The Association of Oleic Acid and Dexamethasone Acetate into Nanocapsules Enables a Reduction in the Effective Corticosteroid Dose in a UVB Radiation-Induced Sunburn Model in Mice.

Dexamethasone has a high anti-inflammatory efficacy in treating skin inflammation. However, its use is related to the rebound effect, rosacea, purple, and increased blood glucose levels. Nanotechnology approaches have emerged as strategies for drug delivery due to their advantages in improving therapeutic effects. To reduce dexamethasone-related adverse effects and improve the anti-inflammatory efficacy of treatments, we developed nanocarriers containing this corticosteroid and oleic acid. Nanocapsules and nanoemulsion presented dexamethasone content close to the theoretical value and controlled dexamethasone release in an in vitro assay. Gellan gum-based hydrogels were successfully prepared to employ the nanostructured systems. A permeation study employing porcine skin showed that hydrogels containing non-nanoencapsulated dexamethasone (0.025%) plus oleic acid (3%) or oleic acid (3%) plus dexamethasone (0.025%)-loaded nanocapsules provided a higher amount of dexamethasone in the epidermis compared to non-nanoencapsulated dexamethasone (0.5%). Hydrogels containing oleic acid plus dexamethasone-loaded nanocapsules effectively inhibited mice ear edema (with inhibitions of 89.26 ± 3.77% and 85.11 ± 2.88%, respectively) and inflammatory cell infiltration (with inhibitions of 49.58 ± 4.29% and 27.60 ± 11.70%, respectively). Importantly, the dexamethasone dose employed in hydrogels containing the nanocapsules that effectively inhibited ear edema and cell infiltration was 20-fold lower (0.025%) than that of non-nanoencapsulated dexamethasone (0.5%). Additionally, no adverse effects were observed in preliminary toxicity tests. Our study suggests that nanostructured hydrogel containing a reduced effective dose of dexamethasone could be a promising therapeutic alternative to treat inflammatory disorders with reduced or absent adverse effects. Additionally, testing our formulation in a clinical study on patients with skin inflammatory diseases would be very important to validate our study.

Xanthan-carrageenan film containing sesame seed oil: A nanocomposite pharmaceutical platform for trichomoniasis treatment.

Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection that poses significant complications for women. Challenges in treatment include adverse effects and resistance to standard antimicrobial agents. Given this context, a sesame seed oil nanoemulsion (SONE) was developed and showed anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity. To facilitate the local application of SONE, a polysaccharide film was developed using xanthan gum (XG) and κ-carrageenan gum (CG). A blend of XG and CG (at 2 %, ratio 1:3) plasticized with glycerol produced a more promising film (XCF) than using the gums individually. The film containing SONE (SONE-XCF) was successfully obtained by replacing the aqueous solvent with SONE via solvent evaporation technique. The hydrophilic SONE-XCF exhibited homogeneity and suitable mechanical properties for vaginal application. Furthermore, SONE-XCF demonstrated mucoadhesive properties and high absorption capacity for excessive vaginal fluids produced in vaginitis. It also had a disintegration time of over 8 h, indicating long retention at the intended site of action. Hemolysis and chorioallantoic membrane tests confirmed the safety of the film. Therefore, SONE-XCF is a biocompatible film with a natural composition and inherent activity against T. vaginalis, possessing exceptional characteristics that make it appropriate for vaginal application, offering an interesting alternative for trichomoniasis treatment.

Sociodemographic, socioeconomic and motivational profile of brazilian triathletes / Perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconómico y motivacional de los triatletas brasileños / Perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconômico e motivacional de triatletas brasileiros

ABSTRACT Introduction: Triathlon can be considered one of the most successful endurance sports worldwide due to the wide dissemination of information, expansion of the offer of competitions, and greater popularity. Objective: To analyze Brazilian triathletes' sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and motivational profiles. Methods: 411 triathletes participated in the study, 127 women [37.87 ± 9.34 years] and 284 men [36.02 ± 9.23 years]. Three questionnaires were sent electronically to assess sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and motivational data. In addition, descriptive analyses and statistical tests were performed to compare motivation between age, sex, and technical level groups. Results: It was found that there is a prevalence of male triathletes, amateurs, aged between 30-40 years, employed and economically favored. Amateur athletes have running as a base sport for Triathlon, and professionals start their sports career through swimming. Among the most practiced distances are the sprint Triathlon and half Ironman. Regarding motivation, women differ in the dimensions of group activity (p=0.020), emotion (p=0.002), and technical competence (p=0.007). Professional triathletes had higher scores in the dimensions of social recognition (p=0.001) and competition (p=0.001) and lower scores in the physical fitness dimension (p=0.005). Triathletes aged between 35 and 49 years had lower averages in the social recognition dimension (p=0.007), (p=0.012) and (p=0.004) and competition (p=0.028), (p=0.008) and (p=0.044) when compared to athletes aged 20 to 29 years. Conclusion: the profile of Brazilian triathletes is diverse, and differences in sex, age, and technical level impacted the motivation of the evaluated triathletes. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnosis test; Study of non-consecutive patients, with no uniformly applied "gold standard".

