New developments in the imaging of lung cancer.

Radiological and nuclear medicine methods play a fundamental role in the diagnosis and staging of patients with lung cancer. Imaging is essential in the detection, characterisation, staging and follow-up of lung cancer. Due to the increasing evidence, low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) screening for the early detection of lung cancer is being introduced to the clinical routine in several countries. Radiomics and radiogenomics are emerging fields reliant on artificial intelligence to improve diagnosis and personalised risk stratification. Ultrasound- and CT-guided interventions are minimally invasive methods for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary malignancies. In this review, we put more emphasis on the new developments in the imaging of lung cancer.

Evaluation of patients' satisfaction with bronchoscopy procedure.

BACKGROUND: The bronchoscopy (BS) experience provokes anxiety amongst some patients. It can have a negative impact on the course of the procedure and on the willingness of patients to undergo the next BS in the future. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify factors influencing patients' satisfaction with BS. METHODS: The prospective study had been conducted between January and June 2019. It included patients hospitalized in our Department, who underwent elective BS. Patients assessed their anxiety and satisfaction level before and after BS using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data concerning the course of the bronchoscopy was collected. RESULTS: The median level of anxiety prior to the procedure was moderate, higher in women (p<0.0001). The majority of patients (116/125, 93%) were satisfied with appropriate information before the procedure. Almost one-third of the interviewees (39/125, 31%) declared complete satisfaction (VAS = 0) with their procedure, 17 patients (14%) were dissatisfied (VAS >5/10). Overall 113 (90%) patients declared unconditional consent for future bronchoscopy. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed two factors affecting patients' satisfaction with bronchoscopy: anxiety prior to BS (standardized regression coefficient ß = 0.264, p = 0.003) and discomfort (ß = 0.205, p = 0.018). Neither age, degree of amnesia, duration of the procedure nor its type added any significant value as factors affecting patient satisfaction. The most common factors inducing patients' discomfort during BS were local anesthesia of the throat (56/125, 45%) and cough (47/125, 38%). CONCLUSIONS: Low anxiety level before bronchoscopy and reduced discomfort during the procedure are associated with better patient satisfaction. Thus, it is important to reduce patient anxiety and discomfort during the procedure.

Blood eosinophils as a predictor of treatment response in adults with difficult-to-treat chronic cough.

There is lack of evidence on the role of blood eosinophil count (BEC) as a predictor of treatment response in patients with chronic cough. The study aimed to evaluate BEC as a predictor of treatment response in all non-smoking adults with chronic cough and normal chest radiograph referred to cough clinic and in a subgroup of patients with chronic cough due to asthma or non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB). This prospective cohort study included 142 consecutive, non-smoking patients referred to our cough centre due to chronic cough. The management of chronic cough was performed according to the current recommendations. At least a 30-mm decrease of 100-mm visual analogue scale in cough severity and a 1.3 points improvement in Leicester Cough Questionnaire were classified as a good therapeutic response. There was a predominance of females (72.5%), median age 57.5 years with long-lasting, severe cough (median cough duration 60 months, severity 55/100 mm). Asthma and NAEB were diagnosed in 47.2% and 4.9% of patients, respectively. After 12-16 weeks of therapy, a good response to chronic cough treatment was found in 31.0% of all patients. A weak positive correlation was demonstrated between reduction in cough severity and BEC (r=0.28, p<0.001). Area under the curve for all patients with chronic cough was 0.62 with the optimal BEC cut-off for prediction of treatment response set at 237 cells·µL-1 and for patients with chronic cough due to asthma/NAEB was 0.68 (95% CI 0.55-0.81) with the cut-off at 150 cells·µL-1. BEC is a poor predictor of treatment response in adults with chronic cough treated in the cough centre.

Does bronchial hyperresponsiveness predict a diagnosis of cough variant asthma in adults with chronic cough: a cohort study.

