Comparison of Manual (2D) and Digital (3D) Methods in the Assessment of Simulated Facial Edema.

BACKGROUND: An edema assessment following dental surgeries is essential to improving the dental surgeon's technique and, consequentially, patient comfort. PURPOSE: Two-dimensional (2D) methods are limited in analyzing 3-dimensional (3D) surfaces. Currently, 3D methods are used to investigate postoperative swelling. However, there are no studies that directly compare 2D and 3D methods. The goal of this study is to directly compare 2D and 3D methods used in the assessment of postoperative edema. STUDY DESIGN AND SAMPLE: The investigators implemented a prospective, cross-sectional study with each subject serving as its own control. The sample was composed of dental student volunteers without facial deformities. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The predictor variable is the method used to measure edema. After simulating edema, manual (2D) and digital (3D) techniques were used to measure edema. The manual method used direct facial perimeter measurements. The two digital methods were photogrammetry using a smartphone (iPhone 11, Apple Inc, Cupertino, California), and facial scanning with a smartphone application (Bellus3D FaceApp, Bellus3D Inc, Campbell, California) [3D measurements] MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The coefficient of variation (CV) (CV = standard deviation /mean) was used to assess homogeneity of edema measurements. ANALYSIS: The Shapiro-Wilk and equal variance tests were applied to assess data homogeneity. Next, one-way analysis of variance was performed, followed by a correlation analysis. Finally, the data were submitted to Tukey's test. The statistical significance threshold was set at 5% (P < .05). RESULTS: The sample was composed of 20 subjects aged 18-38 years. The CV showed higher values using the manual (2D) method (47%; 4.88% ± 2.99), compared with the photogrammetry method (18%; 8.55 mm ± 1.52) and the smartphone application (21%; 8.97 mm ± 1.93). A statistically significant difference was observed between the manual method values and those of the other two groups (P < .001). There was no difference between the facial scanning and photogrammetry groups (3D methods) (P = .778) CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Both digital measuring methods (3D) demonstrated greater homogeneity than the manual method in analyzing facial distortions caused by the same swelling simulation. Therefore, it can be affirmed that digital methods may be more reliable that manual methods for assessing facial edema.

Avaliação comparativa entre Endobon® e enxerto autógeno em seio maxilar humano: análise histomorfométrica, imunohistoquímica e Micro-CT / Comparative evaluation between Endobon® and autogenous graft in human maxillary sinus: histomorphometric, imunohistochemical and Micro-CT analyze

A reabsorção óssea progressiva e a pneumatização do seio maxilar podem impedir a instalação de implantes dentais e a reabilitação protética na região posterior da maxila. Técnicas cirúrgicas para a elevação da membrana sinusal e utilização de enxertos possibilitam a reconstrução óssea desta região. O enxerto ósseo autógeno representa o padrão ouro para reconstrução de áreas com defeitos ósseos devido suas propriedades osteogênicas, osteoindutoras e osteocondutoras. No entanto, por necessitar de outro sítio cirúrgico, biomateriais, tais como a hidroxiapatita derivada da cortical óssea bovina, estão sendo usadas como substituto ósseo com resultados promissores. O Endobon® representa uma opção de biomaterial com características moleculares semelhantes ao osso medular humano. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar prospectivamente o comportamento e a dinâmica do reparo ósseo do Endobon®, adicionado ou não ao osso autógeno em uma proporção de 1:1 após a realização de enxertia da região posterior de maxila pela técnica de elevação da membrana do seio maxilar em humanos. Foram incluídos 22 pacientes que totalizaram 34 seios maxilares submetidos a enxertia utilizando os três tipos de enxerto ósseo propostos nesse estudo, sendo eles Endobon® puro (END), Endobon® mais enxerto ósseo autógeno (END+AUT) e enxerto autógeno puro (AUT). Após 6 meses da enxertia foram realizadas biópsias da região enxertada e essas passaram por processamento para serem realizadas análises histomorfométrica para calcular a porcentagem de osso neoformado, tecido conjuntivo e biomaterial remanescente e análises imunohistoquímica e por microtomografia computadorizada (Micro-CT). Na análise histomorfométrica foi observado 49,9% de osso neoformado no grupo AUT com diferença estatística para o grupo END+AUT que apresentou 33,2% de neoformação óssea (P< 0,05). Não foram observadas outras diferenças estatísticas na análise histomorfométrica. Analisando grupo END+AUT foi observado sinais histológicos e imunohistoquímicos compatíveis com menor neoformação óssea, além disso esse grupo não apresentou diferenças na Micro-CT comparado ao grupo END. Desta forma, o uso isolado do biomaterial deve ser considerado para ganho ósseo na região posterior de maxila por meio da técnica de elevação da membrana do seio maxilar, visto que a utilização do Endobon® puro não apresentou diferenças para o grupo controle (AUT)(AU)

