Immunotherapy in Sarcoma: Current Data and Promising Strategies.

Traditionally sarcomas have been considered immunologically quiet tumours, with low tumour mutational burden (TMB) and an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), consisting of decreased T-cell infiltration and elevated levels of H1F1α, macrophages and neutrophils.1,2 However, research has shown that a subset of sarcomas are immunologically 'hot' with either high TMB, PDL-1 expression, CD8+ T cells or presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) demonstrating sensitivity to immunotherapy.3,4 Here, we review the current evidence for immunotherapy use in bone sarcomas (BS) and soft tissue sarcomas (STS), with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and adoptive cellular therapies including engineered T-cell therapies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and cancer vaccines and biomarkers of response.

Clinicopathologic and molecular correlates to neoadjuvant chemotherapy-induced pathologic response in breast angiosarcoma.

Both primary and secondary breast angiosarcoma (AS) are characterized by multifocal presentation and aggressive behavior. Despite multimodality therapy, local and distant relapse rates remain high. Therefore, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is employed to improve the R0 resection rates and survival, but its benefits remain controversial. Herein, we investigate pathologic and molecular correlates to NACT-induced histologic response in a group of 29 breast AS, 4 primary and 25 radiation-associated (RA). The two NACT regimens applied were anthracycline- and non-anthracycline-based. The pathologic response grade was defined as: I: ≤ 50%, II: 51%-90%, III: 91%-99%, and IV: 100%. An additional 45 primary AS and 102 RA-AS treated by surgery alone were included for survival comparison. The genomic landscape was analyzed in a subset of cases and compared to a cohort of AS without NACT on a paired tumor-normal targeted DNA NGS platform. All patients were females, with a median age of 31 years in primary AS and 68 years in RA-AS. All surgical margins were negative in NACT group. The NACT response was evenly divided between poor (Grades I-II; n = 15) and good responders (Grades III-IV; n = 14). Mitotic count >10/mm2 was the only factor inversely associated with pathologic response. By targeted NGS, all 10 post-NACT RA-AS demonstrated MYC amplification, while both primary AS harbored KDR mutations. TMB or other genomic alterations did not correlate with pathologic response. All four patients with Grade IV response remained free of disease. The good responders had a significantly better disease-specific survival (p = 0.04). There was no survival difference with NACT status or the NACT regimens applied. However, NACT patients with MYC-amplified tumors showed better disease-free survival (p = 0.04) compared to MYC-amplified patients without NACT. The overall survival of NACT group correlated with size >10 cm (p = 0.02), pathologic response (p = 0.04), and multifocality (p = 0.01) by univariate, while only size >10 cm (p = 0.03) remained significant by multivariate analysis.

Afamitresgene autoleucel for advanced synovial sarcoma and myxoid round cell liposarcoma (SPEARHEAD-1): an international, open-label, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Afamitresgene autoleucel (afami-cel) showed acceptable safety and promising efficacy in a phase 1 trial (NCT03132922). The aim of this study was to further evaluate the efficacy of afami-cel for the treatment of patients with HLA-A*02 and MAGE-A4-expressing advanced synovial sarcoma or myxoid round cell liposarcoma. METHODS: SPEARHEAD-1 was an open-label, non-randomised, phase 2 trial done across 23 sites in Canada, the USA, and Europe. The trial included three cohorts, of which the main investigational cohort (cohort 1) is reported here. Cohort 1 included patients with HLA-A*02, aged 16-75 years, with metastatic or unresectable synovial sarcoma or myxoid round cell liposarcoma (confirmed by cytogenetics) expressing MAGE-A4, and who had received at least one previous line of anthracycline-containing or ifosfamide-containing chemotherapy. Patients received a single intravenous dose of afami-cel (transduced dose range 1·0 × 109-10·0 × 109 T cells) after lymphodepletion. The primary endpoint was overall response rate in cohort 1, assessed by a masked independent review committee using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (version 1.1) in the modified intention-to-treat population (all patients who received afami-cel). Adverse events, including those of special interest (cytokine release syndrome, prolonged cytopenia, and neurotoxicity), were monitored and are reported for the modified intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04044768; recruitment is closed and follow-up is ongoing for cohorts 1 and 2, and recruitment is open for cohort 3. FINDINGS: Between Dec 17, 2019, and July 27, 2021, 52 patients with cytogenetically confirmed synovial sarcoma (n=44) and myxoid round cell liposarcoma (n=8) were enrolled and received afami-cel in cohort 1. Patients were heavily pre-treated (median three [IQR two to four] previous lines of systemic therapy). Median follow-up time was 32·6 months (IQR 29·4-36·1). Overall response rate was 37% (19 of 52; 95% CI 24-51) overall, 39% (17 of 44; 24-55) for patients with synovial sarcoma, and 25% (two of eight; 3-65) for patients with myxoid round cell liposarcoma. Cytokine release syndrome occurred in 37 (71%) of 52 of patients (one grade 3 event). Cytopenias were the most common grade 3 or worse adverse events (lymphopenia in 50 [96%], neutropenia 44 [85%], leukopenia 42 [81%] of 52 patients). No treatment-related deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION: Afami-cel treatment resulted in durable responses in heavily pre-treated patients with HLA-A*02 and MAGE-A4-expressing synovial sarcoma. This study shows that T-cell receptor therapy can be used to effectively target solid tumours and provides rationale to expand this approach to other solid malignancies. FUNDING: Adaptimmune.

