Current concepts in the management of cataract with keratoconus.

This review analyzed all pertinent articles on keratoconus (KCN) and cataract surgery. It covers preoperative planning, intraoperative considerations, and postoperative management, with the aim of providing a simplified overview of treating such patients. Preoperatively, the use of corneal cross-linking, intrastromal corneal ring segments, and topo-guided corneal treatments can help stabilize the cornea and improve the accuracy of biometric measurements. It is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of traditional techniques such as penetrating keratoplasty and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, as well as newer stromal augmentation techniques, to choose the most appropriate surgical approach. Obtaining reliable measurements can be difficult, especially in the advanced stages of the disease. The choice between toric and monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) should be carefully evaluated. Monofocal IOLs are a better choice in patients with advanced disease, and toric lenses can be used in mild and stable KCN. Intraoperatively, the use of a rigid gas permeable (RGP) lens can overcome the challenge of image distortion and loss of visual perspective. Postoperatively, patients may need updated RGP or scleral lenses to correct the corneal irregular astigmatism. A thorough preoperative planning is crucial for good surgical outcomes, and patients need to be informed regarding potential postoperative surprises. In conclusion, managing cataracts in KCN patients presents a range of challenges, and a comprehensive approach is essential to achieve favorable surgical outcomes.

Microfluidic technology for cell biology-related applications: a review.

Fluid flow at the microscale level exhibits a unique phenomenon that can be explored to fabricate microfluidic devices integrated with components that can perform various biological functions. In this manuscript, the importance of physics for microscale fluid dynamics using microfluidic devices has been reviewed. Microfluidic devices provide new opportunities with regard to spatial and temporal control over cell growth. Furthermore, the manuscript presents an overview of cellular stimuli observed by combining surfaces that mimic the complex biochemistries and different geometries of the extracellular matrix, with microfluidic channels regulating the transport of fluids, soluble factors, etc. We have also explained the concept of mechanotransduction, which defines the relation between mechanical force and biological response. Furthermore, the manipulation of cellular microenvironments by the use of microfluidic systems has been highlighted as a useful device for basic cell biology research activities. Finally, the article focuses on highly integrated microfluidic platforms that exhibit immense potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical research as robust and portable point-of-care diagnostic devices for the assessment of clinical samples.

Cell-based Therapies for Corneal and Retinal Disorders.

Maintenance of the visual function is the desired outcome of ophthalmologic therapies. The shortcomings of the current treatment options, like partial recovery, post-operation failure, rigorous post-operative care, complications, etc., which are usually encountered with the conventional treatment options has warranted newer treatment options that may eliminate the root cause of diseases and minimize the side effects. Cell therapies, a class of regenerative medicines, have emerged as cutting-edge treatment option. The corneal and retinal dystrophies during the ocular disorders are the major cause of blindness, worldwide. Corneal disorders are mainly categorized mainly into corneal epithelial, stromal, and endothelial disorders. On the other hand, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, Stargardt Disease, choroideremia, Leber congenital amaurosis are then major retinal degenerative disorders. In this manuscript, we have presented a detailed overview of the development of cell-based therapies, using embryonic stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, limbal stem cells, corneal epithelial, stromal and endothelial, embryonic stem cell-derived differentiated cells (like retinal pigment epithelium or RPE), neural progenitor cells, photoreceptor precursors, and bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells etc. The manuscript highlights their efficiency, drawbacks and the strategies that have been explored to regain visual function in the preclinical and clinical state associated with them which can be considered for their potential application in the development of treatment.

Advances in Animal Models and Cutting-Edge Research in Alternatives: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on 3Rs Research and Progress, Vishakhapatnam, 2022.

Animal experimentation has been integral to drug discovery and development and safety assessment for many years, since it provides insights into the mechanisms of drug efficacy and toxicity (e.g. pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics). However, due to species differences in physiology, metabolism and sensitivity to drugs, the animal models can often fail to replicate the effects of drugs and chemicals in human patients, workers and consumers. Researchers across the globe are increasingly applying the Three Rs principles by employing innovative methods in research and testing. The Three Rs concept focuses on: the replacement of animal models (e.g. with in vitro and in silico models or human studies), on the reduction of the number of animals required to achieve research objectives, and on the refinement of existing experimental practices (e.g. eliminating distress and enhancing animal wellbeing). For the last two years, Oncoseek Bio-Acasta Health, a 3-D cell culture-based cutting-edge translational biotechnology company, has organised an annual International Conference on 3Rs Research and Progress. This series of global conferences aims to bring together researchers with diverse expertise and interests, and provides a platform where they can share and discuss their research to promote practices according to the Three Rs principles. In November 2022, the 3rd international conference, Advances in Animal Models and Cutting-Edge Research in Alternatives, took place at the GITAM University in Vishakhapatnam (AP, India) in a hybrid format (i.e. online and in-person). These conference proceedings provide details of the presentations, which were categorised under five different topic sessions. It also describes a special interactive session on in silico strategies for preclinical research in oncology, which was held at the end of the first day.

