Comparison of Perioperative, Functional, and Oncologic Outcomes of Open vs. Robot-Assisted Off-Clamp Partial Nephrectomy: A Propensity Scored Match Analysis.

Off-clamp partial nephrectomy represents one of the latest developments in nephron-sparing surgery, with the goal of preserving renal function and reducing ischemia time. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the functional, oncologic, and perioperative outcomes between off-clamp robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (off-C RAPN) and off-clamp open partial nephrectomy (off-C OPN) through a propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis. A 1:1 PSM analysis was used to balance variables potentially affecting postoperative outcomes. To report surgical quality, 1 year trifecta was used. Univariable Cox regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of trifecta achievement. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS) probabilities between groups. Overall, 542 patients were included. After PSM analysis, two homogeneous cohorts of 147 patients were obtained. The off-C RAPN cohort experienced shorter length of stay (LoS) (3.4 days vs. 5.4 days; p < 0.001), increased likelihoods of achieving 1 year trifecta (89.8% vs. 80.3%; p = 0.03), lower postoperative Clavien-Dindo ≤ 2 complications (1.3% vs. 18.3%, p < 0.001), and lower postoperative transfusion rates (3.4% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.008). At univariable analysis, the surgical approach (off-C RAPN vs. off-C OPN, OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.09-4.46, p = 0.02) was the only predictor of 1 year trifecta achievement. At Kaplan-Meier analysis, no differences were observed between the two groups in terms of OS (log-rank p = 0.451), CSS (log-rank p = 0.476), DFS (log-rank p = 0.678), and MFS (log-rank p = 0.226). Comparing RAPN and OPN in a purely off-clamp scenario, the minimally invasive approach proved to be a feasible and safe surgical approach, with a significantly lower LoS and minor rate of postoperative complications and transfusions as a result of improved surgical quality expressed by higher 1 year trifecta achievement.

Learning curve for intracorporeal robotic Padua ileal bladder: 10-year functional assessment from a high-volume single-centre series.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of the learning curve (LC) on perioperative and long-term functional outcomes of a consecutive single-centre series of robot-assisted radical cystectomy with Padua intracorporeal orthotopic neobladder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients treated between 2013 and 2022 were included, with ≥1 year of follow-up. The entire cohort was divided in tertiles. Categorical and continuous variables were compared. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify significant changes over the decade in linear slope of the 1-year day- and night-time continence. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression analyses identified predictors of day- and night-time continence recovery. Day-time continence was defined as 'totally dry' (no pads), night-time continence as pad wetness ≤50 mL (one safety pad). RESULTS: Overall, 200 patients were included. The mean hospital stay (P = 0.002) and 30-day complications (P = 0.04) significantly reduced over time; the LC significantly impacted on Trifecta achievement (P < 0.001). The 1-year day- and night-time continence probabilities displayed a significant improving trend (day-time continence annual average percentage change [AAPC] 11.45%, P < 0.001; night-time continence AAPC 10.05%, P = 0.009). The LC was an independent predictor of day- (hazard ratio [HR] 1.008; P < 0.001) and night-time continence (HR 1.004; P = 0.03) over time. CONCLUSION: Patients at the beginning of the LC had significantly longer hospitalisations, more postoperative complications, and lower Trifecta rates. At the 10-year analyses, we observed a significant improving trend for both the 1-year day- and night-time continence probabilities, highlighting the crucial role of the LC. However, we are unable to assess the case volume needed to achieve a plateau in terms of day- and night-time continence rates.

Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy with Totally Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion Versus Open Radical Cystectomy: 3-Year Outcomes from a Randomised Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing open radical cystectomy (ORC) and robot-assisted RC (RARC) have involved an extracorporeal approach for urinary diversion (UD), undermining the potential benefits of a totally robotic procedure. Our objective was to compare 3-yr outcomes from a RCT comparing ORC to RARC with totally intracorporeal UD (iUD). METHODS: Patients with cT2-4 N0 M0 or bacillus Calmette-Guérin-failed high-grade non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma who were candidates for RC without absolute contraindications to robotic surgery were included. A covariate adaptive randomisation process based on body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, preoperative haemoglobin, type of UD, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and cT stage was used. The primary endpoint was to investigate the superiority of RARC with iUD in terms of a 50% reduction in transfusion rate. Secondary outcomes included adherence to an early recovery after surgery protocol, perioperative and postoperative outcomes, readmission and complication rates, a cost analysis, and functional, oncological, and health-related quality-of-life outcomes. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, 116 patients were enrolled. The primary endpoint was confirmed, as the overall perioperative transfusion rate was significantly lower in the RARC cohort, with an absolute risk reduction of 19% (95% confidence interval 2-36%; p = 0.046). No differences in perioperative and postoperative complications and 3-yr oncological outcomes were observed between the groups. Despite the superiority of ORC on quantitative analysis of night-time pad use, there were no differences in the probabilities of recovery of daytime and night-time continence. Body image was significantly better in the RARC cohort. Cost analysis confirmed that RARC is a more expensive surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our findings support RARC with iUD as a safe surgical option; the transfusion rate was reduced by 50% and the complication rates and 3-yr oncological outcomes were comparable to those with ORC. The minimally invasive nature of RARC was reflected in better body image perception in this cohort. The probabilities of daytime and night-time continence recovery were comparable between the groups. Higher costs remain a drawback of robotic surgery. PATIENT SUMMARY: This RCT demonstrated a 50% transfusions rate's reduction compared to ORC. We confirmed safety and feasibility of RARC with i-UD providing comparable peri- and postoperative complication rates, as well as, 3yr oncologic outcomes to those of ORC. Patients receiving either RARC-iUD or ORC had comparable probabilities of urinary continence recovery after surgery.

The Impact of Physical Activity on the Outcomes of Active Surveillance in Prostate Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review.

INTRODUCTION: Active surveillance has emerged as a valid therapeutic option in patients with low-risk prostate cancer, allowing for the deferral of definitive treatment until the time of possible disease progression. Although it is known that physical activity plays a protective role in the onset and progression of this tumor, its impact on patients with low-risk disease who are managed with active surveillance remains unclear. Our scoping review aims to summarize the existing evidence on this subject. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: On 9 April 2023, a systematic search was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases. The search employed the combination of the following terms: ("prostate cancer" OR "prostate tumor") AND ("active surveillance") AND ("physical activity" OR "physical exercise" OR "physical intensive activity" OR "intensive exercise") AND ("lifestyle"). Out of the 506 identified articles, 9 were used for the present scoping review, and their results were reported according to the PRISMA-ScR statement. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We discovered a lack of uniformity in the assessment of PA and its stratification by intensity. There was no consensus regarding what constitutes cancer progression in patients choosing expectant management. In terms of the impact of PA on AS outcomes, conflicting results were reported: some authors found no correlation, while others (six of total studies included) revealed that active men experience smaller increases in PSA levels compared to their sedentary counterparts. Additionally, higher levels of exercise were associated with a significantly reduced risk of PCa reclassification. CONCLUSION: Due to the heterogeneity of the methodologies used in the available studies and the conflicting results reported, it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions concerning the role physical activity may play in the risk of prostate cancer progression in men managed with active surveillance.

Health Related Quality of Life in Patients with Bladder Cancer Receiving a Radical Cystectomy.