The progressive bone resorption and pneumatization of the maxillary sinus can prevent the placement of dental implants and prosthetic rehabilitation in the posterior region of the maxilla. Surgical techniques for sinus membrane elevation and use of grafts allow bone reconstruction of this region. Autogenous bone graft represents the gold standard for reconstruction of areas that show bone defects due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. However, due to the need for a second surgical site, biomaterials, such as hydroxyapatite derived from bovine cortical bone, are being used as a bone substitute with promising results. Endobon® represents a biomaterial option that has molecular characteristics similar to human medullary bone. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the behavior and dynamics of Endobon® bone repair, added or not to autogenous bone in a 1:1 ratio after grafting the posterior region of the maxilla by the membrane elevation technique of the human maxillary sinus. Twenty-two patients were included, totaling 34 maxillary sinuses undergoing grafting using the three types of bone graft proposed in this study: Endobon® (END), Endobon® plus autogenous bone graft (END+AUT) and pure autogenous graft (AUT). After 6 months of grafting, biopsies of the grafted region were performed and these underwent processing in order to allow the histomorphometric analysis to calculate the percentage of newly formed bone, connective tissue and remaining biomaterial, the immunohistochemical analysis and the computed microtomography (Micro-CT). In the histomorphometric analysis, 49.9% of new bone formation was observed in the AUT group, with a statistical difference from the END+AUT group, which presented 33.2% of new bone formation (p< 0.05). No other statistical differences were observed in the histomorphometric analysis. Analyzing the END+AUT group, histological and immunohistochemical signs of less bone neoformation were observed. This group did not show differences in Micro-CT compared to the END group. Thus, the isolated use of the biomaterial should be considered for bone gain in the posterior region of the maxilla using the maxillary sinus membrane elevation technique, since the use of pure Endobon® showed no differences for the control group (AUT)(AU)

Oral Surgery in Patients With Sturge-Weber Syndrome.

ABSTRACT: The Sturge-Weber syndrome (SSW) is a congenital neurocutaneous malformation, with angiomas involving the leptomeningea and facial skin. This syndrome is characterized by corticocerebral angiomatosis, cerebral calcifications, ocular affections, mental retardation, increased risk of stroke, counterlateral hemiplegia, and seizures. Another important feature of SSW is the flameus nevus on the face. In the oral cavity, SSW appears as hemangiomatous lesions affecting the mucous membranes and occasionally the dental pulp. Gingival hyperplasia may be present due to the use of anticonvulsant drugs. The present article reports the management of 2 female patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome who required oral surgery in regions affected by hemangiomatous lesions. In the first case, no hemostatic agents were necessary. On the other hand, the second case required the use of several hemostatic agents to control hemorrhage during surgery. Both patients recovered uneventfully without episodes of bleeding or infection.