Sarcoma microenvironment cell states and ecosystems are associated with prognosis and predict response to immunotherapy.

Characterization of the diverse malignant and stromal cell states that make up soft tissue sarcomas and their correlation with patient outcomes has proven difficult using fixed clinical specimens. Here, we employed EcoTyper, a machine-learning framework, to identify the fundamental cell states and cellular ecosystems that make up sarcomas on a large scale using bulk transcriptomes with clinical annotations. We identified and validated 23 sarcoma-specific, transcriptionally defined cell states, many of which were highly prognostic of patient outcomes across independent datasets. We discovered three conserved cellular communities or ecotypes associated with underlying genomic alterations and distinct clinical outcomes. We show that one ecotype defined by tumor-associated macrophages and epithelial-like malignant cells predicts response to immune-checkpoint inhibition but not chemotherapy and validate our findings in an independent cohort. Our results may enable identification of patients with soft tissue sarcomas who could benefit from immunotherapy and help develop new therapeutic strategies.

Therapy-Induced Senescence Contributes to the Efficacy of Abemaciclib in Patients with Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma.

PURPOSE: We conducted research on CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) simultaneously in the preclinical and clinical spaces to gain a deeper understanding of how senescence influences tumor growth in humans. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We coordinated a first-in-kind phase II clinical trial of the CDK4/6i abemaciclib for patients with progressive dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLS) with cellular studies interrogating the molecular basis of geroconversion. RESULTS: Thirty patients with progressing DDLS enrolled and were treated with 200 mg of abemaciclib twice daily. The median progression-free survival was 33 weeks at the time of the data lock, with 23 of 30 progression-free at 12 weeks (76.7%, two-sided 95% CI, 57.7%-90.1%). No new safety signals were identified. Concurrent preclinical work in liposarcoma cell lines identified ANGPTL4 as a necessary late regulator of geroconversion, the pathway from reversible cell-cycle exit to a stably arrested inflammation-provoking senescent cell. Using this insight, we were able to identify patients in which abemaciclib induced tumor cell senescence. Senescence correlated with increased leukocyte infiltration, primarily CD4-positive cells, within a month of therapy. However, those individuals with both senescence and increased TILs were also more likely to acquire resistance later in therapy. These suggest that combining senolytics with abemaciclib in a subset of patients may improve the duration of response. CONCLUSIONS: Abemaciclib was well tolerated and showed promising activity in DDLS. The discovery of ANGPTL4 as a late regulator of geroconversion helped to define how CDK4/6i-induced cellular senescence modulates the immune tumor microenvironment and contributes to both positive and negative clinical outcomes. See related commentary by Weiss et al., p. 649.

Immune-related Adverse Events after Immune Checkpoint Blockade-based Therapy Are Associated with Improved Survival in Advanced Sarcomas.

