The Australian Trauma Registry.

INTRODUCTION: Injuries are a major cause of disability and lost productivity. The case for a national trauma registry has been recognized by the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care and at a policy level. BACKGROUND: The need was flagged in 1993 by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and the Australasian Trauma Society. In 2003, the Centre of National Research and Disability funded the Australian and New Zealand National Trauma Registry Consortium, which produced three consecutive annual reports. The bi-national trauma minimum dataset was also developed during this time. Operations were suspended thereafter. METHOD: In response to sustained lobbying the Australian Trauma Quality Improvement Program including the Australian Trauma Registry (ATR) commenced in 2012, with data collection from 26 major trauma centres. An inaugural report was released in late 2014. RESULT: The Federal Government provided funding in December 2016 enabling the work of the ATR to continue. Data are currently being collected for cases that meet inclusion criteria with dates of injury in the 2017-2018 financial year. Since implementation, the number of submitted records has been increased from fewer than 7000 per year to over 8000 as completeness has improved. Four reports have been released and are available to stakeholders. CONCLUSION: The commitment shown by the College, other organizations and individuals to the vision of a national trauma registry has been consistent since 1993. The ATR is now well placed to improve the care of injured people.

The National Alcohol Strategy 2018-2026 has to become a set of commitments.

Alcohol consumption is behind only smoking and obesity among leading contributors to the burden of disease in Australia. For the first time in over a decade, Australian governments are developing a National Alcohol Strategy, and plan to finalise it in 2018. The draft contains evidence-based recommendations but lacks a framework for accountability, and the Commonwealth Minister of Health recently suggested that the alcohol industry help devise the final version. We recommend that the Government rely on advice from health experts for health policy, pre-specify outcome indicators, commit to modest activities initially, to develop momentum; and commission independent evaluation after 3 years.

Carotid endarterectomy: What difference does a clinical protocol make?

BACKGROUND: The initial eight hours after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) are crucial to patient outcome as many potential complications can occur during this period. Hypotension is one of the most common issues observed after patients have returned to the surgical ward. Postoperative management of patients undergoing CEA varies between facilities, with reported direct intensive care unit or surgical high dependence unit admission. Patients that underwent a CEA procedure at the study hospital were monitored in the Recovery Unit for a minimum of four hours before being transferred to the surgical ward. Episodes of hypotension, on return to the surgical ward, were one of the main issues identified. This observation resulted in revision of the CEA management policy with collaboration from all specialties involved in the care of patients undergoing a CEA. The aim of this study was to compare whether there was any difference in short-term clinical outcomes between preupdate and postupdate of the carotid management policy in a tertiary referral hospital in New South Wales. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective review of health care records was undertaken for the following two time intervals: prepolicy change from July 2008 to June 2009; postpolicy change from June 2011 to May 2012. Hypotension was defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg. State SE 12.1 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: After assessing for potential confounding factors-such as postoperative heart rate, risk factors, gender, and age-patients from the postpolicy change group were less likely to receive vasoactive medications to manage blood pressure deviation (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12-0.91; P = 0.026), the odds of receiving vasoactive medications was 0.33 times lower than that of the pre-policy change group patients, and is 95% confident that the true association lies between 0.12 and 0.91 in the underlying population. Over 90% of intensive care unit admission was avoided in patients from the postpolicy change group with estimated cost saving of $807 Australian dollars per patient. CONCLUSIONS: The study hospital postoperative carotid surgery management policy has driven practice change with an extended Recovery Unit observation. This is a cost effective and safer management method. The Clinical Nurse Consultant was essential for clinical policy development, implementation, and evaluation.

Vertical or transverse incisions for access to the femoral artery: a randomized control study.

BACKGROUND: To look at wound complications with either a transverse or vertical groin incision in vascular surgery. METHODS: All patients undergoing vascular procedure requiring access to femoral vessels were randomized to either a vertical or transverse incision. Patients were followed up for 28 days after the procedure and examined for wound infection, wound breakdown, development of lymphatic leak and lymphatic collection. RESULTS: 88 patients (116 groins) were randomised to either incision. Of these, 55 groins had transverse incisions and the remaining had vertical incisions. There was no significant difference in the patient's age, sex, smoking, diabetes, operative times and use of prosthetic material. 29/61 (47.5%) of vertical incisions and 7/55 (12.7%) of transverse incisions had wound complications (p<0.001). There were 13(11%) wound infections in the 116 groins by day 28. There were 3 wound infections in the transverse group and 10 infections in the vertical group (p=0.062). There were 17 (27.9%) lymphatic leaks in the vertical incisions compared to 7(12.7%) in the transverse incisions (p=0.044). The majority of infections were diagnosed after patient discharge from hospital. CONCLUSION: Wound complications are higher with vertical incision. Many infections are diagnosed after patient discharge. We recommend transverse incisions for access to the femoral vessels in the groin.

Time for a change in injury and trauma care delivery: a trauma death review analysis.