Radical Cystectomy (RC) and Urinary Diversion (UD) is a complex surgery associated with a significant impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, HRQoL assessment is too often overlooked, with survival and complications being the most commonly investigated outcomes. This study aimed to identify the most impaired HRQoL features in patients receiving RC, compared to a healthy population (HP) control, as well as patients' recovery after surgery, differentiating between patients receiving ORC and RARC. Patients with Bca, who were candidates for RC with curative intent, were enrolled in the "BCa cohort". HRQoL outcomes were collected with an EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. These were collected at baseline, and then at 6-, 12- and 24 mo after surgery in the BCa cohorts, and at baseline in the HP cohort. A 1:1 propensity score matched (PSM)-analysis, adjusted for age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and smoking history, was performed. Between January 2018 and February 2023, a total of 418 patients were enrolled in the study, 116 and 302 in the BCa and HP cohorts, respectively. After applying the 1:1 propensity scored match (PSM) analysis, two homogeneous cohorts were selected, including 85 patients in each group. Baseline HRQoL assessment showed a significant impairment in terms of emotional and cognitive functioning, appetite loss and financial difficulties for the BCa cohort. Among secondary outcomes, we investigated patients' recovery after RC and UD, comparing HRQoL outcome questionnaires between the HP and BCa cohorts at 6-, 12- and 24 mo after surgery, and a subgroup analysis was performed differentiating between patients receiving ORC and RARC with totally intracorporeal UD. Interestingly, ORC compared to RARC provided a major impact on HRQoL recovery across the early, mid and long term. In particular, the ORC cohort experienced a major impairment in terms of symptoms scales items such as fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain and appetite loss. Consequently, comparing ORC and RARC vs. HP reported a major HRQoL impairment in the ORC cohort, possibly defining a benefit of RARC in early, mid- and long-term recovery. To conclude, this study confirmed the undeniable impact of RC on HRQoL. Interestingly, we highlighted the benefit of RARC in early, mid- and long-term recovery, expressed as less impairment of symptoms scales.

Robotic Surgery in Urology: History from PROBOT® to HUGOTM.

The advent of robotic surgical systems had a significant impact on every surgical area, especially urology, gynecology, and general and cardiac surgery. The aim of this article is to delineate robotic surgery, particularly focusing on its historical background, its evolution, its present status, and its future perspectives. A comprehensive literature review was conducted upon PubMed/MEDLINE, using the keywords "robotic surgical system", "robotic surgical device", "robotics AND urology". Additionally, the retrieved articles' reference lists were investigated. Analysis concentrated on urological surgical systems for laparoscopic surgery that have been given regulatory approval for use on humans. From the late 1980s, before daVinci® Era in 2000s, ancestor platform as Probot® and PUMA 560 were described to outline historical perspective. Thus, new robotic competitors of Intuitive Surgical such as Senhance®, Revo-I®, Versius®, Avatera®, Hinotori®, and HugoTM RAS were illustrated. Although daVinci® had high level competitiveness, and for many years represented the most plausible option for robotic procedures, several modern platforms are emerging in the surgical market. Growing competition through unique features of the new robotic technologies might extend applications fields, improve diffusion, and increase cost-effectiveness procedures. More experiences are needed to identify the role of these new advancements in surgical branches and in healthcare systems.

Exploring the Applications of Indocyanine Green in Robot-Assisted Urological Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Fluorescence-Guided Techniques.

This comprehensive review aims to explore the applications of indocyanine green (ICG) in robot-assisted urological surgery through a detailed examination of fluorescence-guided techniques. An extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus, using keywords such as "indocyanine green," "ICG", "NIRF", "Near Infrared Fluorescence", "robot-assisted", and "urology". Additional suitable articles were collected by manually cross-referencing the bibliography of previously selected papers. The integration of the Firefly® technology in the Da Vinci® robotic system has opened new avenues for the advancement and exploration of different urological procedures. ICG is a fluorophore widely used in near-infrared fluorescence-guided techniques. The synergistic combination of intraoperative support, safety profiles and widespread availability comprises an additional asset that empowers ICG-guided robotic surgery. This overview of the current state of the art illustrates the potential advantages and broad applications of combining ICG-fluorescence guidance with robotic-assisted urological surgery.

Long-term oncologic and functional outcomes following robot-assisted radical cystectomy and intracorporeal Padua ileal bladder: results from a single high-volume center.