The association between immune-related AEs (irAE) and outcome in patients with sarcoma is not known. We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of patients with advanced sarcoma treated with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based therapy. Association of irAEs with survival was assessed using a Cox regression model that incorporated irAE occurrence as a time-dependent covariate. Tumor samples with available RNA sequencing data were stratified by presence of an irAE to identify patterns of differential gene expression. A total of 131 patients were included. Forty-two (32%) had at least one irAE of any grade and 16 (12%) had at least one grade ≥ 3 irAE. The most common irAEs were hypothyroidism (8.3%), arthralgias (5.3%), pneumonitis (4.6%), allergic reaction (3.8%), and elevated transaminases (3.8%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) from the time of study entry were 11.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 10.7-15.0) and 74.6 weeks (CI, 44.9-89.7), respectively. On Cox analysis adjusting for clinical covariates that were significant in the univariate setting, the HR for an irAE (HR, 0.662; CI, 0.421-1.041) approached, but did not reach statistical significance for PFS (P = 0.074). Patients had a significantly lower HR for OS (HR, 0.443; CI, 0.246-0.798; P = 0.007) compared with those without or before an irAE. Gene expression profiling on baseline tumor samples found that patients who had an irAE had higher numbers of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells, and regulatory T cells as well as upregulation of immune and inflammatory pathways. SIGNIFICANCE: irAE after ICB therapy was associated with an improved OS; it also approached statistical significance for improved PFS. Patients who had an irAE were more likely to have an inflamed tumor microenvironment at baseline.

Anti-TIGIT Antibody Tiragolumab Alone or With Atezolizumab in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors: A Phase 1a/1b Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.

Importance: Inhibition of the T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT)/poliovirus receptor pathway may amplify the antitumor immune response of atezolizumab in programmed death ligand 1-selected tumors. Objective: To evaluate the safety and antitumor activity of the anti-TIGIT antibody tiragolumab and its combination with atezolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. Design, Setting, and Participants: The GO30103 open-label, first-in-human phase 1a/1b dose-escalation and dose-expansion nonrandomized controlled trial was conducted at 13 sites in 6 countries (Australia, Canada, France, Korea, Spain, and the US). The start dates were May 23, 2016, for phase 1a and October 11, 2016, for phase 1b. Patients were aged 18 years or older with measurable disease at baseline. The clinical cutoff date was October 1, 2021. Data analysis was performed on January 24, 2022. Interventions: Patients received fixed-dose intravenous tiragolumab on day 1 of each 21-day cycle (2 mg escalating to 1200 mg) in phase 1a, plus fixed-dose intravenous atezolizumab (1200 mg every 3 weeks) in phase 1b. Patients were treated until disease progression, loss of clinical benefit, or development of unacceptable toxicity. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end points included the safety, tolerability, and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of tiragolumab or combination tiragolumab plus atezolizumab. The secondary end point included the investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR). Counts and percentages are used for categorical variables, and medians and ranges are used for continuous variables. Results: Among the phase 1a (n = 24) and 1b (n = 49) dose-escalation cohorts, the median age was 60 (range, 40-77) and 54 (range, 25-81) years, respectively. More than half of patients were women (14 of 24 [58%] and 25 of 49 [51%]), and more than a third (10 [42%] and 18 [37%]) had received 4 or more prior cancer therapies. No dose-limiting toxicities occurred, and the maximum tolerated dose of tiragolumab was not reached (NR). The most frequent treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (5 of 24 [21%]) in phase 1a and pruritus (5 of 49 [10%]) in phase 1b; the majority of AEs were grade 1 or 2. Immune-mediated AEs occurred in 4 of 24 (17%) and 29 of 49 (59%) patients during phases 1a and 1b, respectively (primarily grade 1 or 2). The RP2D of tiragolumab was 600 mg intravenously every 3 weeks, which was tested in phase 1b dose expansion. The confirmed ORR was 0% during phase 1a, with evidence of antitumor activity in 6% of patients (n = 3) during phase 1b. The safety profile of combination tiragolumab plus atezolizumab in phase 1b was similar in the dose-escalation and dose-expansion cohorts. The confirmed ORR was 46% (6 of 13) in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cohort (median duration of response [DOR], NR) and 28% (5 of 18) in the esophageal cancer (EC) cohort (median DOR, 15.2 [95% CI, 7.0 to NR] months). Conclusions and Relevance: In this nonrandomized controlled trial, tiragolumab was well tolerated with or without atezolizumab; no new safety signals were observed. Preliminary antitumor activity was demonstrated for the combination regimen in patients with cancer immunotherapy-naive metastatic NSCLC or EC. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02794571.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy for sarcoma pulmonary metastases.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is standard for patients with inoperable early-stage NSCLC. We hypothesized that SBRT for sarcoma pulmonary metastases would achieve high rates of local control with acceptable toxicity and that patients with oligometastatic disease may achieve prolonged survival following SBRT. MATERIALS/METHODS: This retrospective review included consecutive patients at our institution treated with SBRT for sarcoma pulmonary metastases. Cumulative incidence of local failure (LF) was estimated using a competing risks framework. RESULTS: We identified 66 patients treated to 95 pulmonary metastases with SBRT. The median follow-up from the time of SBRT was 36 months (95% CI 34 - 53 months). The cumulative incidence of LF at 12 and 24 months was 3.1% (95% CI 0.9 - 10.6%) and 7.4% (95% CI 4.0% - 13.9%), respectively. The 12- and 24-month overall survival was 74% (95% CI 64 - 86%) and 49% (38 - 63%), respectively. Oligometastatic disease, intrathoracic only disease, and performance status were associated with improved survival on univariable analysis. Three patients had grade 2 pneumonitis, and one patient had grade 2 esophagitis. No patients had ≥ grade 3+ toxicities. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of patients treated with SBRT for pulmonary sarcoma metastases. We observed that SBRT offers an effective alternative to surgical resection with excellent local control and low proportions of toxicity.