RESUMEN Introducción: El triatlón puede considerarse uno de los deportes de resistencia de mayor éxito a nivel mundial debido a la gran difusión de información, ampliación de la oferta de competiciones y mayor popularidad. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconómico y motivacional de los triatletas brasileños. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 411 triatletas, 127 mujeres [37,87 ± 9,34 años] y 284 hombres [36,02 ± 9,23 años]. Se enviaron electrónicamente tres cuestionarios para evaluar datos sociodemográficos, socioeconómicos y de motivación. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y pruebas estadísticas para comparar la motivación entre grupos de edad, sexo y nivel técnico. Resultados: Se encontró que existe un predominio de triatletas masculinos, amateurs, con edades entre 30-40 años, empleados y económicamente favorecidos. Los deportistas aficionados tienen la carrera como deporte base para el Triatlón y los profesionales inician su carrera deportiva a través de la natación. Entre las distancias más practicadas se encuentran el Triatlón sprint y el medio Ironman. Respecto a la motivación, las mujeres difieren en las dimensiones actividad grupal (p=0,020), emoción (p=0,002) y competencia técnica (p=0,007). Los triatletas profesionales obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en las dimensiones de reconocimiento social (p=0,001) y competición (p=0,001) y puntuaciones más bajas en la dimensión de condición física (p=0,005). Los triatletas con edades comprendidas entre 35 y 49 años tuvieron medias más bajas en la dimensión reconocimiento social (p=0,007), (p=0,012) y (p=0,004) y competición (p=0,028), (p=0,008) y (p=0,044) en comparación con atletas de 20 a 29 años. Conclusión: el perfil de los triatletas brasileños es diverso y las diferencias de sexo, edad y nivel técnico impactaron en la motivación de los triatletas evaluados. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un diagnóstico prueba; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos, sin un "patrón oro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMO Introdução: O Triathlon pode ser considerado um dos esportes endurance de maior sucesso mundialmente devido à grande disseminação de informações, ampliação da oferta de competições e maior popularidade. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconômico e motivacional de triatletas brasileiros. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 411 triatletas, sendo 127 mulheres [37,87 ± 9,34 anos] e 284 homens [36,02 ± 9,23 anos]. Foram enviados eletronicamente três questionários que avaliam dados sociodemográficos, socioeconômicos e a motivação. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e testes estatísticos para comparar a motivação entre grupos de idade, sexo e nível técnico. Resultados: Verificou-se que há prevalência de triatletas homens, amadores, com faixa etária entre 30-40 anos, empregados e economicamente favorecidos. Atletas amadores possuem a corrida como esporte de base para o Triathlon e profissionais iniciam sua carreira esportiva pela natação. Entre as distâncias mais praticadas estão o Triathlon sprint e meio Ironman. Sobre a motivação, mulheres diferem nas dimensões de atividade de grupo (p=0,020), emoção (p=0,002) e competência técnica (p=0,007). Triatletas profissionais apresentaram maiores pontuações nas dimensões de reconhecimento social (p=0,001) e competição (p=0,001) e menores pontuações na dimensão aptidão física (p=0,005). Triatletas com idades entre 35 a 49 anos obtiveram menores médias na dimensão reconhecimento social (p=0,007), (p=0,012) e (p=0,004) e competição (p=0,028), (p=0,008) e (p=0,044) quando comparados com atletas de 20 a 29 anos. Conclusão: o perfil de triatletas brasileiros é diverso e as diferenças de sexo, idade e nível técnico impactaram na motivação dos triatletas avaliados. Nível de Evidência III; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um diagnóstico este; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos, sem "padrão ouro" aplicado de maneira uniforme.

Atención a la paciente obstétrica en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 / Obstetric patient care in the context of COVID-19 pandemic

La infección causada por el SARS-CoV-2, tuvo una repercusión negativa en la evolución clínica de un número importante de gestantes y puérperas en todo el mundo. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo, exponer los principales resultados de la organización del proceso de atención a la paciente obstétrica en el contexto de la pandemia por la COVID-19. Está basado en la organización y elementos fundamentales seguidos con las pacientes que ingresaron, por afecciones relacionadas con el aborto, embarazo o puerperio, con sospecha de COVID-19 o con RT-PCR para SARS-CoV-2 positivo, en el año 2020, y las positivas al SARS-CoV-2 en 2021, de las provincias La Habana, Mayabeque y Artemisa, que fueron atendidas en el Hospital Militar Central Dr. Luis Díaz Soto. Se tuvo en cuenta el total de casos ingresados, pacientes confirmadas, ingresos en unidad de cuidados intensivos obstétricos, en servicio de vigilancia intensiva obstétrica, y la evolución clínica Con la organización de la atención médica a las pacientes obstétricas con la COVID-19, se logró el cumplimiento de los protocolos establecidos y la integración multidisciplinaria en el seguimiento de los casos, lo cual contribuyó a la evolución favorable de la mayoría de las pacientes(AU)

The infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 had a negative impact on the clinical evolution of a significant number of pregnant and puerperal women worldwide. The aim of this work is to present the main results of the organization of the obstetric patient care process in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is based on the organization and fundamental elements followed with the patients who were admitted, for conditions related to abortion, pregnancy or puerperium, with suspicion of COVID-19 or with positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, in the year 2020, and those positive to SARS-CoV-2 in 2021, from Havana, Mayabeque and Artemisa provinces, who were attended at the Central Military Hospital Dr. Luis Díaz Soto. The total number of cases admitted, confirmed patients, admissions to the obstetric intensive care unit, obstetric intensive surveillance service, and clinical evolution were taken into account. With the organization of medical care for obstetric patients with COVID-19, compliance with established protocols and multidisciplinary integration in the follow-up of cases was achieved, which contributed to the favorable evolution of most patients(AU)

A tumor-associated heparan sulfate-related glycosaminoglycan promotes the generation of functional regulatory T cells.