Fishing nets and video creation: diabetic nephropathy education on screen / Redes de pesca e a criação de vídeo: em tela a educação na nefropatia diabética

Abstract: Introduction: Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases (NCDs), such as Diabetes and Hypertension are responsible for 2/3 of deaths in the world, with Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) representing the most important cause of chronic kidney disease. Health Literacy (HL) is one of the social determinants of health. To guide and expand the knowledge of patients and teams involved in the care of people with NCDs, and for a better approach to chronic complications of Diabetes and Hypertension, the development of learning objects (LO) was proposed. Experience Report: this study involved the construction of an educational video by a group of five students during the academic program of undergraduate Medical School in 2019. They proposed a guiding question in relation to DN from a theoretical material. The chosen question was: "What is the level of understanding of patients with diabetic nephropathy in relation to their own disease?". They developed a questionnaire on diabetes and hypertension and their complications, which was answered by patients with diabetes who were treated at the specialized outpatient clinic, aiming to answer the proposed problem. They drew a synthesis from the analysis of the responses, of the possible gaps in relation to the understanding of the diseases. Then, a script was created with the description of these gaps with the medical explanation and an analogy was made with fishing nets for the video production, containing narratives, texts, audios and images. Finally, the video was presented to teachers and students in the classroom. Discussion: The characterization of the video as an LO implies constructing it as an educational component, self-sufficient, reusable and with the possibility of combining it with other LOs as new educational tools. Conclusion: The educational material was characterized as an LO. It allows pointing out aspects of the progression of DN and recommended medical orientations for the disease. It establishes a tool for group discussions and isolated actions based on succinct and evidence-based medical information. The video validation is undergoing validation for use in health services.

Resumo: Introdução: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), como diabetes e hipertensão, são responsáveis por dois terços das mortes no mundo, sendo a nefropatia diabética (ND) a principal causa de doença renal crônica. O letramento em saúde (LS) constitui um dos determinantes sociais da saúde. Para orientação e ampliação de conhecimento dos pacientes e das equipes envolvidas no cuidado de pessoas com DCNT, e para uma melhor abordagem das complicações crônicas do diabetes e da hipertensão, foi proposta a elaboração de objetos de aprendizagem (OA). Relato de experiência: O presente trabalho envolveu a construção de um vídeo educacional por um grupo de cinco alunos durante as atividades acadêmicas do curso de Medicina em 2019. Esses alunos propuseram uma questão norteadora em relação à ND a partir de um material teórico. A questão escolhida foi: "Qual é o nível de entendimento dos pacientes com nefropatia diabética em relação à própria doença?". Elaboraram um questionário sobre diabetes e hipertensão e suas complicações, o qual foi respondido por pacientes com diabetes atendidos no ambulatório especializado, buscando atender à problemática proposta. Extraíram uma síntese, a partir da análise das respostas, das possíveis lacunas em relação ao entendimento sobre as doenças. A partir disso, produziram um roteiro e atribuíram uma explicação médica a tais lacunas. O vídeo foi construído com base em uma analogia com redes de pesca e composto por narrativas, textos, áudios e imagens. Ao final, apresentaram o vídeo aos docentes e discentes em sala de aula. Discussão: Para que se possa caracterizar o vídeo como um OA, ele precisa se configurar como componente educacional, autossuficiente, passível de reusabilidade e com possibilidade de combinação com outros OA, formando novos objetos educacionais. Conclusão: O material educativo construído pode ser caracterizado como um OA. Tal material pontua aspectos da evolução da ND, bem como traz orientações médicas preconizadas para a doença, podendo ser usado em discussões em grupo ou em ações isoladas, visto que apresenta informações sucintas e embasadas em literatura. Está em curso o processo de validação do vídeo para uso nos serviços de saúde.

Sclerotherapy for Extensive Vascular Malformation in the Tongue.

Vascular malformations (VMs) are benign lesions of blood vessels originated from an error in vascular morphogenesis during the embryologic phase. Generally, when located in the head and neck region VMs occurs in lips, tongue, buccal mucosa, gums, or palate. The VMs are usually asymptomatic, varies in size and may cause facial asymmetries. Different therapeutic modalities are available to treat VMs, which include surgical excision, cautery, cryotherapy, laser therapy, and sclerosing agents. The authors report 2 patients with extensive VM in the tongue treated with intralesional injection of a low-dose solution of monoethanolamine oleate (MO) and lidocaine. The first patient was a 69-year-old male patient and the 2nd a 65-year-old woman. In both patients, it were performed weekly application of 1:1 MO (Ethamolin) with Lidocaine (lidocaine 3% 1:50,000) in the amount of 0.1 mL of the solution per cm3 of lesion, with a total of 12 applications for each patient at the end of the treatment, with good results and without complications. It is important to be alert in which situation sclerotherapy should be used and that small doses of the sclerotherapeutic agent is essential for the prevention of complications after the procedure. Therefore, these patients showed that the sclerotherapy with MO may be an effective and simple treatment for extensive oral benign vascular lesions. In both patients, there was a great improvement in the clinical aspect of the lesions and patient's satisfaction.