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a typical, but non-specific feature of cough variant asthma (CVA). This study aimed to determine whether bronchial hyperresponsiveness may be considered as a predictor of CVA in non-smoking adults with chronic cough (CC). The study included 55 patients with CC and bronchial hyperresponsiveness confirmed in the methacholine provocation test, in whom an anti-asthmatic, gradually intensified treatment was introduced. The diagnosis of CVA was established if the improvement in cough severity and cough-related quality of life in LCQ were noted.The study showed a high positive predictive value of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in this population. Cough severity and cough related quality of life were not related to the severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in CVA patients. A poor treatment outcome was related to a low baseline capsaicin threshold and the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux-related symptoms. In conclusion, bronchial hyperresponsiveness could be considered as a predictor of cough variant asthma in non-smoking adults with CC.

Chronic cough related to the upper airway cough syndrome: one entity but not always the same.

PURPOSE: Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), described as chronic cough (CC) associated with allergic (AR), non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) or chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), is one of the major causes of CC. We aimed to characterize a cohort of UACS patients with special attention to differences between patients with AR and NAR. METHODS: A prospective analysis of clinical data of patients, diagnosed with UACS between 2015 and 2018. RESULTS: There were 143 patients diagnosed with UACS, median age 52 years, women predominance (68.5%), The group comprised of 59 (41%) AR and 84 (59%) NAR subjects, CRS diagnosed in 17 (12%). Median cough duration: 48 months (IQR 24-120), median cough severity (VAS)-60 mm (IQR 42-78), median Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) score-11.3 (IQR 8.7-13.7), never-smokers: 70%. The most common symptoms: PND (62%), rhinorrhea (59%), nasal congestion (54%), abnormalities of sinus CT: septum deviation (62%), turbinates hypertrophy (53%), mucosal thickening (53%). UACS as the only cause of CC, was presented in 20 patients (14%). We found no differences between patients with AR and NAR in terms of age, gender, duration and severity of cough, BMI, blood eosinophil count, total IgE and FeNO. AR was associated with higher comorbidity of asthma than NAR (54% vs 35%, p = 0.019). Abnormalities in sinus CT scan were more frequently found in patients with NAR than AR (p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: NAR is the most common upper airway disease associated with UACS. Clinical characteristics of UACS patients with AR and NAR are similar with only minor differences between these groups. It seems reasonable to plan further studies concerning relationship of NAR and cough sensitivity, also in terms of potential similar neurogenic mechanism.

Is a normal chest radiograph sufficient to exclude pulmonary abnormalities potentially associated with chronic cough?

INTRODUCTION: There are few original studies on the true role of normal chest radiograph (CXR) in exclusion of pulmonary conditions that may be associated with chronic cough. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess whether a plain CXR is a sufficient tool to exclude relevant pulmonary causes of chronic cough. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of chest computed tomography (CT) scans in non-smoking patients with chronic cough and normal CXR was performed. The percentage of individuals in whom chest CT revealed relevant abnormalities was compared with the percentage of patients with irrelevant findings or normal chest CT scans. The negative predictive value (NPV) of the CXR in diagnosing the causes of chronic cough was calculated as a proportion of true negative CXRs (normal CXR AND irrelevant CT findings OR normal CT scan) to all negative CXRs (all patients, who had both a CXR and CT scan). RESULTS: The study group consisted of 59 adult patients with chronic cough, normal CXR and CT scan performed to diagnose the cause of chronic cough. In 21 patients (21/59, 36%), chest CT revealed abnormalities that were classified as relevant to chronic cough. The most frequent were: bronchiectasis (7/59, 11.9%), bronchial wall thickening (6/59, 10.2%) and mediastinal lymphadenopathy (5/59, 8.5%). The NPV of a CXR in diagnosing the causes of chronic cough was 64%. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the NPV of CXR in diagnosing pulmonary causes of chronic cough is relatively low. Thus, plain CXR seems to be insufficient to exclude pulmonary diseases potentially associated with chronic cough.

