 milhões em honorários advocatícios) processo de arbitragem internacional iniciado pela Philip Morris International contra as fortes leis de embalagem de produtos de tabaco do Uruguai. Porém, todos os argumentos da indústria foram desmascarados e tanto os tribunais nacionais como fóruns jurídicos internacionais decidiram em favor da embalagem padronizada como política legal. Os governos da Região das Américas deveriam seguir os exemplos do Canadá e do Uruguai e rejeitar os argumentos falsos e as ameaças de litígio da indústria. Esta análise discute alguns recursos financeiros e técnicos que podem ajudá-los.

11.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 46: e155, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36245905

RESUMO

Philip Morris International has used the July 7, 2020 United States Food and Drug Administration's (US FDA) modified risk tobacco product order for IQOS®, which authorized certain reduced exposure marketing claims, as a corporate strategy to promote and normalize its heated tobacco products in Latin America. The modified risk tobacco product orders are based on the US's unique regulatory system that is not, and should not be, replicated anywhere else in the world. Philip Morris International's global public relations campaign largely ignored the FDA's rejection of reduced risk claims for IQOS and other key FDA findings that are important for policy-makers, regulators, and consumers - including tobacco users and Philip Morris International's customers - to understand the risks associated with the product. In Latin America in particular, Philip Morris International has used media outlets to promote this misleading information to the public. This company has also used the FDA ruling to lobby regulators in Latin America to relax regulations on IQOS in the region. As tobacco companies rapidly introduce new tobacco products in low- and middle-income countries, public health advocates and Parties to the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) should take measures to prevent the promotion of misleading statements about heated tobacco products, including IQOS. As Latin American countries are at different stages in their regulation of heated tobacco products, governments should adhere to their WHO FCTC obligations and the recommendations of the Conference of the Parties by entirely prohibiting the sale of heated tobacco products or strictly applying to heated tobacco products all the relevant tobacco demand-reduction policies based on the WHO FCTC (making sure to capture both heated cigarettes and heating devices).


Philip Morris International ha empleado el dictamen que la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos (FDA) de Estados Unidos emitió el 7 de julio del 2020 sobre IQOS como producto de tabaco de riesgo modificado ­que la autorizó a usar ciertas declaraciones relativas a una exposición reducida al comercializar el producto­ como estrategia corporativa para promover y normalizar sus productos de tabaco calentado en América Latina. Los dictámenes sobre productos de tabaco de riesgo modificado se fundamentan en el sistema regulatorio único de Estados Unidos, que no se replica ni debería ser replicado en ningún otro lugar del mundo. La campaña mundial de relaciones públicas de Philip Morris International omitió en gran medida que la FDA rechazó los argumentos de que IQOS implica un riesgo reducido y otros hallazgos clave de la FDA que son importantes para que los responsables de las políticas, los reguladores y los consumidores, incluidos los consumidores de tabaco y los clientes de Philip Morris International, comprendan los riesgos asociados con el producto. En América Latina en particular, Philip Morris International ha utilizado los medios de comunicación para difundir esta información engañosa. Esta compañía también ha utilizado el fallo de la FDA para presionar a los reguladores en América Latina con el objetivo de que flexibilicen las regulaciones sobre IQOS en la Región. A medida que las compañías tabacaleras introducen con celeridad nuevos productos de tabaco en países de ingresos bajos y medianos, los defensores de la salud pública y los Estados Parte del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (CMCT de la OMS) deben tomar medidas para evitar la difusión de declaraciones engañosas sobre los productos de tabaco calentado, como IQOS. Dado que los países latinoamericanos se encuentran en diferentes etapas en la regulación de los productos de tabaco calentado, los gobiernos deben cumplir con sus obligaciones estipuladas en el CMCT de la OMS y las recomendaciones de la Conferencia de las Partes mediante la prohibición total de la venta de productos de tabaco calentado o la aplicación estricta a los productos de tabaco calentado de todas las políticas pertinentes sobre la reducción de la demanda de tabaco basadas en el CMCT de la OMS (y asegurarse de abarcar tanto los cigarrillos calentados como los dispositivos de calentamiento).