Distinct genomic landscapes in radiation-associated angiosarcoma compared with other radiation-associated sarcoma histologies.

MYC amplifications have been frequently detected in radiation (RT)-associated angiosarcomas (ASs) by low-resolution molecular methods. However, large-scale next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies to investigate the genomic landscape of RT-AS are scarce, particularly compared with other RT-associated sarcomas. We performed a detailed comparative genomic investigation of RT-AS versus other RT-associated histotypes, as well as sporadic sarcomas with similar histologies. Our institutional targeted DNA-NGS assay database was searched for RT-associated sarcomas. Clinical outcome data, pathologic diagnosis, and the types and frequencies of genomic alterations, including single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number alterations (CNAs), were analyzed. The cohort consisted of 82 patients, 68 (83%) females and 14 (17%) males, aged 37-88 (mean 64) years. Forty-four RT-ASs (38 from breast) and 38 RT sarcomas of other histologies, including 12 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (RT-MPNSTs), 14 undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (RT-UPSs), and 12 osteosarcomas (RT-OSs), were included. Median time intervals from radiation to initial diagnosis in RT-AS (8.0 years) were significantly lower than those in RT-MPNST and RT-UPS (12.5 and 18.5 years), respectively. Each RT-sarcoma histotype harbored distinct mutations and CNAs. RT-associated AS had more frequent MYC, FLT4, CRKL, HRAS, and KMT2D alterations than sporadic AS (enriched in TP53, KDR, ATM, ATRX), whereas the mutational landscapes of MPNST, UPS, and OS were similar in both RT and non-RT settings. CDKN2A/B deletions and TP53 alterations were infrequent in RT-AS compared with other RT sarcomas. Among RT sarcomas, RT-AS harbored the lowest fraction of genome altered (FGA), while RT-MPNST showed the highest FGA. RT-AS had the lowest insertion:SNV and deletion:SNV ratios, while RT-UPS had the highest. The predominant mutational signatures were associated with errors in DNA repair and replication. In conclusion, RT-AS has a distinct genomic landscape compared with other RT sarcomas and sporadic AS. Potential molecular targets for precision medicine may be histotype-dependent. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

New therapeutics for soft tissue sarcomas: Overview of current immunotherapy and future directions of soft tissue sarcomas.

Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare and aggressive disease with a 40 to 50% metastasis rate. The limited efficacy of traditional approaches with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy has prompted research in novel immunotherapy for soft tissue sarcoma. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-CTLA-4 and PD-1 therapies in STS have demonstrated histologic-specific responses. Some combinations of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, TKI, and radiation were effective. STS is considered a 'cold', non-inflamed tumor. Adoptive cell therapies are actively investigated in STS to enhance immune response. Genetically modified T-cell receptor therapy targeting cancer testis antigens such as NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A4 demonstrated durable responses, especially in synovial sarcoma. Two early HER2-CAR T-cell trials have achieved stable disease in some patients. In the future, CAR-T cell therapies will find more specific targets in STS with a reliable response. Early recognition of T-cell induced cytokine release syndrome is crucial, which can be alleviated by immunosuppression such as steroids. Further understanding of the immune subtypes and biomarkers will promote the advancement of soft tissue sarcoma treatment.

A Phase II Study of Epacadostat and Pembrolizumab in Patients with Advanced Sarcoma.

PURPOSE: Epacadostat, an indole 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor, proposed to shift the tumor microenvironment toward an immune-stimulated state, showed early promise in melanoma but has not been studied in sarcoma. This study combined epacadostat with pembrolizumab, which has modest activity in select sarcoma subtypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This phase II study enrolled patients with advanced sarcoma into five cohorts including (i) undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)/myxofibrosarcoma, (ii) liposarcoma (LPS), (iii) leiomyosarcoma (LMS), (iv) vascular sarcoma, including angiosarcoma and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE), and (v) other subtypes. Patients received epacadostat 100 mg twice daily plus pembrolizumab at 200 mg/dose every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was best objective response rate (ORR), defined as complete response (CR) and partial response (PR), at 24 weeks by RECIST v.1.1. RESULTS: Thirty patients were enrolled [60% male; median age 54 years (range, 24-78)]. The best ORR at 24 weeks was 3.3% [PR, n = 1 (leiomyosarcoma); two-sided 95% CI, 0.1%-17.2%]. The median PFS was 7.6 weeks (two-sided 95% CI, 6.9-26.7). Treatment was well tolerated. Grade 3 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 23% (n = 7) of patients. In paired pre- and post-treatment tumor samples, no association was found between treatment and PD-L1 or IDO1 tumor expression or IDO-pathway-related gene expression by RNA sequencing. No significant changes in serum tryptophan or kynurenine levels were observed after baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Combination epacadostat and pembrolizumab was well tolerated and showed limited antitumor activity in sarcoma. Correlative analyses suggested that inadequate IDO1 inhibition was achieved.

Undifferentiated and Dedifferentiated Metastatic Melanomas Masquerading as Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Mutational Signature Analysis and Immunotherapy Response.

The distinction between undifferentiated melanoma (UM) or dedifferentiated melanoma (DM) from undifferentiated or unclassifiable sarcoma can be difficult and requires the careful correlation of clinical, pathologic, and genomic findings. In this study, we examined the utility of mutational signatures to identify patients with UM/DM with particular attention as to whether this distinction matters for treatment because the survival of patients with metastatic melanoma has dramatically improved with immunologic therapy, whereas durable responses are less frequent in sarcomas. We identified 19 cases of UM/DM that were initially reported as unclassified or undifferentiated malignant neoplasm or sarcoma and submitted for targeted next-generation sequencing analysis. These cases were confirmed as UM/DM by harboring melanoma driver mutations, UV signature, and high tumor mutation burden. One case of DM showed melanoma in situ. Meanwhile, 18 cases represented metastatic UM/DM. Eleven patients had a prior history of melanoma. Thirteen of 19 (68%) of the tumors were immunohistochemically completely negative for 4 melanocytic markers (S100, SOX10, HMB45, and MELAN-A). All cases harbored a dominant UV signature. Frequent driver mutations involved BRAF (26%), NRAS (32%), and NF1 (42%). In contrast, the control cohort of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS) of deep soft tissue exhibited a dominant aging signature in 46.6% (7/15) without evidence of UV signature. The median tumor mutation burden for DM/UM vs UPS was 31.5 vs 7.0 mutations/Mb (P < .001). A favorable response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy was observed in 66.6% (12/18) of patients with UM/DM. Eight patients exhibited a complete response and were alive with no evidence of disease at the last follow-up (median 45.5 months). Our findings support the usefulness of the UV signature in discriminating DM/UM vs UPS. Furthermore, we present evidence suggesting that patients with DM/UM and UV signatures can benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

TRAF7-mutated Fibromyxoid Spindle Cell Tumors Are Associated With an Aggressive Clinical Course and Harbor an Undifferentiated Sarcoma Methylation Signature: A Molecular and Clinicopathologic Study of 3 Cases.