PURPOSE: To report long-term oncologic and functional outcomes of a large consecutive single center series of Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC)- intracorporeal (IC) Urinary Diversion (UD), identifying their predicting factors. METHODS: A single center Bladder cancer (BC) database was queried for "RARC" and "ICUD", including patients treated between January 2012 and September 2020. Kaplan-Meier curves were assessed disease-free (DFS), cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) probability. Univariable (UV) and multivariable (MV) analysis were adopted to identify predictors of DFS, CSS and OS. Kaplan-Meier method evaluated day- and night-time continence recovery probabilities; UV and MV analysis were adopted to identify predictors of Day-time continence. RESULTS: Overall, 251 patients were included. Among them, 192 patients underwent intracorporeal ileal orthotopic neobladder (ION) (76.5%). Five-year DFS, CSS and OS rates were 66.5%, 65.4% and 61.5%; pT stage ≥ 3 and pathologic nodal involvement were identified as negative independent predictors of DFS (HR 2.39, p = 0.001, HR 4.64, p ≤ 0.001), CSS (HR 2.20, p = 0.01, HR 3.97, p < 0.001) and OS (HR 2.25, p = 0.005, HR 3.95, p < 0.001). In RARC-ION patients, Trifecta rate was 64.1%. One-year day- and night-time continence rates were 78.6% and 48.3%. Age (HR 0.98, p = 0.03), female gender (HR 0.57, p = 0.008) and complications Clavien grade ≥ 3 (HR 0.55, p = 0.03) were identified as independent predictors of day-time incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term oncologic outcomes and their predicting factors seem aligned to the largest historical open series and multi-institutional robotic series data. According to the identified predicting factors undermining a proper achievement of day-time continence, this represents an objective support, in order to properly advice specific sub-group of patients.

Robotic simple prostatectomy vs HOLEP, a 'multi single-center' experiences comparison.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare peri-operative and mid-term outcomes of patients who underwent robot-assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) vs holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HOLEP). RASP and HOLEP are the treatments of choice for men with symptomatic benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) and a prostate ≥80 g, achieving comparable short and mid-term efficacy. No randomized controlled studies have proved the superiority of one technique over the other. Material and methods: The prospectively maintained databases of the participating institutions were queried for patients with a prostate volume (PV) ≥80 g, who underwent surgery for BPO between 2011 and 2021. The study population was divided into two subgroups based on surgical approach. Demographics, baseline characteristics, and 12 months outcomes were compared between groups: χ2 and Student t-tests were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. The Trifecta composite outcome (post-operative Q-max >15 ml/sec, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) <8 and absence of complications) was used to define surgical quality and the two groups were compared accordingly. Logistic regression analyses investigated predictors of Trifecta achievement. Results: We included 97 patients with comparable pre-operative features (all p >0.30): 43 underwent RASP, 54 HOLEP. Median PV was 102 g (IQR 89-120) and Q-max was 7.2 ml/s (IQR 5.4-9.0). The Trifecta rate was 43% overall, higher in the RASP subgroup (56% vs 33%; p = 0.02). The endoscopic approach was its only independent predictor (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.28-0.88; p = 0.016). Conclusions: At univariable regression analysis, surgical approach was the only independent predictor of Trifecta achievement, which was significantly higher in the RASP group compared to HOLEP.