A Philip Morris International utilizou a decisão de 7 de julho de 2020 da Administração de Alimentos e Fármacos dos Estados Unidos (United States Food and Drug Administration, FDA), que caracterizou o IQOS como produto de tabaco com risco modificado e que permitiu o uso de determinadas alegações de exposição reduzida no marketing do produto, como estratégia corporativa para promover e normalizar seus produtos de tabaco aquecido na América Latina. As decisões relativas aos produtos de tabaco com risco modificado se baseiam no singular sistema regulatório dos EUA, que não é e não deve ser reproduzido em nenhum outro lugar do mundo. A campanha global de relações públicas da Philip Morris International ignorou em grande parte a rejeição da FDA às afirmações de risco reduzido do IQOS e outros achados fundamentais da FDA, que são informações importantes para formuladores de políticas, órgãos regulamentadores e consumidores ­ incluindo usuários de tabaco e clientes da Philip Morris International ­ entenderem os riscos associados ao produto. A Philip Morris International tem usado a mídia para veicular essa informação enganosa ao público, principalmente na América Latina. A empresa também usou a decisão da FDA para pressionar órgãos regulamentadores na América Latina a flexibilizarem a regulamentação do IQOS na região. Conforme as empresas de tabaco introduzem rapidamente novos produtos em países de baixa e média renda, os ativistas de saúde pública e as Partes da Convenção-Quadro para Controle do Tabaco (CQCT) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) devem tomar providências para prevenir a promoção de alegações enganosas sobre produtos de tabaco aquecido, incluindo o IQOS. Como os países da América Latina estão em diferentes estágios da regulamentação de produtos de tabaco aquecido, os governos devem cumprir suas obrigações com a CQCT da OMS e seguir as recomendações da Conferência das Partes, proibindo totalmente a venda de produtos de tabaco aquecido ou aplicando rigorosamente aos produtos de tabaco aquecido todas as políticas relevantes de redução da demanda por tabaco, com base na CQCT da OMS (certificando-se de abranger tanto os cigarros aquecidos quanto os dispositivos de aquecimento).

12.
Int J Health Policy Manag ; 11(11): 2744-2747, 2022 12 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35942972

RESUMO

Lacy-Nichols and Williams' examination of the food industry illustrates how it altered its approach from mostly oppositional to regulation to one of appeasement and co-option. This reflection builds upon this by using a commercial determinants of health (CDoH) lens to understand, expose and counter industry co-option, appeasement and partnership strategies that impact public health. Lessons learned from tobacco reveal how tobacco companies maintained public credibility by recruiting scientists to produce industry biased data, co-opting public health groups, gaining access to policy elites and sitting on important government regulatory bodies. Potential counter solutions to food industry appeasement and co-option include (i) understanding corporate actions of health harming industries, (ii) applying mechanisms to minimize industry engagement, (iii) dissecting industry relationship building, and (iv) exposing the negative effects of public private partnerships (PPPs). Such counter-solutions might help to neutralise harmful industry practices, products and policies which currently threaten to undermine healthy food policies.


Assuntos
Organizações , Indústria do Tabaco , Humanos , Parcerias Público-Privadas , Indústria Alimentícia , Saúde Pública , Nicotiana
13.
Subst Use Misuse ; 57(8): 1207-1214, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35532143

RESUMO

Introduction: Many cannabis dispensaries market and sell their products online through websites designed to attract and maintain customers; often, these websites incorporate a variety of product claims and other marketing tactics. This study evaluated website content, product pricing and discounts on dispensary websites in California and Nevada, states that legalized recreational cannabis in 2016. Methods: We content coded product availability, marketing claims and discounts on cannabis dispensary websites in the San Francisco Bay Area (N = 34) and Reno (N = 15) from March to June 2020 using a web crawler to scrape pricing information for four product types. We conducted bivariate analyses comparing both locations. Results: Prices were significantly lower for flower, edibles, and concentrates in Reno compared to the Bay Area, but not cartridges. In both areas, a range of marketing claims were made regarding the health effects of certain products. The most common were that cannabis products treated pain, nausea/vomiting, spasms, anxiety, insomnia, and depression. Products were also said to promote creativity and euphoria. Other marketing claims related to potency, pleasure enhancement, and improved social interactions. Discounts targeted to senior citizens and veterans were found on over half of all websites. Conclusions: Dispensary websites in the Bay Area and Reno frequently make health-related claims which should not be allowed in absence of scientific evidence. Non-health related claims are similar to those used for selling e-cigarettes and other tobacco products. Monitoring cannabis dispensary websites provides insight into local sales tactics and may help identify subpopulations for research on behavioral impacts of cannabis marketing activities.