Functional Tregs play a key role in tumor development and progression, representing a major barrier to anticancer immunity. The mechanisms by which Tregs are generated in cancer and the influence of the tumor microenvironment on these processes remain incompletely understood. Herein, by using NMR, chemoenzymatic structural assays and a plethora of in vitro and in vivo functional analyses, we demonstrate that the tumoral carbohydrate A10 (Ca10), a cell-surface carbohydrate derived from Ehrlich's tumor (ET) cells, is a heparan sulfate-related proteoglycan that enhances glycolysis and promotes the development of tolerogenic features in human DCs. Ca10-stimulated human DCs generate highly suppressive Tregs by mechanisms partially dependent on metabolic reprogramming, PD-L1, IL-10, and IDO. Ca10 also reprograms the differentiation of human monocytes into DCs with tolerogenic features. In solid ET-bearing mice, we found positive correlations between Ca10 serum levels, tumor size and splenic Treg numbers. Administration of isolated Ca10 also increases the proportion of splenic Tregs in tumor-free mice. Remarkably, we provide evidence supporting the presence of a circulating human Ca10 counterpart (Ca10H) and show, for the first time, that serum levels of Ca10H are increased in patients suffering from different cancer types compared to healthy individuals. Of note, these levels are higher in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases than in prostate cancer patients without metastases. Collectively, we reveal novel molecular mechanisms by which heparan sulfate-related structures associated with tumor cells promote the generation of functional Tregs in cancer. The discovery of this novel structural-functional relationship may open new avenues of research with important clinical implications in cancer treatment.

Karaya/Gellan-Gum-Based Bilayer Films Containing 3,3'-Diindolylmethane-Loaded Nanocapsules: A Promising Alternative to Melanoma Topical Treatment.

This study aimed to incorporate nanocapsules containing 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) with antitumor activity into a bilayer film of karaya and gellan gums for use in topical melanoma therapy. Nanocarriers and films were prepared by interfacial deposition of the preformed polymer and solvent casting methods, respectively. Incorporating DIM into nanocapsules increased its antitumor potential against human melanoma cells (A-375) (IC50 > 24.00 µg/mL free DIM × 2.89 µg/mL nanocapsules). The films were transparent, hydrophilic (θ < 90°), had homogeneous thickness and weight, and had a DIM content of 106 µg/cm2. Radical ABTS+ scavenger assay showed that the DIM films presented promising antioxidant action. Remarkably, the films showed selective bioadhesive potential on the karaya gum side. Considering the mechanical analyses, the nanotechnology-based films presented appropriate behavior for cutaneous application and controlled DIM release profile, which could increase the residence time on the application site. Furthermore, the nanofilms were found to increase the permeation of DIM into the epidermis, where melanoma develops. Lastly, the films were non-hemolytic (hemolysis test) and non-irritant (HET-CAM assay). In summary, the combination of karaya and gellan gum in bilayer films that contain nanoencapsulated DIM has demonstrated potential in the topical treatment of melanoma and could serve as a viable option for administering DIM for cutaneous melanoma therapy.

Ética y derechos humanos en el servicio hospitalario por COVID-19 / Ethics and human rights in the hospital service by COVID-19

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las experiencias de los organismos internacionales y el Gobierno de México en el establecimiento de recomendaciones para proteger los derechos humanos de los usuarios, de los servicios hospitalarios a causa de la COVID-19, tomando en cuenta la ética médica. Materiales y métodos: La presente investigación se centró en un enfoque cualitativo, donde se analizaron las experiencias, perspectivas y enfoques en materia de ética y derechos humanos durante la pandemia COVID-19. Con ello, se estudiaron libros, artículos científicos, informes y documentos oficiales de los organismos y dependencias involucradas. Resultados: En la pandemia por el coronavirus, los sistemas de salud se vieron obligados a buscar apoyo de la sociedad civil para contrarrestar sus efectos negativos en la economía y la protección de los derechos humanos. No obstante, hoy en día, la tarea del sector salud continua, ya que se siguen suscitando casos de COVID-19, además, existen pacientes que aún tienen secuelas y que deben ser atendidos sin exclusión. De modo que se continue privilegiando la accesibilidad oportuna, aceptable y asequible a los servicios de salud con la calidad suficiente. Conclusiones: La pandemia COVID-19 modificó el goce de los derechos humanos, incluyendo el derecho a la salud, por lo que la labor médica se modificó a partir de las recomendaciones de organismos internacionales y los gobiernos de los tres niveles. En la atención de la emergencia sanitaria fue fundamental proteger la integridad humana; actuar con respeto, solidaridad, empatía y reciprocidad; y entendiendo que todos debían ser atendidos sin discriminación, es decir, con inclusión y considerando la existencia de grupos vulnerables, basando la atención en la ética médica y los valores.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the experiences of international organizations and the Government of Mexico in establishing recommendations to protect the human rights of users of hospital services due to COVID-19, taking into account medical ethics. Materials and methods: This research focused on a qualitative approach, where experiences, perspectives, and approaches to ethics and human rights during the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed. With this, books, scientific articles, reports and official documents of the organizations and dependencies involved were studied. Results: In the coronavirus pandemic, health systems were forced to seek support from civil society to counter its negative effects on the economy and the protection of human rights. However, today, the task of the health sector continues, since cases of COVID-19 continue to arise, in addition, there are patients who still have sequelae and who must be treated without exclusion. So that timely, acceptable and affordable access to health services with sufficient quality continues to be privileged. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic modified the enjoyment of human rights, including the right to health, for which reason medical work was modified based on the recommendations of international organizations and governments of the three levels. In the care of the health emergency, it was essential to protect human integrity; act with respect, solidarity, empathy and reciprocity; and understanding that everyone should be cared for without discrimination, that is, with inclusion and considering the existence of vulnerable groups, basing care on medical ethics and values.