Open versus robot-assisted radical cystectomy: pentafecta and trifecta achievement comparison from a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare University of Southern California (USC) Institute of Urology pentafecta and trifecta achievement comparing open radical cystectomy (ORC) vs robot-assisted RC (RARC) with totally intracorporeal urinary diversion (iUD) from a randomised controlled trial (RCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were eligible for randomisation if they had a diagnostic transurethral resection of bladder tumour with clinical T stage (cT)2-4, cN0, cM0, or recurrent high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and no anaesthesia contraindications to robotic surgery. Patients were enrolled with a covariate adaptive randomisation process based on the following variables: body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, preoperative haemoglobin, planned UD, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and cT stage. USC pentafecta was defined as the combination at 1 year after surgery of: negative soft tissue surgical margins, ≥16 lymph node (LN) yield, absence of major (Clavien-Dindo Grade ≥III) complications at 90 days, absence of UD-related long-term sequalae, and absence of clinical recurrence. Trifecta was defined as the coexistence of daytime urinary continence, absence of major complications and recurrence-free status, all assessed at 1 year. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using Student's t-test and chi-square test, respectively. Univariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the role of USC pentafecta and trifecta achievement on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in USC pentafecta and trifecta achievement between groups. Among secondary outcomes, univariable logistic regression analysis was performed and both 1-year USC pentafecta and trifecta achievement were predictors of 2-year unmodified global HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports equivalence of RARC-iUD and ORC with regard to surgical quality as described by the USC pentafecta and trifecta. We described a significant impact of USC pentafecta and trifecta achievement on global health status/HRQoL, providing a strict correlation between objective evaluation of surgical outcomes and self-reported HRQoL.

Single-Setting 3D MRI/US-Guided Frozen Sectioning and Cryoablation of the Index Lesion: Mid-Term Oncologic and Functional Outcomes from a Pilot Study.

Our study explored frozen section reliability in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnoses and described surgical steps of a 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-ultrasound (US)-guided prostate biopsy (PB) and focal cryoablation of the index lesion (IL) in a single-setting procedure. Patients with a suspicious prostatic specific antigen (PSA) value, with a PIRADS 4 or 5 single lesion, were enrolled for trans perineal 3D MRI-US-guided PB and TRUS-guided focal cryoablation. Three cores were taken from the IL, three cores from the surrounding area, while systematic sampling was performed for the rest of the gland. After confirmation of PCa in frozen sections, focal cryoablation was performed. The 1st-year follow-up schedule included a PSA test at a 3-month interval, MRI 3 months and 1 year postoperatively and PB of the treated area at 1 year. Following the follow-up schedule, an involved PSA test at a 3-month interval and yearly MRI were performed. The PCa diagnosis was histologically confirmed in all three patients with frozen sections. At final histology, a single Gleason score upgrade from 6 (3 + 3) to 7 (3 + 4) was observed. All patients were discharged on postoperative day 1. At the 3-month evaluation, mean PSA values decreased from 12.54 (baseline) to 1.73 ng/mL and MRI images showed complete ablation of the IL in all patients. Urinary continence and potency were preserved in all patients. At the 1-year follow-up, one patient had suspicious ipsilateral recurrence on MRI and underwent a new analogous procedure. Post follow-up was uneventful and PSA remained stable in all patients. Three-dimensional MRI-US-guided frozen sectioning and focal cryoablation of the IL is a step forward towards a "patient-tailored" minimally invasive approach to the diagnosis and cure of PCa.

Serum levels of chromogranin are not predictive of poorly differentiated prostate cancer: Results from a multicenter radical prostatectomy cohort.

BACKGROUND: Recently a possible link between elevated Chromogranin A (CgA) levels and poorly differentiated prostate cancer has been proposed. The aim of our study was to explore the association of CgA levels and the risk of poorly differentiated prostate cancer (PCa) in men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2012 onwards, 335 consecutive men undergoing RRP for PCa at three centers in Italy were enrolled into a prospective database. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated before RRP. Blood samples were collected and tested for total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and chromogranin A (CgA). We evaluated the association between serum levels of CgA and upstaging and upgrading using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Median age and preoperative PSA levels were 65 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 60-69) and 7.2 ng/ml (IQR: 5.3-10.4), respectively. Median BMI was 26.1 kg/m2 (IQR: 24-29) with 56 (16%) obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 ). Median CgA levels were 51 (39/71). Overall, 129/335 (38,5%) presented an upstaging, and 99/335 (30%) presented an upgrading. CgA was not a predictor of upstaging or upgrading on RP. CONCLUSIONS: In our multicenter cohort of patients, CgA is not a predictor of poorly differentiated PCa on radical prostatectomy. According to our experience, CgA should not be considered a reliable marker to predict poorly differentiated or advanced prostate cancer.