Assuntos
Cannabis , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Alucinógenos , Analgésicos , Custos e Análise de Custo , Humanos , Marketing
15.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 24(8): 1300-1304, 2022 07 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35137190

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: To document the adoption of a comprehensive tobacco control law in Bolivia, a low-income country in South America. AIMS AND METHODS: Analysis of the Bolivian case study by reviewing news sources, tobacco control legislation, industry websites, and advocacy reports. Application of the Policy Dystopia Model to analyze tobacco industry and health advocacy arguments and action-based strategies. RESULTS: For decades tobacco control progress in Bolivia remained relatively stagnant due to industry interference. In the 2000s and 2010s, Bolivia ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and implemented a couple of laws that began restricting smoking in public places and tobacco advertising. In 2015, tobacco control civil society emerged with the creation of Fundación InterAmericana del Corazón (FIC) Bolivia, which began coordinating efforts to counter industry interference. Between 2016 and 2020, FIC Bolivia with financial and technical support from international health groups proactively coordinated interministerial meetings, identified and met with key policymakers, and held public educational socialization events to introduce and support a FCTC-based tobacco control bill. Tobacco companies argued to policymakers and the media the bill would result in lost sales/jobs, increase illicit trade and help smugglers profit but only secured minimal changes. In February 2020, Bolivia passed Law 1280, which established 100% smoke-free environments, banned tobacco advertising (except at the point-of-sale), required 60% pictorial health warnings, among others. CONCLUSIONS: International financial and technical support combined with proactive advocacy strategies, including identifying and engaging key policymakers, coordinating interministerial meetings, and educating the public can help pass strong tobacco control laws, especially in low-income countries. IMPLICATIONS: Low- and middle-income countries struggle to adopt comprehensive tobacco control legislation due to weak state capacity, limited resources, and aggressive tobacco industry interference. This is one of a handful of studies to examine the adoption of a comprehensive tobacco control law in a low-income country, Bolivia. Proactive health advocacy strategies, including identifying and engaging key political allies, helping coordinate interministerial meetings, and aggressively educating and engaging the public can help pass strong tobacco control laws, especially in low-income countries.


Assuntos
Indústria do Tabaco , Produtos do Tabaco , Bolívia , Humanos , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Produtos do Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudência
16.
Glob Public Health ; 17(9): 1913-1923, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34852728

RESUMO

This study aimed to understand how the internal strategies of British American Tobacco (BAT) selling 'light' cigarettes to young people in Brazil may inform current global efforts to promote new tobacco and nicotine products. We reviewed industry documents in the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents (TTID) Library. In 1976, Philip Morris and BAT introduced 'low tar' or 'light' cigarettes in Brazil to maintain and attract new young smokers. At the time it was a novel tobacco product that implied lower health risks. While an initial push for 'light' cigarettes in Brazil did not materialise in the 1970s, BAT launched a new 'light' cigarette, Free, in 1984, with a marketing campaign consisting of symbols of personal freedom and choice to attract young people. In the mid-1990s, BAT used the success in Brazil to expand the lights segment throughout Latin America. BAT drove the lights segment through brand marketing and claims of a healthier alternative. As tobacco companies introduce and market new tobacco and nicotine products, mixing health and imagery messages, governments should recognise aggressive brand marketing messaging to attract new tobacco users and ensure that marketing regulations are enforced.