Hydrogel Containing Silibinin-Loaded Pomegranate Oil-Based Nanocapsules for Cutaneous Application: In Vitro Safety Investigation and Human Skin Biometry and Permeation Studies.

In previous studies, we developed a hydrogel formulation containing silibinin-loaded pomegranate oil nanocapsules (HG-NCSB) that had improved in vivo anti-inflammatory action in comparison to non-encapsulated silibinin. To determine skin safety and whether the nanoencapsulation influences silibinin skin permeation, NCSB skin cytotoxicity, HG-NCSB permeation in human skin, and a biometric study with healthy volunteers were conducted. The formulation of nanocapsules was prepared by the preformed polymer method while the HG-NCSB was obtained by thickening the suspension of nanocarriers with gellan gum. The cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of nanocapsules were assessed in Keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblast (HFF-1) using the MTT assay. The hydrogels were characterized regarding the rheological, occlusive, and bioadhesive properties, and silibinin permeation profile in human skin. The clinical safety of HG-NCSB was determined by cutaneous biometry in healthy human volunteers. NCSB yielded better cytotoxicity results than the blank nanocapsules (NCPO). NCSB did not cause photocytotoxicity, while NCPO and the non-encapsulated substances (SB and pomegranate oil) were phototoxic. The semisolids presented non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow, adequate bioadhesiveness, and low occlusive potential. The skin permeation demonstrated that HG-NCSB retained a higher SB amount in the outermost layers than HG-SB. In addition, HG-SB reached the receptor medium and had a superior concentration of SB in the dermis layer. In the biometry assay, there was no significant cutaneous alteration after the administration of any of the HGs. Nanoencapsulation promoted greater SB retention in the skin, averted percutaneous absorption, and made the topical use of SB and pomegranate oil safer.

Cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 reprograms monocytes and macrophages to inhibit LPS-induced inflammation.

Introduction: Chronic or uncontrolled activation of myeloid cells including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) is a hallmark of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. There is an urgent need for the development of novel drugs with the capacity to impair innate immune cell overactivation under inflammatory conditions. Compelling evidence pointed out cannabinoids as potential therapeutic tools with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capacity. WIN55,212-2, a non-selective synthetic cannabinoid agonist, displays protective effects in several inflammatory conditions by mechanisms partially depending on the generation of tolerogenic DCs able to induce functional regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, its immunomodulatory capacity on other myeloid cells such as monocytes and macrophages remains incompletely understood. Methods: Human monocyte-derived DCs (hmoDCs) were differentiated in the absence (conventional hmoDCs) or presence of WIN55,212-2 (WIN-hmoDCs). Cells were stimulated with LPS, cocultured with naive T lymphocytes and their cytokine production and ability to induce T cell responses were analysed by ELISA or flow cytometry. To evaluate the effect of WIN55,212-2 in macrophage polarization, human and murine macrophages were activated with LPS or LPS/IFNγ, in the presence or absence of the cannabinoid. Cytokine, costimulatory molecules and inflammasome markers were assayed. Metabolic and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were also performed. Finally, the protective capacity of WIN55,212-2 was studied in vivo in BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal injection with LPS. Results: We show for the first time that the differentiation of hmoDCs in the presence of WIN55,212-2 generates tolerogenic WIN-hmoDCs that are less responsive to LPS stimulation and able to prime Tregs. WIN55,212-2 also impairs the pro-inflammatory polarization of human macrophages by inhibiting cytokine production, inflammasome activation and rescuing macrophages from pyroptotic cell death. Mechanistically, WIN55,212-2 induced a metabolic and epigenetic shift in macrophages by decreasing LPS-induced mTORC1 signaling, commitment to glycolysis and active histone marks in pro-inflammatory cytokine promoters. We confirmed these data in ex vivo LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages (PMΦs), which were also supported by the in vivo anti-inflammatory capacity of WIN55,212-2 in a LPS-induced sepsis mouse model. Conclusion: Overall, we shed light into the molecular mechanisms by which cannabinoids exert anti-inflammatory properties in myeloid cells, which might well contribute to the future rational design of novel therapeutic strategies for inflammatory disorders.

Development of Guar Gum Hydrogel Containing Sesamol-Loaded Nanocapsules Designed for Irritant Contact Dermatitis Treatment Induced by Croton Oil Application.