Mishandling of pMDI and DPI inhalers in asthma and COPD - Repetitive and non-repetitive errors.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacological treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based mainly on inhaled medications. There is a continuous need to examine and train patients in their inhalation technique. The objective of the presented study is to determine whether the errors which patients made during inhalations are repetitive, and therefore easier to eradicate, or rather accidental, hence require more attention and effort from the health care professionals. METHODS: It was a prospective, cohort study which included adults with asthma or COPD, who have used at least one inhaler daily on a regular basis. Inhalation technique was evaluated twice in a six months interval basing on a list of the most common errors in the inhalation technique. There was no training of inhalation skills between visits. RESULTS: There were 92 patients (46 asthmatics, 46 with COPD; median age 66 years, median duration of the disease 10 years) included into the analysis. 92% of patients made at least one error during their inhalation. Among pMDI users the most common device mishandlings were: no or too short breath-holding after inhalation (60% of the patients during the first visit; 50% during the 2nd), too rapid and too forceful inhalation (52%; 61%) and lack of exhalation before the use of the medicine (48%; 43%). Among the DPI users, the most numerous errors were: no or too short (less than 3 s) breath-holding after inhalation (62%; 55%) and slow and not forceful enough inhalation (38%; 36%). When comparing the mishandlings in the inhalation technique conducted during the first and second visit the majority of the errors conducted by the patients were repetitive. However, some errors such as too early termination of inhalation (p = 0.016), inhalation through the nose during actuation (p = 0.002) among pMDI users and lack of expiration before inhalation (p = 0.027) among DPI users, were non-permanent. CONCLUSIONS: Improper inhalation technique is very common and the majority of errors made in inhalation technique are repetitive. This emphasizes the role of an ongoing verification and training of a proper inhalation technique in all patients that are regularly treated with inhalers.

Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration as a New Diagnostic Tool for Invasive Pulmonary Mycoses.

Early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary mycoses in immunocompromised patients is a major determinant of effective treatment. However, making a reliable diagnosis is challenging and often requires transbronchial or even surgical lung biopsy. We provide evidence that endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration may be an attractive, less invasive diagnostic method. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration was not only a diagnostic clue in the presented kidney transplant recipient with invasive pulmonary mycosis but was useful in assessment of treatment efficacy.

SHOULD WE BE CONCERNED ABOUT THE DOSES OF IONIZING RADIATION RELATED TO DIAGNOSTIC AND FOLLOW-UP IMAGING IN PATIENTS WITH SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULES?

Diagnosing solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) frequently requires radiological follow up associated with exposure to ionizing radiation. The aim of this study was to estimate the effective dose of ionizing radiation in patients diagnosed and followed up due to SPNs, which were found beyond lung cancer screening programs. We estimated the exposure to ionizing radiation as effective doses (ED) of all imaging techniques using ionizing radiation: chest computed tomography (CT), contrast enhanced CT (CECT) and positron emission tomography combined with CT (PET/CT) in each patient. The median ED related to CT, CECT and PET/CT were 27.8, 17.2 and 20.4 mSv, respectively. The total ED related to all imaging examinations performed during 2 years of radiological follow-up was 33.9 mSv (range: 3.2-122.4) per patient. Majority (59%) of radiation exposure resulted from repeated chest CT. In conclusion, diagnosis and follow up of patients with SPN with different radiological techniques is associated with high exposure to ionizing radiation.

MR Imaging of Pulmonary Nodules: Detection Rate and Accuracy of Size Estimation in Comparison to Computed Tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess the sensitivity of various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and to estimate the accuracy of MRI for the measurement of lesion size, as compared to computed tomography (CT). METHODS: Fifty patients with 113 pulmonary nodules diagnosed by CT underwent lung MRI and CT. MRI studies were performed on 1.5T scanner using the following sequences: T2-TSE, T2-SPIR, T2-STIR, T2-HASTE, T1-VIBE, and T1-out-of-phase. CT and MRI data were analyzed independently by two radiologists. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity of MRI for the detection of pulmonary nodules was 80.5% and according to nodule size: 57.1% for nodules ≤4mm, 75% for nodules >4-6mm, 87.5% for nodules >6-8mm and 100% for nodules >8mm. MRI sequences yielded following sensitivities: 69% (T1-VIBE), 54.9% (T2-SPIR), 48.7% (T2-TSE), 48.7% (T1-out-of-phase), 45.1% (T2-STIR), 25.7% (T2-HASTE), respectively. There was very strong agreement between the maximum diameter of pulmonary nodules measured by CT and MRI (mean difference -0.02 mm; 95% CI -1.6-1.57 mm; Bland-Altman analysis). CONCLUSIONS: MRI yielded high sensitivity for the detection of pulmonary nodules and enabled accurate assessment of their diameter. Therefore it may be considered an alternative to CT for follow-up of some lung lesions. However, due to significant number of false positive diagnoses, it is not ready to replace CT as a tool for lung nodule detection.