Assuntos
Indústria do Tabaco , Produtos do Tabaco , Adolescente , Brasil , Humanos , Marketing , Nicotina , Fumar , Nicotiana
17.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 46: e145, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1450205

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Countries in the Region of the Americas have been slow to adopt standardized packaging of tobacco products. The objectives of this analysis are to report on the progress made in adopting such packaging in countries in the Region, review known tobacco industry strategies for opposing these policies and discuss the resources available to academics, advocates and policy-makers who might be interested in advancing the use of standardized packaging in the Region. Of the 23 countries worldwide that have fully adopted standardized packaging laws, only 2 are in the Region (Canada and Uruguay). Six other countries (Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Panama) have tried to introduce standardized packaging through draft bills, all of which have been delayed or withdrawn. There are indications that the tobacco industry has used its playbook of arguments to oppose the policy in those countries, including allegations that standardized packaging breaches national laws and international treaties protecting intellectual property, alongside threats of litigation. It is possible that these threats and allegations may have had a greater effect in the Region because of the lengthy (6 years) and costly (legal fees of US$ 10 million) international investment arbitration brought by Philip Morris International against Uruguay's strong tobacco packaging laws. However, all of the industry's arguments have been debunked, and national courts and international legal forums have upheld standardized packaging as a lawful policy. Governments in the Region of the Americas should follow the examples of Canada and Uruguay and reject the industry's false arguments and litigation threats. This analysis discusses some of the financial and technical resources that can assist them.


RESUMEN Los países de la Región de las Américas han tardado en adoptar el empaquetado estandarizado de los productos de tabaco. Los objetivos de este análisis son informar sobre el progreso realizado en la adopción de dicho empaquetado en los países de la Región, revisar las estrategias conocidas de la industria tabacalera para oponerse a estas políticas y abordar los recursos disponibles para la comunidad académica, los defensores de la causa y los responsables de formular las políticas que podrían estar interesados en fomentar el uso del empaquetado estandarizado en la Región. De los 23 países de todo el mundo que han adoptado plenamente leyes sobre el empaquetado estandarizado, solo dos se encuentran en la Región (Canadá y Uruguay). Otros seis países (Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México y Panamá) han tratado de introducir empaquetados estandarizados mediante proyectos de ley, los cuales han enfrentado demoras o han sido retirados. En esos países hay indicios de que la industria tabacalera ha recurrido a una cartilla de argumentos para oponerse a esta política, como acusaciones de que los empaquetados estandarizados violan las leyes nacionales y los tratados internacionales que protegen la propiedad intelectual, además de amenazas de litigios. Es posible que estas amenazas y alegatos hayan tenido un mayor efecto en la Región debido al largo (6 años) y costoso (costos legales de US$ 10 millones) arbitraje internacional en el ámbito de las inversiones presentado por Philip Morris International contra las fuertes leyes de empaquetado de tabaco de Uruguay. Sin embargo, todos los argumentos de la industria han sido desacreditados, y los tribunales nacionales y los foros jurídicos internacionales han defendido el empaquetado estandarizado como una política legal. Los gobiernos de la Región de las Américas deben seguir los ejemplos de Canadá y Uruguay y rechazar los argumentos falsos y las amenazas de litigio de la industria. En este análisis se examinan algunos de los recursos financieros y técnicos que pueden ayudarlos.


RESUMO Os países da Região das Américas têm sido lentos em adotar embalagens padronizadas para produtos de tabaco. Os objetivos desta análise são: informar acerca do progresso feito na adoção de tais embalagens nos países da região; revisar as estratégias conhecidas da indústria do tabaco para se opor a essas políticas; e discutir os recursos disponíveis para acadêmicos, defensores e formuladores de políticas que possam estar interessados em avançar no uso de embalagens padronizadas na região. Dos 23 países do mundo que adotaram leis obrigando o uso de embalagens totalmente padronizadas, apenas 2 estão na região (Canadá e Uruguai). Seis outros países (Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Equador, México e Panamá) tentaram introduzir embalagens padronizadas por meio de projetos de lei, os quais foram todos adiados ou retirados. Há indícios de que a indústria do tabaco usou seus argumentos habituais - incluindo alegações de que embalagens padronizadas violam leis nacionais e tratados internacionais de proteção à propriedade intelectual, além de ameaças de litígio - para se opor às políticas nesses países. É possível que essas ameaças e alegações tenham tido um efeito maior na região devido ao longo (6 anos) e dispendioso (US$ 10 milhões em honorários advocatícios) processo de arbitragem internacional iniciado pela Philip Morris International contra as fortes leis de embalagem de produtos de tabaco do Uruguai. Porém, todos os argumentos da indústria foram desmascarados e tanto os tribunais nacionais como fóruns jurídicos internacionais decidiram em favor da embalagem padronizada como política legal. Os governos da Região das Américas deveriam seguir os exemplos do Canadá e do Uruguai e rejeitar os argumentos falsos e as ameaças de litígio da indústria. Esta análise discute alguns recursos financeiros e técnicos que podem ajudá-los.