Irritant contact dermatitis is usually treated with corticosteroids, which cause expressive adverse effects. Sesamol is a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study was designed to evaluate a hydrogel containing sesamol-loaded ethylcellulose nanocapsules for the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis. The nanocapsules presented a size in the nanometric range, a negative zeta potential, a sesamol content close to the theoretical value (1 mg/mL), and a 65% encapsulation efficiency. Nanoencapsulation protected sesamol against UVC-induced degradation and increased the scavenging activity assessed by ABTS and DPPH radicals. The hydrogels were prepared by thickening the nanocapsule suspensions with guar gum (2.5%). The hydrogels maintained the nanometric size of the nanocapsules and a sesamol content of approximately 1 mg/g. The HET-CAM assay classified the hydrogels as nonirritating. The in vitro release of the hydrogel containing sesamol in the nanoencapsulated form demonstrated an initial burst effect followed by a prolonged sesamol release and a lower skin permeation in comparison with the hydrogel containing free sesamol. In addition, it exhibited the best anti-inflammatory effect in the irritant contact dermatitis model induced by croton oil, reducing ear edema and inflammatory cells infiltration, similar to dexamethasone (positive control). Therefore, the hydrogel containing sesamol in the nanoencapsulated form seemed to have a therapeutic potential in treating irritant contact dermatitis.

Development of microparticles and microparticulated tablets containing piperine

Abstract Piper nigrum (black pepper) is used in Indian traditional medicine and its main alkaloid, Piperine (PIP), presents antioxidant, antitumor and neuroprotective pharmacological properties. This substance is insoluble in aqueous media and can irritate the gastrointestinal tract. Aiming to avoid these inconvenient characteristics and enable PIP oral administration, this study suggested the PIP microencapsulation through the emulsion-solvent evaporation method and the preparation of microparticulated tablets by direct compression. An UV-spectroscopy method was validated to quantify PIP. Microparticles and microparticulated tablets were successfully obtained and the microparticles exhibited excellent flow. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that PIP microparticles were intact after compression. The in vitro release showed a controlled release of PIP from microparticles and PIP microparticles from tablets in comparison to PIP and PIP tablets. The release profiles of PIP microparticles and the microparticulated tablets were similar. Therefore, tablets containing PIP microparticles are promising multiparticulated dosage forms because a tablet allows microparticles administration and the intact ones promote a controlled release, decreasing its irritating potential on the mucosa.

Locust bean gum hydrogels are bioadhesive and improve indole-3-carbinol cutaneous permeation: influence of the polysaccharide concentration

Abstract The locust bean gum (LBG) is a polysaccharide with thickening, stabilizing and gelling properties and it has been used in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations. Hydrogels (HGs) are obtained from natural or synthetic materials that present interesting properties for skin application. This study aimed to develop HGs from LBG using indole-3-carbinol (I3C) as an asset model for cutaneous application. HGs were prepared by dispersing LBG (2%, 3% and 4% w/v) directly in cold water. The formulations showed content close to 0.5 mg/g (HPLC) and pH ranging from 7.25 to 7.41 (potentiometry). The spreadability factor (parallel plate method) was inversely proportional to LBG concentration. The rheological evaluation (rotational viscometer) demonstrated a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior (Ostwald De Weale model), which is interesting for cutaneous application. The HET-CAM evaluation showed the non-irritating characteristic of the formulations. The bioadhesive potential demonstrated bioadhesion in a concentration-dependent manner. Permeation in human skin using Franz cells showed that the highest LBG concentration improved the skin distribution profile with greater I3C amounts in the viable skin layers. The present study demonstrated the feasibility of preparing HGs with LBG and the formulation with the highest polymer concentration was the most promising to transport active ingredients through the skin.

Nada, pedala e corre: análise qualitativa das motivações para a prática esportiva de triatletas amadores e profissionais / Nadar, pedalear y correr: análisis cualitativo de las motivaciones para la práctica deportiva de triatletas aficionados y profesionales / Swim, pedals and run: qualitative analysis of motivations for the practice of sports by amateur and professional triathletes

Resumo O Triathlon, composto por natação, ciclismo e corrida, evidenciou um crescimento da sua prática nos últimos anos. Atualmente enfrentamos uma das maiores pandemias mundiais devido ao novo coronavírus, o que afetou diretamente a rotina de treinos e preparação para competições de triatletas. O objetivo desta investigação, sob uma metodologia qualitativa, é compreender quais são os fatores motivacionais para a prática do Triathlon por atletas brasileiros. Os resultados mostram três categorias emergentes: planilhas de treinos, provas e competições e impactos da pandemia de COVID-19. O artigo conclui que triatletas são motivados por razões distintas e traçam íntima relação à prática do Triathlon com suas respectivas trajetórias esportivas.

Resumen El triatlón, compuesto por natación, ciclismo y carrera a pie, ha mostrado un incremento en su práctica en los últimos años. Actualmente nos enfrentamos a una de las pandemias más grandes del mundo debido al nuevo coronavirus, que afectó directamente a la rutina de entrenamiento y preparación para las competencias de los triatletas. El objetivo de esta investigación, bajo una metodología cualitativa, es comprender cuáles son los factores motivacionales para la práctica del Triatlón por parte de los atletas brasileños. Los resultados muestran tres categorías emergentes: hojas de entrenamiento, pruebas y competencias e impactos de la pandemia de COVID-19. El artículo concluye que los triatletas se motivan por diferentes motivos y trazan una íntima relación entre la práctica del Triatlón y sus respectivas trayectorias deportivas.