Comparison of voice quality in patients with GERD-related larynx and layngopharynx disorders before and after therapy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare voice quality in patients with GERD-related changes in the larynx and laryngopharynx before and after treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 249 consecutive patients diagnosed with GERD-related changes in larynx and laryngopharynx were involved in this retrospective study (166 females, 83 males). Patients completed the questionnaire RSI. The GRBAS scale was used for subjective voice evaluation. Objective voice analysis was performed with the use of KAY Elemetrics Model CSL 4300 (CSL 4305, MDVP). RESULTS: In women, the mean RSI score (by Belafsky) was 12.69, in men 12.6. In both analyzed groups, the laryngeal symptoms related to GERD diminished after treatment. Perceptual assessment of voice (GRBAS) revealed G2R1B0A0S1 in women and G2R2B0A0S1 in men. In both the male and female group before treatment, the dominant sonogram was type III in Remacle's scale, IInd degree of hoarseness in Yanagihara's scale, phonation time was shortened, and MDVP parameters were abnormal. After treatment there was statistically significant improvement in the following parameters: G, R, B, and S in sonogram, degree of hoarseness, some of MDVP parameters (Fhi, RAP and PPQ in females, and F0 and Flo in males), and less irregularity in tomogram. CONCLUSIONS: In all patients no restoration of normal voice was noted after treatment despite disappearance of the gastrological symptoms.

Chronic cough - assessment of treatment efficacy based on two questionnaires.

INTRODUCTION: Efficacy of chronic cough treatment is ambiguous. The aim of the study was to analyze chronic cough alleviation after specific treatment and the relationship between cough etiology and treatment efficacy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A stepwise diagnostic approach was used to diagnose cough etiology in non-smoking adults with chronic cough. In all patients specific treatment was applied. Two different questionnaires - a visual analog scale and a 5-degree scale - were used to assess cough severity before and after 4-6 months of treatment. RESULTS: A significant correlation between pre-treatment and post-treatment results of both questionnaires was found (Spearman coefficient 0.43, p = 0.0003 and 0.73, p < 0.0001, respectively). Baseline questionnaire analysis revealed no differences in cough severity between patients with different cough causes or multiple cough causes. Although specific treatment resulted in a significant decrease of cough severity in the entire group, only partial improvement was noted. According to the visual analogue scale, a decrease of cough severity by at least 50% was achieved only in 54.4% of patients (37/68). Similarly, satisfactory improvement was noted in only 54.4% (37/68) of patients when using the 5-point scale. There were three sub-groups of patients, in whom no relevant decrease of cough severity was observed despite treatment: patients with 1. three coexisting cough causes, 2. non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, and 3. chronic idiopathic cough. CONCLUSIONS: Cough severity does not depend on its etiology. Efficacy of chronic cough treatment in non-smoking patients is only moderate.

[Warsaw A-E scale of endoscopic pharyngo-laryngeal findings associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Correlation with reflux finding score (RFS)]. / Skala Warszawska A-E oceny endoskopowych zmian w krtani zwiazanych z refluksem gardlowo-krtaniowym. Korelacja ze skala patologii refluksowej (RFS).