TRAF7 somatic mutations are rare and have been reported in meningiomas, intraneural perineuriomas, and mesotheliomas. Triggered by an index case of an unclassified low-grade mesenchymal tumor with TRAF7 mutation as the only genetic alteration, we searched our files and identified 2 additional cases with similar features. The tumors arose in 2 females and 1 male, aged 63 to 75 years old (median: 67 y). They were infiltrative deep soft tissue masses involving the shoulder, chest wall, and thigh, measuring 7.0 to 9.1 cm in greatest dimensions. One tumor was locally aggressive, and 2 were associated with lung and bone metastases. The tumors displayed alternating fibrous and myxoid stroma with mild to moderate cellularity and consisted of uniform spindle cells with open chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli and scant cytoplasm. Significant mitotic activity or necrosis were not present. However, the metastatic tumor of 1 case showed an epithelioid morphology and brisk mitotic activity. Immunohistochemically, the tumors showed nonspecific and focal smooth muscle actin or CD34 expression. By DNA sequencing, all 3 cases harbored TRAF7 missense mutations involving the C-terminal WD40 domains as the only somatic mutations, showed nonrecurrent focal copy number alterations, and were negative for gene fusions by targeted RNA sequencing. On methylation profiling, the tumors clustered with the undifferentiated sarcoma and myxofibrosarcoma methylation classes and were distinct from morphologic mimics. On follow-up (5 to 36 mo), 2 patients died of disease following aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens. We describe a novel TRAF7- mutated mesenchymal tumor characterized by aggressive clinical behavior despite the histologic appearance of a low-grade fibromyxoid spindle cell tumor.

Histopathologic Grading Is of Prognostic Significance in Primary Angiosarcoma of Breast: Proposal of a Simplified 2-tier Grading System.

Despite a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, including primary or secondary, most angiosarcomas are considered high grade. One exception is primary breast angiosarcoma, where historically, histologic grading has shown to predict outcome using the Rosen 3-tier system. However, more recent studies have challenged this concept suggesting that even in this specific clinical context angiosarcomas should be considered high grade. This study aimed to critically reevaluate the impact of histologic grade in a clinically uniform cohort managed at a single institution using a newly proposed grading system. Our study included 49 primary breast angiosarcomas diagnosed during 1994 to 2022 (median follow-up: 33 mo), classified as low grade (29%), intermediate grade (20%), and high grade (51%), based on mitotic count, extent of solid components, and necrosis. At last follow-up, 22% patients developed locoregional recurrences, 63% distant metastases, and 47% patients died of disease. As patients with low and intermediate-grade angiosarcomas had relatively similar outcomes, our cohort was further analyzed using a 2-tier system (low grade and high grade). Targeted-DNA next-generation sequencing (505 cancer gene panel) performed in 11 cases found KDR mutations in 78% and PIK3CA mutations in 44% of high-grade lesions. Histologic grade, by either 3-tier or 2-tier grading systems, had a strong impact on survival, with the 2-tier system being an independent predictor of disease-specific survival and overall survival. Based on 2-tier system, the 5-year overall survival was 38% for high-grade angiosarcoma and 74% for low-grade angiosarcoma. PIK3CA mutations alone or concurrent with KDR alterations were identified in angiosarcomas with worse prognosis.

A randomised phase II trial of a trivalent ganglioside vaccine targeting GM2, GD2 and GD3 combined with immunological adjuvant OPT-821 versus OPT-821 alone in metastatic sarcoma patients rendered disease-free by surgery.