Abstract Triathlon, composed of swimming, cycling and running, has shown an increase in its practice in the last few years. We are currently facing one of the biggest pandemics in the world due to the new coronavirus, which directly affected the training routine and preparation for triathlon competitions. The objective of this investigation, under a qualitative methodology, is to understand what are the motivational factors for the practice of Triathlon by Brazilian athletes. The results show three emerging categories: workout schedules, tests and competitions and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article concludes that triathletes are motivated by different reasons and trace an intimate relationship between the practice of Triathlon and their respective sports trajectories.

Artemether-loaded polymeric lipid-core nanocapsules reduce cell viability and alter the antioxidant status of U-87 MG cells.

Glioblastomas are tumors that present a high mortality rate. Artemether (ART) is a lactone with antitumor properties, demonstrating low bioavailability and water solubility. In the present study, we developed lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC) containing pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) as the oily core for ART-loaded LNCs (LNCART) and evaluated their effect on human glioblastoma cells (U-87 MG). LNCs were developed by interfacial deposition of a preformed polymer, followed by physicochemical characterization. LNCART revealed a diameter of 0.216 µm, polydispersity index of 0.161, zeta potential of -12.0 mV, and a pH of 5.53. Furthermore, mitochondrial viability, proliferation, total antioxidant status, and antioxidant enzyme activity were evaluated. ART reduced cell viability after 24 h and proliferation after 48 h of treatment at concentrations equal to or above 40 µg . mL-1. LNCART, at 1.25 µg . mL-1, reduced these parameters after 24 h of treatment. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was elevated, while glutathione reductase (GR) activity was reduced. These findings suggest that ART loaded into LNC may be a promising alternative to improve its pharmacological action and possible application as a therapeutic agent for glioblastoma.

Visión de las causas de muerte por la COVID-19 con las experiencias de las autopsias / Vision of the causes of death by COVID-19 with the experiences of autopsies

RESUMEN El 30 de enero de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 una emergencia internacional de salud pública. La autopsia, considerada el mejor método de estudio del enfermo y la enfermedad, corrobora que los pacientes pueden morir por la acción directa del virus (fallecidos por la COVID-19), mientras que otros positivos al SARS-CoV-2, no mostraron cambios morfológicos pulmonares atribuidos a la acción del virus. Se propone establecer los criterios diagnósticos morfológicos en el contexto de la epidemia por el SARS-CoV-2 y la COVID-19 en los fallecidos en Cuba, a partir del estudio sistemático de las autopsias. Se han identificado los patrones morfológicos que se establecen en los pulmones de los pacientes fallecidos bajo el efecto de la COVID-19. El edema pulmonar de permeabilidad con el ensanchamiento de tabique pulmonar, el depósito de la membrana hialina desorganizada en el interior de los alveolos, el desprendimiento de células epiteliales (neumocitos y células bronquiales y bronquiolares), seguida de la hiperplasia epitelial con presencia en ocasiones de cambios metaplásicos y atipias, y finalmente, la fibrosis. Cuando se realizan autopsias, es posible ubicar cada enfermedad en su lugar, en el cronopatograma, lo que permite realizar el reparo de los certificados de defunción, para evaluar el lugar que la COVID-19 ha ocupado como causa de muerte en la población estudiada. En criterio del colectivo, identificar en las alteraciones morfológicas, es imprescindible para elaborar el cronopatograma del fallecido y la adecuada evaluación clínico patológica del paciente.

ABSTRACT On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS-CoV-2 infection an international public health emergency. The autopsy, considered the best method of studying the patient and the disease, corroborates that patients can die from the direct action of the virus (who died from COVID-19), while others positive for SARS-CoV-2 did not show morphological lung changes attributed to the action of the virus. It is proposed to establish the morphological diagnostic criteria in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 epidemic in the deceased in Cuba based on the systematic study of autopsies. The morphological patterns that are established in the lungs of patients who died under the effect of COVID-19 have been identified. The pulmonary edema of permeability with the widening of the pulmonary septum, the deposit of the disorganized hyaline membrane inside the alveoli, the detachment of epithelial cells (pneumocytes and bronchial and bronchiolar cells), followed by epithelial hyperplasia with sometimes the presence of metaplastic changes and atypia, and finally, fibrosis. When autopsies are performed, it is possible to locate each disease in its place, in chronopathogram, which allows death certificates repair to be carried out to assess the place that COVID-19 has occupied as a cause of death in the population studied. In the opinion of the group, identifying morphological alterations is essential to prepare the chronopathogram of the deceased and the adequate clinical-pathological evaluation of the patient.

Motivação de atletas amadores e profissionais para a prática do triathlon: uma investigação qualitativa / Motivation of amateur and professional athletes for the practice of triathlon: a qualitative investigation / Motivación de atletas amateurs y profesionales para la práctica del triatlón: una investigación cualitativa

O objetivo dessa investigação foi verificar as motivações para a prática esportiva de triatletas amadores e profissionais. Participaram desse estudo 12 triatletas, sendo 7 atletas profissionais (4 homens e 3 mulheres) e 5 atletas amadores (2 homens e 3 mulheres), com idades entre 19 e 67 anos. Utilizouse como instrumento de pesquisa uma entrevista semiestruturada a partir de um roteiro de questões previamente elaborado pelas pesquisadoras responsáveis, considerando as principais dimensões da motivação. Os dados foram analisados através da análise de conteúdo temática. Como resultado, triatletas são motivados por razões distintas, tanto de forma intrínseca (aptidão física, emoção, competência técnica e diversão), como extrínseca (reconhecimento social, atividades de grupo, competição e afiliação). Concluiu-se que condições como status social, preocupação com a forma física, intensa dedicação a modalidade e presença de motivações ora intrínsecas, ora extrínsecas, parecem ser motivos determinantes para ingresso e permanência de triatletas na modalidade.