18.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 46: e155, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1450208

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Philip Morris International has used the July 7, 2020 United States Food and Drug Administration's (US FDA) modified risk tobacco product order for IQOS®, which authorized certain reduced exposure marketing claims, as a corporate strategy to promote and normalize its heated tobacco products in Latin America. The modified risk tobacco product orders are based on the US's unique regulatory system that is not, and should not be, replicated anywhere else in the world. Philip Morris International's global public relations campaign largely ignored the FDA's rejection of reduced risk claims for IQOS and other key FDA findings that are important for policy-makers, regulators, and consumers - including tobacco users and Philip Morris International's customers - to understand the risks associated with the product. In Latin America in particular, Philip Morris International has used media outlets to promote this misleading information to the public. This company has also used the FDA ruling to lobby regulators in Latin America to relax regulations on IQOS in the region. As tobacco companies rapidly introduce new tobacco products in low- and middle-income countries, public health advocates and Parties to the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) should take measures to prevent the promotion of misleading statements about heated tobacco products, including IQOS. As Latin American countries are at different stages in their regulation of heated tobacco products, governments should adhere to their WHO FCTC obligations and the recommendations of the Conference of the Parties by entirely prohibiting the sale of heated tobacco products or strictly applying to heated tobacco products all the relevant tobacco demand-reduction policies based on the WHO FCTC (making sure to capture both heated cigarettes and heating devices).


RESUMEN Philip Morris International ha empleado el dictamen que la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos (FDA) de Estados Unidos emitió el 7 de julio del 2020 sobre IQOS como producto de tabaco de riesgo modificado —que la autorizó a usar ciertas declaraciones relativas a una exposición reducida al comercializar el producto— como estrategia corporativa para promover y normalizar sus productos de tabaco calentado en América Latina. Los dictámenes sobre productos de tabaco de riesgo modificado se fundamentan en el sistema regulatorio único de Estados Unidos, que no se replica ni debería ser replicado en ningún otro lugar del mundo. La campaña mundial de relaciones públicas de Philip Morris International omitió en gran medida que la FDA rechazó los argumentos de que IQOS implica un riesgo reducido y otros hallazgos clave de la FDA que son importantes para que los responsables de las políticas, los reguladores y los consumidores, incluidos los consumidores de tabaco y los clientes de Philip Morris International, comprendan los riesgos asociados con el producto. En América Latina en particular, Philip Morris International ha utilizado los medios de comunicación para difundir esta información engañosa. Esta compañía también ha utilizado el fallo de la FDA para presionar a los reguladores en América Latina con el objetivo de que flexibilicen las regulaciones sobre IQOS en la Región. A medida que las compañías tabacaleras introducen con celeridad nuevos productos de tabaco en países de ingresos bajos y medianos, los defensores de la salud pública y los Estados Parte del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (CMCT de la OMS) deben tomar medidas para evitar la difusión de declaraciones engañosas sobre los productos de tabaco calentado, como IQOS. Dado que los países latinoamericanos se encuentran en diferentes etapas en la regulación de los productos de tabaco calentado, los gobiernos deben cumplir con sus obligaciones estipuladas en el CMCT de la OMS y las recomendaciones de la Conferencia de las Partes mediante la prohibición total de la venta de productos de tabaco calentado o la aplicación estricta a los productos de tabaco calentado de todas las políticas pertinentes sobre la reducción de la demanda de tabaco basadas en el CMCT de la OMS (y asegurarse de abarcar tanto los cigarrillos calentados como los dispositivos de calentamiento).