BACKGROUND: Recurrence after resection of metastatic sarcoma is common. The gangliosides GM2, GD2 and GD3 are strongly expressed across sarcoma subtypes. We hypothesised that generation of anti-ganglioside antibodies would control micrometastases and improve outcomes in sarcoma patients who were disease-free after metastasectomy. METHODS: We conducted a randomised phase II trial of the immunological adjuvant OPT-821 with a KLH-conjugated ganglioside vaccine targeting GM2, GD2 and GD3, versus OPT-821 alone in patients with metastatic sarcoma following complete metastasectomy. Patients received 10 subcutaneous injections at Weeks 1, 2, 3, 8, 16, 28, 40, 52, 68 and 84 and were followed for evidence of recurrent disease. The primary end-point was relapse-free survival. Secondary end-points included overall survival and serologic response. RESULTS: A total of 136 patients were randomised, 68 to each arm. The mean age was 51.2, 52.2% were male, 90.4% had relapsed disease, 86.8% had high-grade tumours and 14% had ≥4 metastases resected. Histologies included leiomyosarcoma (33%), spindle cell sarcoma (14%), undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (13%), osteosarcoma (10%), synovial sarcoma (9%), liposarcoma (9%) and others (12%). Most adverse events were Grade ≤2 (83.8% and 70.6% in the vaccine and adjuvant arms, respectively). The most common (≥20% of patients) were injection site reaction (89.7%), fatigue (44.1%) and pyrexia (27.9%) on the vaccine arm, and injection site reaction (69.1%) on the adjuvant only arm. The 1-year relapse-free survival rate (34.5% and 34.8% in the vaccine and OPT-821 monotherapy arm, respectively) did not differ between arms (P = 0.725). One-year overall survival rates were 93.1% and 91.5% in the vaccine and OPT-821 monotherapy arm, respectively (P = 0.578). Serologic responses at week 9 were more frequent on the vaccine arm (96.5% of patients) than in the adjuvant arm (32.8%), and the difference between groups was durable. CONCLUSIONS: A sustained serologic response to vaccination was induced with the vaccine, but no difference in recurrence-free or overall survival was observed between treatment arms. CLINICALTRIALS: gov identifier: NCT01141491.

Biomarker correlates with response to NY-ESO-1 TCR T cells in patients with synovial sarcoma.

Autologous T cells transduced to express a high affinity T-cell receptor specific to NY-ESO-1 (letetresgene autoleucel, lete-cel) show promise in the treatment of metastatic synovial sarcoma, with 50% overall response rate. The efficacy of lete-cel treatment in 45 synovial sarcoma patients (NCT01343043) has been previously reported, however, biomarkers predictive of response and resistance remain to be better defined. This post-hoc analysis identifies associations of response to lete-cel with lymphodepleting chemotherapy regimen (LDR), product attributes, cell expansion, cytokines, and tumor gene expression. Responders have higher IL-15 levels pre-infusion (p = 0.011) and receive a higher number of transduced effector memory (CD45RA- CCR7-) CD8 + cells per kg (p = 0.039). Post-infusion, responders have increased IFNγ, IL-6, and peak cell expansion (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p = 0.016, respectively). Analysis of tumor samples post-treatment illustrates lete-cel infiltration and a decrease in expression of macrophage genes, suggesting remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. Here we report potential predictive and pharmacodynamic markers of lete-cel response that may inform LDR, cell dose, and strategies to enhance anticancer efficacy.

Retrospective observational studies in ultra-rare sarcomas: A consensus paper from the Connective Tissue Oncology Society (CTOS) community of experts on the minimum requirements for the evaluation of activity of systemic treatments.