The objective of this investigation was to verify the motivations for the sport practice of amateur and professional triathletes. Twelve triathletes participated in this study, 7 professional athletes (4 men and 3 women) and 5 amateur athletes (2 men and 3 women), aged between 19 and 67 years. A semistructured interview was used as a research instrument based on a script of questions previously prepared by the responsible researchers, considering the main dimensions of motivation. Data were analyzed through thematic content analysis. As a result, triathletes are motivated by different reasons, both intrinsically (physical fitness, emotion, technical competence and fun) and extrinsically (social recognition, group activities, competition and affiliation). It was concluded that conditions such as social status, concern with physical shape, intense dedication to the modality and the presence of either intrinsic or extrinsic motivations, seem to be determining reasons for entry and permanence of triathletes in the modality.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar las motivaciones para la práctica deportiva de triatletas aficionados y profesionales. Doce triatletas participaron en este estudio, 7 atletas profesionales (4 hombres y 3 mujeres) y 5 atletas aficionados (2 hombres y 3 mujeres), con edades entre 19 y 67 años. Se utilizó como instrumento de investigación una entrevista semiestructurada a partir de un guión de preguntas previamente elaborado por los investigadores responsables, considerando las principales dimensiones de la motivación. Los datos fueron analizados a través del análisis de contenido temático. Como resultado, los triatletas están motivados por diferentes motivos, tanto intrínsecos (aptitud física, emoción, competencia técnica y diversión) como extrínsecos (reconocimiento social, actividades grupales, competencia y afiliación). Se concluyó que condiciones como el estatus social, la preocupación por la forma física, la intensa dedicación a la modalidad y la presencia de motivaciones intrínsecas o extrínsecas, parecen ser motivos determinantes para el ingreso y permanencia de los triatletas en la modalidad.

Improved antimutagenic effect of Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl. ) Miers nanostructured extract in liposome and polymeric nanoparticle

Abstract Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers, popularly known as "Cipó-de São-João", has been used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. Nanotechnology is able to enhance the pharmacological activity of plant extracts. In this context, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles containing P. venusta ethanolic extract were developed and then physico-chemically characterized to evaluate the mutagenic/antimutagenic effects of P. venusta. In addition, transaminases and serum creatinine were biochemically analyzed for liver and renal damage, respectively. The micronucleus test was performed with male Swiss mice treated orally for 15 consecutive days with free extracts and nanostructured with P. venusta, and then intraperitoneally with N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea (50 mg/kg) on the 15th day of treatment. Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) were evaluated in bone marrow. There was a significant reduction in the frequency of MNPCE (LPEPV = 183% and NPEPV = 114%, p < 0.001), indicating antimutagenic potential of the nanostructured extracts with P. venusta. The groups treated with only nanostructured extract did not show an increase in MNPCE frequency, and biochemical analyzes showed no significant difference between treatments. The liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles containing Pyrostegia venusta ethanolic extract showed biological potential in preventing the first step of carcinogenesis under the experimental conditions

Relación de los niveles séricos de ácido úrico, con la mortalidad y morbilidad en pacientes graves con ventilación mecánica

RESUMEN Introducción: Los procesos oxidativos en el paciente clínico grave con ventilación mecánica, justifican investigar la posible asociación de los niveles del ácido úrico sérico, con la mortalidad y morbilidad. Objetivo: Identificar la posible asociación del ácido úrico sérico al ingreso, con la mortalidad y morbilidad de pacientes clínicos graves, con ventilación mecánica invasiva. Métodos: Se realizó estudio descriptivo longitudinal y prospectivo, en 89 pacientes clínicos graves con ventilación mecánica, ingresados en cuidados intensivos del hospital "Dr. Luís Díaz Soto" de enero del 2000 a agosto del 2007. Al ingreso y por 72 horas se determinó el ácido úrico sérico, cuyo valor medio se contrastó con la mortalidad, la morbilidad y el tiempo de ventilación mecánica. Las variables cuantitativas se expresaron como media con una desviación estándar; las cualitativas, como frecuencias absolutas o porcentajes. La comparación de medias se realizó con la t de Student. La asociación entre variables cualitativas se evaluó con el ji cuadrado. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (58,4 %), edad media de 51,2 años y como mayor diagnóstico al ingreso, la sepsis (47,1 %). Se asociaron los valores elevados del ácido úrico a la mortalidad hospitalaria, la presencia del síndrome de daño múltiple de órganos (316,8 ± 165 mmol/L, p = 0,04) y al mayor tiempo de ventilación mecánica (307,3 ± 157 mmol/L, p = 0,016). Conclusiones: La asociación del ácido úrico sérico con la mortalidad y morbilidad, es evidente, en pacientes con afecciones clínicas graves y ventilación mecánica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The oxidative process in severe clinically ill patient with mechanical ventilation, base the possible association of serum uric acid with mortality and morbidity. Objectives: To identify the possible association of serum uric acid with the mortality and morbidity of severe clinically ill patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: A longitudinal and prospective observational study was carried out in 89 patients with invasive mechanical ventilation, admitted to the intensive care unit of the Hospital "Dr. Luís Díaz Soto", from January 2000 to August 2007. On admission and for three consecutive days, the serum uric acid was determined with a Hitachi 902 microprocessor. The mean value was contrasted with mortality, morbidity, and mechanical ventilation time. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation; the comparison of means was made with Student's t test. Qualitative variables were expressed with absolute frequencies and percentages; the association was evaluated with the chi square. Results: Male sex predominated (58,4 %) and mean age of 51,2 ± 14,9 years. The most frequent diagnosis on admission was sepsis (47,1 %). The mortality was 59,6 % and 66,3% in the hospital. The higher value of uric acid was associated to hospital mortality, the multiple organ damage syndrome (316,8 ± 165 mmol/l p=0,04) and the longer mechanical ventilation time (307,3 ± 157 mmol/l p=0,016). Conclusions: The association of mortality and morbidity, with serum uric acid on admission, was evident in severe clinical patients with mechanical ventilation.