RESUMO A Philip Morris International utilizou a decisão de 7 de julho de 2020 da Administração de Alimentos e Fármacos dos Estados Unidos (United States Food and Drug Administration, FDA), que caracterizou o IQOS como produto de tabaco com risco modificado e que permitiu o uso de determinadas alegações de exposição reduzida no marketing do produto, como estratégia corporativa para promover e normalizar seus produtos de tabaco aquecido na América Latina. As decisões relativas aos produtos de tabaco com risco modificado se baseiam no singular sistema regulatório dos EUA, que não é e não deve ser reproduzido em nenhum outro lugar do mundo. A campanha global de relações públicas da Philip Morris International ignorou em grande parte a rejeição da FDA às afirmações de risco reduzido do IQOS e outros achados fundamentais da FDA, que são informações importantes para formuladores de políticas, órgãos regulamentadores e consumidores - incluindo usuários de tabaco e clientes da Philip Morris International - entenderem os riscos associados ao produto. A Philip Morris International tem usado a mídia para veicular essa informação enganosa ao público, principalmente na América Latina. A empresa também usou a decisão da FDA para pressionar órgãos regulamentadores na América Latina a flexibilizarem a regulamentação do IQOS na região. Conforme as empresas de tabaco introduzem rapidamente novos produtos em países de baixa e média renda, os ativistas de saúde pública e as Partes da Convenção-Quadro para Controle do Tabaco (CQCT) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) devem tomar providências para prevenir a promoção de alegações enganosas sobre produtos de tabaco aquecido, incluindo o IQOS. Como os países da América Latina estão em diferentes estágios da regulamentação de produtos de tabaco aquecido, os governos devem cumprir suas obrigações com a CQCT da OMS e seguir as recomendações da Conferência das Partes, proibindo totalmente a venda de produtos de tabaco aquecido ou aplicando rigorosamente aos produtos de tabaco aquecido todas as políticas relevantes de redução da demanda por tabaco, com base na CQCT da OMS (certificando-se de abranger tanto os cigarros aquecidos quanto os dispositivos de aquecimento).

19.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 46: e196, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1450220

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the adoption of tobacco packaging and labeling policies based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)'s Article 11 guidelines, in the WHO Region of the Americas (AMRO). Methods. We reviewed tobacco control laws in AMRO from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' Tobacco Control Laws database. We analyzed four sub-policy areas for smoked and smokeless tobacco products: 1) health warning labels (HWLs), 2) constituents and emissions (C&Es), 3) misleading tobacco packaging and labeling, and 4) standardized "plain" packaging. Results. Of 35 countries in AMRO, 31 have tobacco packaging and labeling laws. Twenty-six countries require pictorial HWLs, 24 require warnings printed on at least 50% of the front and back of the packs, and 24 rotate a single or multiple (from 2 to 16) warnings within a specified period (from 5 up to 24 months). Only 21 countries require descriptive messages on toxic C&Es information. Twenty-seven countries ban brand descriptors with references to implied harm reduction (e.g., "light"), 24 ban figures, colors, and other signs, but only 13 prohibit emission yields printed on the packs. Only Canada and Uruguay have adopted standardized tobacco packaging while Uruguay also requires a single presentation (one brand variant) per brand family. Conclusion. Many countries in AMRO have made good progress in adopting multiple, rotating, large pictorial HWLs and banning misleading brand descriptors. However, there needs to be greater attention on other tobacco packaging and labeling provisions with a focus on implementing standardized tobacco packaging.


RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar la adopción de las políticas de empaquetado y etiquetado de los productos de tabaco basadas en las Directrices del Artículo 11 del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en la Región de las Américas de la OMS. Métodos. Se examinaron las leyes de control del tabaco en la Región de las Américas de la base de datos de legislación para el control del tabaco de la organización Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Se analizaron cuatro subáreas de políticas sobre los productos de tabaco para fumar y sin humo: 1) etiquetas de advertencia sanitaria; 2) componentes y emisiones; 3) empaquetado y etiquetado engañoso del tabaco, y 4) empaquetado "neutro" estandarizado. Resultados. De los 35 países de la Región, 31 disponen de leyes de empaquetado y etiquetado de los productos de tabaco. Veintiséis países requieren etiquetas de advertencia sanitaria con imágenes, 24 requieren advertencias impresas en al menos 50% de la parte frontal y posterior de los paquetes, y en 24 se rotan una o varias advertencias (entre 2 y 16) en un período específico (entre 5 y 24 meses). Solo 21 países requieren mensajes descriptivos sobre componentes y emisiones tóxicos. Veintisiete países prohíben los descriptores de marca con referencias a una supuesta reducción de daños (por ejemplo, "suaves"), 24 prohíben imágenes, colores y otros símbolos, aunque solo 13 prohíben que las cifras de emisiones figuren en los paquetes. Únicamente Canadá y Uruguay han adoptado un empaquetado estandarizado de los productos de tabaco, si bien en Uruguay también es obligatoria una presentación única (variante de marca) por familia de marca. Conclusión. Muchos países de la Región han logrado avances en la adopción de diferentes etiquetas rotativas de advertencia sanitaria con imágenes de gran tamaño y en la prohibición de descriptores de marca engañosos. Sin embargo, es necesario prestar mayor atención a otras disposiciones sobre el empaquetado y el etiquetado de los productos de tabaco destinadas a la aplicación de un empaquetado estandarizado de estos productos.