INTRODUCTION: Changes associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) are usually related to the posterior part of the larynx and called "posterior laryngitis". Pathologic reflux-induced mucosal changes within the larynx are easily detected with the use of videolaryngoscopy (VLS). To the multitude of described changes within the larynx that are associated with the existence of LPR Belafsky introduced assessment with 26 scale points describing changes in the larynx (RFS; reflux finding score). AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to introduce our proposal of a new scale of endoscopic pharyngo-laryngeal findings associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux named Warsaw A-E scale. For that reason the new scale was compared to the RFS scale of Belafsky. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 249 patients were involved in this restospective study. The reflux disease was confirmed by gastroenetrologists. Larynx was evaluated with the use of videolaryngoscopy. Morphological changes within the larynx and pharynx were assessed using 1) the RFS scale according to Belafsky, 2) and using our proposed scale named Warsaw A-E scale. The results were compared. RESULTS: All patients received at least 7 points in RFS scale of Belafsky. Using Warsaw A-E scale, there were no patients found with the videolaryngoscopic image of the larynx classified as A type. In both the women's group, as well as the group of men prevailed type C. The comparison of the two scales showed correlation between them. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a statistically significant correlation of Warsaw A-E scale of laryngopharyngeal changes with a commonly used scale of RFS according to Belafsky. It was found that the Warsaw A-E scale is easier to use and less time consuming.

IL-6 and IL-13 in induced sputum of COPD and asthma patients: correlation with respiratory tests.

BACKGROUND: IL-6 is strongly implicated in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). IL-13 is the well-documented central mediator in allergic asthma. IL-6 is attributed to the proinflammatory activities in COPD as well as asthma. In COPD patients exacerbation is increased by serum IL-6. The association of IL-13 as well as IL-6 with the impaired respiratory function of asthma patients remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of IL-6 and IL-13 in the induced sputum of asthma and COPD patients, and to assess the possible association of these cytokines with the impairment of lung function. METHODS: Twenty-six subjects with COPD and 18 subjects with asthma were enrolled in this study. IL-6 and IL-13 levels were measured in induced sputum by ELISA and correlated with the results of respiratory tests. RESULTS: The induced sputum of COPD patients had a significantly higher IL-6 level than the sputum of asthma subjects while no significant differences were found in the levels of IL-13. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between IL-6 level and FEV(1) or FEV(1)/FVC in asthma patients (r = -0.59 and -0.54, respectively) and a negative correlation that did not reach statistical significance between IL-6 level and FEV(1), FEV(1)% or FVC in COPD subjects (r = -0.30, -0.30 and -0.38, respectively). There was no relationship between concentrations of IL-13 and impaired respiratory function. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed that IL-6, but not of IL-13, is associated with respiratory disorders in both asthma and COPD patients.

Simplified method of dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography in the evaluation of indeterminate pulmonary nodules.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is one of the methods used in the evaluation of lung nodules. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of the simplified method (based on only 2 postcontrast measurements) of dynamic CECT in determining the nature of pulmonary nodules. METHODS: Forty nodules (solid, 10-40 mm in diameter, spherical, with no visible calcification or fatty tissue) in 40 patients were analyzed. In 30 patients, the nature of the nodule was confirmed by pathological examination. In 10 cases, the nodules were assumed to be benign, as no growth within 2 years was radiologically documented. All patients underwent CECT according to a simplified protocol (based on pre-enhancement and 2 postcontrast measurements at 30 s and 4 min after contrast injection). RESULTS: Twenty-three (57.5%) nodules were proved to be malignant and 17 (42.5%) benign. The 7 benign and none of the malignant nodules showed an enhancement value of < or = 15 Hounsfield units. Thus, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of shortened dynamic CECT were 100, 41, 70, 100 and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In CECT, contrast enhancement of a pulmonary nodule < or = 15 Hounsfield units is a reliable predictor of its benignity. Reduction in the number of postcontrast measurements in the simplified method of dynamic CECT does not influence its sensitivity.

[Analysis of solitary pulmonary nodules found in chest radiograms]. / Analiza pojedynczych guzków pluca stwierdzonych w radiogramach klatki piersiowej.