BACKGROUND: In ultra-rare sarcomas (URS) the conduction of prospective, randomized trials is challenging. Data from retrospective observational studies (ROS) may represent the best evidence available. ROS implicit limitations led to poor acceptance by the scientific community and regulatory authorities. In this context, an expert panel from the Connective Tissue Oncology Society (CTOS), agreed on the need to establish a set of minimum requirements for conducting high-quality ROS on the activity of systemic therapies in URS. METHODS: Representatives from > 25 worldwide sarcoma reference centres met in November 2020 and identified a list of topics summarizing the main issues encountered in ROS on URS. An online survey on these topics was distributed to the panel; results were summarized by descriptive statistics and discussed during a second meeting (November 2021). RESULTS: Topics identified by the panel included the use of ROS results as external control data, the criteria for contributing centers selection, modalities for ensuring a correct pathological diagnosis and radiologic assessment, consistency of surveillance policies across centers, study end-points, risk of data duplication, results publication. Based on the answers to the survey (55 of 62 invited experts) and discussion the panel agreed on 18 statements summarizing principles of recommended practice. CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations will be disseminated by CTOS across the sarcoma community and incorporated in future ROS on URS, to maximize their quality and favor their use as control data when results from prospective studies are unavailable. These recommendations could help the optimal conduction of ROS also in other rare tumors.

The Role of Immunotherapy in the Management of Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Current Landscape and Future Outlook.

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a subset of sarcoma, a rare group of heterogeneous malignancies of mesenchymal origin. Current standard of care involves surgical resection with systemic chemotherapy used to treat high-risk localized and metastatic disease. Though classically thought to be immunologically quiet tumors, STS interact with the immune system, undergoing immunoediting that alters tumor immunogenicity and the tumor microenvironment. Recent advances with immune checkpoint inhibition have led to clinical trials exploring the efficacy of immunotherapy in treating STS. Results from these trials point to histologic subtype-specific clinical activity of immune checkpoint blockade. In addition, combinatorial strategies adding immune checkpoint inhibition to local or systemic therapies for STS have further increased their efficacy. Targeted immunotherapies using engineered T-cell receptor-based approaches also show increasing promise as treatment options for some patients with STS. Adoptive transfer of autologous T cells targeting NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A4 have high response rates in sarcomas expressing these antigens, although recurrence is often seen in responding patients. Future work must focus on identifying primary and acquired mechanisms of resistance to these therapies, and extend T-cell receptor discovery to other tumor-associated antigens.

Pilot study of bempegaldesleukin in combination with nivolumab in patients with metastatic sarcoma.

PD-1 blockade (nivolumab) efficacy remains modest for metastatic sarcoma. In this paper, we present an open-label, non-randomized, non-comparative pilot study of bempegaldesleukin, a CD122-preferential interleukin-2 pathway agonist, with nivolumab in refractory sarcoma at Memorial Sloan Kettering/MD Anderson Cancer Centers (NCT03282344). We report on the primary outcome of objective response rate (ORR) and secondary endpoints of toxicity, clinical benefit, progression-free survival, overall survival, and durations of response/treatment. In 84 patients in 9 histotype cohorts, all patients experienced ≥1 adverse event and treatment-related adverse event; 1 death was possibly treatment-related. ORR was highest in angiosarcoma (3/8) and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (2/10), meeting predefined endpoints. Results of our exploratory investigation of predictive biomarkers show: CD8 + T cell infiltrates and PD-1 expression correlate with improved ORR; upregulation of immune-related pathways correlate with improved efficacy; Hedgehog pathway expression correlate with resistance. Exploration of this combination in selected sarcomas, and of Hedgehog signaling as a predictive biomarker, warrants further study in larger cohorts.

Clinical sequencing of soft tissue and bone sarcomas delineates diverse genomic landscapes and potential therapeutic targets.

The genetic, biologic, and clinical heterogeneity of sarcomas poses a challenge for the identification of therapeutic targets, clinical research, and advancing patient care. Because there are > 100 sarcoma subtypes, in-depth genetic studies have focused on one or a few subtypes. Herein, we report a comparative genetic analysis of 2,138 sarcomas representing 45 pathological entities. This cohort is prospectively analyzed using targeted sequencing to characterize subtype-specific somatic alterations in targetable pathways, rates of whole genome doubling, mutational signatures, and subtype-agnostic genomic clusters. The most common alterations are in cell cycle control and TP53, receptor tyrosine kinases/PI3K/RAS, and epigenetic regulators. Subtype-specific associations include TERT amplification in intimal sarcoma and SWI/SNF alterations in uterine adenosarcoma. Tumor mutational burden, while low compared to other cancers, varies between and within subtypes. This resource will improve sarcoma models, motivate studies of subtype-specific alterations, and inform investigations of genetic factors and their correlations with treatment response.