Management of Blowout Fracture With Support of Video Endoscopy in a Pediatric Patient.

Pure orbital fractures have the tendency to occur on medial wall and orbital floor; because these points are more fragile, the endoscopy can be utilized for accomplishing the task of repositioning the herniated content, as well as serving as an additional tool, helping to view the orbital defects through a transantral approach. The presented case is a female patient, 12 years old, who was diagnosed as having a pure blowout fracture, on right orbital floor, type trapdoor, with orbital content herniated toward the maxillary sinus. It was realized that a surgical procedure for reduction of orbital content through video endoscopy, via antral, allowed a great viewing of soft and hard structures, checking the positioning of implants and its relation with the orbital cavity, enabling installing through a small surgical access and minimum detachment, and favoring postoperative recovery.

Restauração estética indireta tipo inlay em IPS e. max Press: relato de caso / Indirect esthetic inlay restoration on IPS e.maxPress: case report

Restaurações diretas com resina composta em dentes posteriores são ótimas opções devido à sua longevidade e estética agradável. Porém, em virtude da evolução dos materiais dentários, assim como das técnicas e algumas limitações das restaurações diretas, os procedimentos indiretos acabaram adquirindo mais espaço no mercado. As cerâmicas são utilizadas na confecção de restaurações indiretas e conferem ao paciente boas condições estéticas e funcionais por possibilitar contornos e contatos proximais excelentes, adaptação marginal satisfatória, resistência ao desgaste e a fratura e estabilidade de cor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso clínico envolvendo o elemento 16, com restauração de amalgama fraturada, que foi substituída por uma restauração indireta do tipo Inlay confeccionada por meio do sistema e.max Press. Primeiramente foi realizada a remoção de toda a restauração de amalgama e o preparo coronário para restauração tipo Inlay. Após a moldagem e obtenção do modelo de trabalho, realizou-se o enceramento, o qual foi incluído em revestimento e posteriormente foi submetido ao processo de injeção e prensagem da cerâmica, obtendo-se a restauração do tipo Inlay. Na sequência, foram efetuadas a prova e a cimentação da restauração, seguido de ajuste oclusal. Considerando o caso clínico apresentado, pode-se concluir que restaurações indiretas em cerâmica são boas opções para se utilizar em cavidades extensas em elementos posteriores. Entretanto, o cirurgião-dentista deve ter o conhecimento a respeito das propriedades físicas e mecânicas da cerâmica injetada, dos princípios biomecânicos do preparo e também sobre os sistemas adesivos a serem utilizados.

Direct composite resin restorations in posterior teeth are excellent options due to its longevity and satisfactory aesthetics. however, due to the evolution of dental materials and techniques, as well as some limitations of direct restorations, indirect procedures eventually gained more space. Ceramics are used in indirect restorations and give the patient good aesthetic and functional conditions for enabling contours and excellent proximal contacts, satisfactory marginal adaptation, resistance to wear and fracture as well as color stability. The aim of this study was to report a clinical case involving the element 16 with a fractured amalgam restoration replaced by an indirect inlay restoration made through Emax Press System. Removal of the amalgam restoration and coronary preparation for an inlay restoration type were performed. After impression and obtaining a working model, the wax-up was performed, invested, and subjected to ceramic pressing. Then it was performed a test and the cementation of restoration folowed by occlusal adjustment. Considering the presented clinical case, it can be concluded that indirect ceramic restorations are a good alternative to be used in large cavities in posterior elements. however, the professional must have the knowledge on the physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic material, the biomechanical principles of preparation, and also about adhesives systems to be used.