RESUMO Objetivos. Avaliar a adoção de políticas de embalagem e etiquetagem de produtos de tabaco com base nas diretrizes do Artigo 11 da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco (FCTC) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), na Região das Américas da OMS. Métodos. As leis de controle do tabaco na AMR foram examinadas com base no banco de dados das Leis de Controle do Tabaco da Campanha para Crianças Livres do Tabaco. Foram analisadas quatro subáreas de política para produtos de tabaco queimados/combustíveis e não geradores de fumaça: 1) advertências sanitárias, 2) componentes e emissões (C&E), 3) embalagem e etiquetagem enganosa de produtos de tabaco e 4) embalagem padronizada. Resultados. Dos 35 países da AMR, 31 têm leis sobre a embalagem e etiquetagem de produtos de tabaco. Vinte e seis países exigem imagens de advertência, 24 exigem advertências impressas que ocupem pelo menos 50% da frente (face anterior) e do verso (face posterior) das embalagens e 24 realizam rodízio de uma ou várias (de 2 a 16) advertências dentro de um período especificado (de 5 a 24 meses). Apenas 21 países exigem mensagens descritivas sobre C&E tóxicos. Vinte e sete países proíbem os descritores que levem a uma falsa impressão de redução de danos (por exemplo, "light") e 24 proíbem o uso de figuras, cores e outros indicadores, mas apenas 13 proíbem a impressão do teor de emissões nas embalagens. Somente o Canadá e o Uruguai adotaram embalagens padronizadas para produtos de tabaco, e o Uruguai também exige uma única apresentação (uma variante de marca) por família de produto. Conclusão. Muitos países na AMR têm avançado na adoção de advertências sanitárias pictóricas, múltiplas, grandes e com rotatividade, bem como na proibição de termos enganosos nas embalagens. Porém, é preciso dar mais atenção a outras disposições sobre a embalagem e a etiquetagem dos produtos de tabaco, com foco na implementação de embalagens padronizadas.

20.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 46: e102, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1450232

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess progress in and barriers to implementing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) in Uruguay, which has a complete ban, and Argentina, with a partial ban. Methods. Legislation on TAPS bans in Uruguay and Argentina was reviewed and relevant published literature, news stories, civil society reports and tobacco industry reports retrieved to analyze progress in implementing TAPS bans. Results. In Uruguay, the complete TAPS ban, which includes standardized tobacco packaging, maintains high compliance and severely limits exposure of TAPS, despite a few problems with corporate social responsibility, social media, and transnational advertising. In Argentina, the partial TAPS ban has more problems with compliance and exposure to TAPS. The most important barriers to implementing TAPS bans in both countries are the tobacco companies. In Uruguay, tobacco companies do not comply in a few areas but the complete ban greatly minimizes this. In Argentina, however, tobacco companies can more easily exploit gaps in the partial TAPS ban, such as advertising at the points of sale, promoting contests, and using influencers on social media. Conclusions. The partial TAPS ban in Argentina illustrates the problems with enforcement and the tobacco industry's ability to exploit loopholes and continue to market their products, especially to young people. A complete TAPS ban, including standardized tobacco packaging, as in Uruguay, is easier to implement and enforce and is effective in reducing exposure to tobacco advertising. Nevertheless, governments should prioritize implementing TAPS bans on social media, which remains a difficult sphere to monitor and allows tobacco companies to continue recruiting and targeting young people.


RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el progreso y los obstáculos en la aplicación de medidas para prohibir la publicidad, la promoción y el patrocinio de productos de tabaco en Uruguay (prohibición total) y Argentina (prohibición parcial). Métodos. Se revisó la legislación sobre la prohibición de la publicidad, la promoción y el patrocinio de productos de tabaco en Uruguay y Argentina y se reunió bibliografía, noticias, informes de la sociedad civil e informes de la industria tabacalera pertinentes que han sido publicados a fin de analizar los avances en la aplicación de estas medidas. Resultados. En Uruguay, se mantiene un alto grado de cumplimiento de la prohibición total de la publicidad, promoción y patrocinio de productos de tabaco, que incluye el empaquetado estandarizado del tabaco, lo que limita en gran medida la exposición de las personas a la publicidad, la promoción y el patrocinio del tabaco, a pesar de que la responsabilidad social corporativa, las redes sociales y la publicidad transnacional generan algunos problemas. En Argentina, las medidas de prohibición parcial tienen más problemas en cuanto al cumplimiento y la exposición. Los obstáculos más significativos para aplicar la prohibición en ambos países son las compañías tabacaleras: en Uruguay, estas compañías no cumplen con algunos aspectos de la regulación, pero la prohibición total minimiza en gran medida esta situación, mientras que en Argentina pueden explotar con mayor facilidad los vacíos en la prohibición parcial, como la publicidad en los puntos de venta, la promoción de concursos y el empleo de personas influyentes en las redes sociales. Conclusiones. La prohibición parcial de la publicidad, promoción y patrocinio de los productos de tabaco en Argentina ilustra los problemas con su aplicación, así como la capacidad de la industria tabacalera de aprovechar los vacíos legales y continuar comercializando sus productos, especialmente entre los jóvenes. Una prohibición completa de la publicidad, la promoción y el patrocinio del tabaco, incluido el empaquetado estandarizado del tabaco, como en Uruguay, es más fácil de aplicar y hacer cumplir, y es efectiva para reducir la exposición a la publicidad del tabaco. Sin embargo, los gobiernos deben priorizar la aplicación de medidas para prohibir la publicidad, promoción y patrocinio de productos de tabaco en las redes sociales, que todavía son un entorno difícil de regular y fiscalizar que permite que las compañías tabacaleras sigan dirigiéndose a los jóvenes y captando su atención.


RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar o progresso e as barreiras na implementação de proibições de publicidade, promoção e patrocínio do tabaco (PPPT) no Uruguai, país em que há proibição total, e na Argentina, com proibição parcial. Métodos. Procedeu-se ao exame da legislação sobre proibições de PPPT no Uruguai e na Argentina e à recuperação da literatura publicada, notícias, relatórios da sociedade civil e relatórios da indústria do tabaco pertinentes para analisar o progresso na implementação das proibições de PPPT. Resultados. No Uruguai, a proibição completa de PPPT, que inclui embalagens de tabaco padronizadas, mantém alto nível de cumprimento e limita drasticamente a exposição à PPPT, a pesar de alguns problemas com a responsabilidade social das empresas, as mídias sociais e a publicidade transnacional. Na Argentina, a proibição parcial de PPPT tem mais problemas com relação ao cumprimento e a exposição à PPPT. As barreiras mais importantes para a implementação de proibições de PPPT nos dois países são as empresas de tabaco. No Uruguai, há descumprimento em algumas áreas por parte dessas empresas, mas a proibição total minimiza muito isso. Na Argentina, porém, as empresas de tabaco conseguem explorar com mais facilidade as brechas na proibição parcial de PPPT, por exemplo, com a publicidade nos pontos de venda, a promoção de concursos e o uso de influenciadores nas mídias sociais. Conclusões. A proibição parcial de PPPT na Argentina ilustra os problemas relativos ao cumprimento, bem como a capacidade da indústria do tabaco de explorar brechas e continuar a comercializar seus produtos, principalmente para os jovens. A proibição completa de PPPT, incluindo a padronização das embalagens de tabaco, como no Uruguai, é mais fácil de ser implementada e cumprida e é efetiva na redução da exposição à publicidade do tabaco. Entretanto, os governos devem priorizar a implementação de proibições de PPPT nas mídias sociais, que ainda são uma esfera de difícil monitoramento e permitem que as empresas de tabaco continuem a recrutar e visar os jovens.

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