INTRODUCTION: The detection of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) has increased due to widespread use of computed tomography; nevertheless, chest radiographs still remain the basic routine examination. The aim of the study was to estimate the detection of SPNs in routine chest X-rays in hospitalized patients and to assess the incidence of malignancy in newly diagnosed SPNs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 5,726 routine chest radiographs of patients admitted to the Department of Internal Diseases, Pneumology and Allergology in 2004 and 2005. Most of the patients were admitted to hospital due to emergency reasons. The malignant nature of the nodules was confirmed by pathological examination. The nature of benign nodules was confirmed either by pathological examination or based on radiological criteria: no growth within 2 years of radiological follow up, regression in control radiograms or CT scans, benign pattern of calcification. RESULTS: Among the 5,726 radiograms we found 116 newly diagnosed SPNs (2.2%). Twenty-four nodules (21%) were malignant: NSCLC in 21 cases and metastases in 3 cases. Fifty-one nodules (44%) were benign. In 19 patients (16%) SPNs proved to be artefacts or erroneously interpreted extrathoracic lesions. In 22 cases (19%) there was no final diagnosis (lack of data, diagnostic procedure renunciation). CONCLUSION: The incidence of newly detected SPNs in chest X-rays was 2.2%. Most SPNs were benign. About 21% of SPNs were diagnosed as malignant.

Increased proportion of Fas positive CD8+ cells in peripheral blood of patients with COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by chronic inflammation in pulmonary tissue and is also associated with systemic effects. The objective of this study was determination of lymphocyte subpopulation and the expression of Fas receptor on lymphocytes derived from peripheral blood of patients with stable COPD (n=18) and a control group: asymptomatic smokers (n=12) and non-smokers (n=12). Flow cytometry method with monoclonal antibodies was used for evaluation of lymphocyte subsets: CD4+ and CD8+ and the expression of Fas (CD95) on T lymphocytes. We found an elevated proportion of CD8+ cells in the blood of COPD patients. Proportion of Fas+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher in patients with COPD when compared with asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers (mean: 84.4% vs. 71.6% vs. 61.0% for Fas+/ CD4+ and 88.1% vs. 73.8% vs. 58.3% for Fas+/CD8+ lymphocytes). The proportion of Fas positive CD8+ cells significantly correlated with the degree of airway obstruction and hypoxemia. The significant correlations of Fas positive CD4+ and Fas positive CD8+ with smoking history expressed as pack years smoked were observed. Our observation of an elevated proportion of circulating lymphocytes bearing Fas receptor may play a role in induction of these cells' apoptosis and indicate the role of Fas/ FasL pathway in the changes in proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with COPD.

[Radial segmentation of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with non-small cell lung cancer ]. / Radialna segmentacja jader limfocytów we krwi obwodowej u chorych z niedrobnokomórkowym rakiem pluca.

The term radial segmentation (RS) is applied to a characteristic nuclear deformation observed in peripheral blood in vitro in some neoplastic and normal cells. It concerns al mononuclear cells. RS positive lymphocytes were found as CD 4 cells. Different conditions and substances, i.e. anticoagulant or cyclosporin can induce the formation of RS nuclei in vitro. Elevated ratio of RS nuclei in peripheral blood has been observed in patients with some autoimmunological diseases i.e. rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent, sarcoidosis. Reduced ratio of RS nuclei was observed in neoplastic diseases. The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence of RS nuclei of lymphocytes in vitro in peripheral blood (induced by cyclosporin) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Heparinized peripheral blood was obtained from controls and patients with primary NSCLC. The blood was incubated with cyclosporin, and then lymphocytes were isolated by Lymphoprep. RS positive lymphocytes were counted in smears stained with MGG stain. In peripheral blood from healthy donors the average incidence of lymphocytes RS was 3.314% and in patients with NSCLC 4.481% respectively. The difference between controls and patients with NSCLC was not significant. No correlation was found between incidence of RS and stadium of lung cancer.