El tratamiento con Jusvinza disminuye la hiperinflamación y la hipercoagulación en pacientes críticos con la COVID-19

RESUMEN Introducción: La infección con el SARS-CoV-2 induce un estado protrombótico en los pacientes, atribuible a la combinación de la respuesta hiperinflamatoria y la hipoxia. En Cuba, se usa el fármaco Jusvinza, basado en un péptido inmunomodulador, para el tratamiento de los pacientes con la COVID-19, que presenten signos y síntomas de hiperinflamación. Objetivos: Describir la evolución clínica y las variaciones de biomarcadores asociados con la inflamación y la coagulación, en un grupo de pacientes críticos con la COVID-19, tratados con Jusvinza, en comparación con un grupo de pacientes que no recibieron tratamiento con este péptido. Métodos: Se incluyeron 40 pacientes críticos con la COVID-19; se dividieron en 2 grupos: 20 pacientes tratados con Jusvinza y 20 no fueron tratados con dicho péptido (grupo control). Las características demográficas, comorbilidades, signos vitales, parámetros respiratorios, biomarcadores de la inflamación y de la coagulación se obtuvieron a partir de las historias clínicas de cada paciente. Resultados: El tratamiento con Jusvinza indujo una mejoría clínica en los pacientes, asociada con la disminución de varios biomarcadores de la inflamación y la coagulación. La sobrevida de los pacientes tratados con Jusvinza fue significativamente superior a la sobrevida de los pacientes no tratados con este péptido. Conclusiones: Jusvinza es capaz de controlar la hiperinflamación y la hipercoagulación en pacientes críticos con la COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state in patients, by the combination of hyperinflammatory response and hypoxia. In Cuba, the drug called Jusvinza, based on an immunomodulatory peptide, is used for the treatment of patients with COVID-19, who present signs and symptoms of hyperinflammation. Objectives: To describe the clinical course and behavior of various biomarkers associated with the inflammation and coagulation, in a group of critically ill patients with COVID-19 treated with Jusvinza, compared to a group of patients who did not receive treatment with this peptide. Methods: 40 critically ill patients with COVID-19 were included. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 20 patients were treated with Jusvinza and 20 were not treated with this peptide (control group). Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, vital signs, respiratory parameters and inflammation and coagulation biomarkers were obtained from the medical records of each patient. Results: Treatment with Jusvinza induced a clinical improvement in the patients, associated with the decrease of several inflammation and coagulation biomarkers. Patients treated with Jusvinza had a significantly higher survival than patients not treated with this peptide. Conclusions: Jusvinza is able to control hyperinflammation and hypercoagulation in critical ill patients with COVID-19.

Pullulan film incorporated with nanocapsules improves pomegranate seed oil anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in mice.

This study aimed to prepare pullulan films containing pomegranate seeds oil (PSO) based nanocapsules, and evaluate the formulation efficacy in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like lesions induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The Eudragit RS 100® nanocapsules (PSONC) were prepared by the interfacial precipitation of preformed polymer, whereas the films were produced by the solvent casting method. Pomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions (PSONE) were prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method for comparative reasons. Both nanosystems presented adequate mean diameter (248 ± 16 nm for PSONE and 181 ± 6 nm for PSONC), polydispersity index (below 0.2), zeta potential (-25.63 ± 1.1 mV for PSONE and + 43.13 ± 0.7 mV for PSONC) and pH in the acid range (6.77 ± 0.27 and 5.31 ± 0.17, PSONE and PSONC). By a pre-formulation study, sorbitol (6.5%) and PEG 400 (1.5%) were considered the most suitable plasticizers for developing pullulan films (6%) intending topical application. In general, pullulan films were classified as flexible and hydrophilic, with high occlusive properties, 57.6 ± 0.8%, 64.6 ± 0.8% for vehicle, PSONCF (pullulan film containing PSONC), respectively. All formulations (films and nanocarriers) presented no irritant potential in the chorioallantoic membrane test. In the in vivo model, the treatments with free PSO and PSONCF attenuated the skin injury as well as the mechanical hypernociceptive behavioral induced by DNCB exposure to mice. Importantly, the biochemical analyses provided evidence that only the treatment with PSONCF modulated the inflammatory and the oxidative stress parameters evaluated in this study. In conclusion, these data lead us to believe that PSONC incorporation into a pullulan film matrix improved the biological properties of the PSO in this AD-model.