Metabolic Syndrome and Physical Inactivity May Be Shared Etiological Agents of Prostate Cancer and Coronary Heart Diseases.

As metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a sedentary lifestyle have been associated with an increased risk of developing both prostate cancer (PCa) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the 2 conditions may share a common etiology. We aimed at investigating the association between CVDs and PCa. A retrospective analysis was performed. Our dataset on patients undergone systematic prostate biopsy was searched for histopathologic and clinical data. The physical activity (PA) scale for the elderly (PASE) was collected. Coronary heart diseases (CHDs) were recorded. Prognostic Grade Group ≥3 tumors were defined as high-grade (HG). The association between MetS, PA, CHDs and PCa was assessed using logistic regression analyses. Data on 955 patients were collected; 209 (22%) presented with MetS, 79 (8%) with CHDs. PCa was diagnosed in 395 (41.3%) men and 60% (n = 238) presented with an high-grade tumor. CHDs were more common among PCa-patients (9.4% vs. 7.5%; p = 0.302) but the difference was not statistically significant. No difference was observed between low- and high-grade subgroups (9.5% vs. 9.2%; p = 0.874). PASE independently predicted PCa diagnosis (OR: 0.287; p = 0.001) and HG-PCa (OR: 0.165; p = 0.001). MetS was an independent predictor of HG-PCa only (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.100-2.560; p = 0.023). CHDs were not associated with tumor diagnosis and aggressiveness.

Success factors for abdominal wall diversions, including ureterocutaneostomy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the most recent data on urinary diversions (UD) surgical outcomes performed at time of radical cystectomy (RC). RECENT FINDINGS: Looking at the recent specific literature, the most recent factors introduced in the field of UDs are the preoperative assessment of patient's frailty and the use of the robotic system. According to the available evidence, frailty status is a good preoperative predictor of surgical outcomes and patient recovery. Several questionaries measuring patient's frailty status have been evaluated as a proxy to prevent RC complications and to improve the choice of the UDs.Robot-assisted RC has gained popularity and both continent and incontinent UD are now performed through an intra-corporeal technique. Studies on Robot-assisted UDs showed that both intra-corporeal and extra-corporeal approaches (ICUD and ECUD, respectively) are safe and feasible. Compared to the open techniques, they improve intraoperative blood loss and postoperative recovery. However, accessibility to the Da-Vinci System and the need of robotic skills limit the application of these techniques to high-volume institutes. SUMMARY: Patient's frailty status and the use of robotic surgery are the most recent factors introduced to improve the choice of UD and surgical outcomes.

Metabolic syndrome and smoking are associated with persistence of nocturia after transurethral resection of the prostate.

AIMS: The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and persistence of nocturia in patients with moderate/severe nocturia (nocturia episodes ≥2), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs), and benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). METHODS: From 2015 onward, a consecutive series of patients with moderate/severe nocturia (nocturia episodes ≥2), LUTS, and BPE undergoing TURP were prospectively enrolled. Medical history, physical examination, and smoking status were recorded. MetS was defined according to Adult Treatment Panel III. Moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP was defined as nocturia episodes ≥2. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of persisting nocturia. RESULTS: One hundred two patients were enrolled with a median age of 70 years (interquartile range: 65/73). After TURP, moderate/severe nocturia was reported in 43 of 102 (42%) of the patients. Overall 40 of 102 (39%) patients presented a MetS, and out of them, 23 of 40 (58%) presented a moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP ( P = .001). Overall 62 of 102 (61%) patients were smokers, and out of them, 32 of 62 (52%) presented moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP ( P = .034). On multivariate analysis, prostate volume, MetS, and smoking were independent risk factors for moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP. CONCLUSION: In our single-center study, MetS and smoking increased the risk of moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP in patients with LUTS-BPE. Although these results should be confirmed, and the pathophysiology is yet to be completely understood, counseling smokers and MetS patients about the risk of postoperative persistent nocturia is warranted.