Safety and error reduction in medical care is crucial to the future of medicine. This study evaluates trauma patients dying at a level 1 trauma centre to determine the adequacy of care. All trauma deaths at a level 1 trauma centre between 1996 and 2003 were reviewed by an eight-member multidisciplinary death review panel. Errors in care were classified according to their location, nature, impact, outcome and whether the deaths were avoidable or non-avoidable. Avoidable deaths were categorized as potentially, probably and definitely avoidable. Between 1996 and 2003, there were 17 157 trauma admissions, including 307 trauma deaths. The mean patient age was 47.7 years +/- 24.8 years, mean injury severity score 38.1 +/- 19.6. Of all deaths, 69 (22.5%) were deemed avoidable. Of the avoidable deaths, 61 (88%) were potentially avoidable, 7 (10%) probably avoidable and 1 (1.4%) definitely avoidable. Avoidable deaths were associated with patients with increased age, lower injury severity score, admissions to intensive care unit, longer hospital stay and treatment by a non-trauma surgeon (P < 0.05). Of the 307 trauma deaths, 271 (89.3%) patients experienced a total of 1063 errors, an overall error rate of 3.5 per patient. The error rate in the non-avoidable group was 2.9 per patient and 5.3 per patient in the avoidable group (P < 0.0001). Most errors occurred in the resuscitation area. Age, severity of injury, hospital length of stay and care by a non-trauma surgeon are factors associated with avoidable deaths. A new approach to trauma and injury care is required.

Operation Sumatra Assist: surgery for survivors of the tsunami disaster in Indonesia.

The tsunami of 26 December 2004 was one of the deadliest natural disasters recorded, with the Indonesian province of Aceh being the most devastated region. As part of the Australian Government's response to the disaster, the Australian Defence Force deployed personnel from the Sydney-based 1st Health Support Battalion to Banda Aceh, the capital of the province. This unit joined with medical personnel from the New Zealand Defence Force to form the ANZAC field hospital. The mission of this unit as part of Operation Sumatra Assist was to provide medical and surgical care to the people of Aceh during the critical stages of rebuilding of the tsunami-devastated region. Surgical teams of the ANZAC field hospital were some of the first to provide definitive surgical care to the critically injured survivors of the disaster. During the first 4 weeks of the deployment, 173 surgical procedures were carried out for 71 patients in this facility. Thirty patients underwent 119 procedures (69% of total) for injuries sustained in the tsunami. Most of these patients required debridements, dressing changes and wound management procedures for the management of severe soft tissue infections. Three amputations were carried out. The remaining 41 patients underwent 54 procedures (31%) for emergent surgical conditions unrelated to the disaster.

Australian Defence Force surgical support to peacekeeping operations in East Timor.

BACKGROUND: The Australian Defence Force (ADF) has provided surgical support to peacekeeping operations in East Timor since September 1999. The aim of the present paper is to document the wide range of surgical procedures performed by the ADF in East Timor from September 1999 to December 2002 on peacekeeping force personnel and the civilian population. METHODS: Records of all surgical procedures performed by the ADF in East Timor from their arrival in September 1999 to December 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Details of the type of procedures performed and anaesthetic administered, the age and sex of the patients and whether they were a member of peacekeeping forces or East Timorese civilian were recorded. RESULTS: There were 702 surgical procedures performed by the ADF in East Timor during this period, of which 401 (57%) were for peacekeeping force personnel and 301 (43%) were for East Timorese or other civilians. The most commonly performed procedures were for the management of non-battle wounds, accounting for 181 cases (26%). Battle-type wounds accounted for only 36 procedures (5%). Obstetric and gynaecology cases accounted for 30 procedures (4%). Fifty-six procedures (8%) were on children 12 years or younger. CONCLUSIONS: The wide range of surgical procedures performed by the ADF during peacekeeping operations in East Timor highlights the requirement for deployed surgeons to possess a broad range of clinical skills and has implications for their preparation and training. Battle-type wounds accounted for only a small proportion of procedures.

Implications for urgent transfusion of uncrossmatched blood in the emergency department: The prevalence of clinically significant red cell antibodies within different patient groups.

OBJECTIVE: To define the prevalence of alloantibodies as a factor of age and underlying clinical disease, with particular relevance to the prediction of the safety of uncrossmatched blood in different demographic groups. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all immunohaematological studies on blood samples submitted to the blood bank of a tertiary referral hospital between January 1998 and December 1999. RESULTS: A total of 27 968 antibody screens in 15 966 patients were analysed. When only clinically significant antibodies were considered, the total alloimmunization prevalence was 1.9% and the prevalence of antibodies capable of causing an immediate transfusion reaction was 0.6%. The prevalence of antibodies capable of causing an immediate transfusion reaction was 0.1% in the under 30 years of age group. Clinically significant antibodies were found in 5.1% in the haematology and oncology unit patients. The risk rises with age and female sex. CONCLUSION: We conclude that uncrossmatched blood is associated with low risk in patients < 30 years of age. The knowledge that patients have not been exposed to previous transfusion or pregnancy will reduce the risk even further.

Vascular injury in Australia.

Vascular injury poses a small but significant challenge in Australian trauma care. Opportunities such as better practice guidelines and minimum standards will allow surgeons to improve delivery of quality care to the next generation of vascular trauma victims. Training in the management of vascular trauma surgery with integration of vascular and general surgery in trauma care should optimize outcomes. The authors' vision is that all vascular and general surgery trainees would eventually undertake the Definitive Surgical Trauma Care Course and improve vascular trauma outcomes and reduce mortality.