Comparison between carbohydrate and salt-based macromolecular crowders for cell preservation at higher temperatures.

In this investigation, the macromolecular crowding effect of a carbohydrate-based polymer, pullulan, and a salt-based polymer, poly-(4-styrenesulfonic-acid) sodium salt (PSS) was compared for the storage of A549 lung carcinoma cells, at temperatures greater than that of liquid nitrogen storage tanks. A DoE-CCD response surface model was used to optimise medium compositions comprising DMSO and a macromolecular crowder (MMC; pullulan, PSS and their combinations). The effect of adding MMCs was evaluated in terms of post-preservation viability, apoptotic population and growth curve analysis. The optimised medium consisting of 10% DMSO and 3% pullulan in the basal medium (BM) could facilitate long-term cell preservation for 90 days at - 80 °C, resulting in cell viability of ∼83%. The results also showed a significant decrease in the apoptotic population at all time points for the optimised composition of the freezing medium. These results indicated that adding 3% pullulan to the freezing medium improved the post-thaw viability and reduced the apoptotic cell population. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03571-6.

Disease-related biomarkers as experimental endpoints in 3D skin culture models.

The success of in vitro 3D models in either recapitulating the normal tissue physiology or altered physiology or disease condition depends upon the identification and/or quantification of relevant biomarkers that confirm the functionality of these models. Various skin disorders, such as psoriasis, photoaging, vitiligo, etc., and cancers like squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, etc. have been replicated via organotypic models. The disease biomarkers expressed by such cell cultures are quantified and compared with the biomarkers expressed in cultures depicting the normal tissue physiology, to identify the most prominent variations in their expression. This may also indicate the stage or reversal of these conditions upon treatment with relevant therapeutics. This review article presents an overview of the important biomarkers that have been identified in in-vitro 3D models of skin diseases as endpoints for validating the functionality of these models. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-023-00574-2.

In vitro triple culture model of retinoblastoma for pre-clinical investigations.

BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare cancer of the retina that occurs during early childhood. The disease is relatively rare but aggressive, accounting for ∼3% of childhood cancers. Treatment modalities encompass the administration of large doses of chemotherapeutic drugs, which result in multiple side-effects. Therefore, it is essential to have safe and effective newer therapies and suitable physiologically relevant, alternative-to-animal, in vitro cell culture-based models to enable rapid and efficient evaluation of potential therapies. METHODOLOGY: This investigation was focused on the development of a triple co-culture model comprising Rb, retinal epithelium, and choroid endothelial cells, using a protein coating cocktail, to recapitulate this ocular cancer under in vitro conditions. This resulting model was used for screening drug toxicity, based on the growth profile of Rb cells, using carboplatin as the model drug. Further, a combination of bevacizumab and carboplatin was evaluated using the developed model, to lower the concentration of carboplatin and thereby reduce its physiological side-effects. MAJOR RESULTS: The effect of drug treatment on the triple co-culture was assessed by increase in the apoptotic profile of Rb cells. Further, the barrier properties were found to be lower with a decrease in the angiogenetic signals that included expression of vimentin. Measurement of cytokine levels signified reduced inflammatory signals due to the combinatorial drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings validated that the triple co-culture Rb model was suitable for evaluating anti-Rb therapeutics and could thereby decrease the immense load on animal trials, which are the primary screens employed for evaluating retinal therapies.

Developmental cataract in congenital ichthyosis.

A teenage boy who was previously diagnosed to have congenital ichthyosis presented to the eye clinic with complaints of gradually decreasing vision in both eyes since childhood. The best-corrected distance visual acuity was 20/125 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye. Clinical examination revealed developmental cataracts in both eyes. He underwent cataract surgery in the right eye and visual acuity improved to 20/25. Hence, we conclude that congenital ichthyosis can be associated with developmental cataracts. Cataract surgery helps in restoring vision in those with visually significant cataracts.

ADCC enhancement: A conundrum or a boon to mAb therapy?

The ability of antibodies to distinctly identify the antigens is an important feature exploited by the scientific community for the treatment of various diseases. The therapeutic action of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is mediated along with the cells of the immune system, such as natural killer cells, T cells and macrophages. The two major mechanisms that govern the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs are the antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Consequently, much of the research dedicated to improving their action is focussed on enhancing either of these mechanisms. This manuscript focuses on the strategies to enhance ADCC, for providing more efficacious mAb therapeutics. These approaches essentially bring about changes in the elements of ADCC mechanism, such as the effector cell or the antibody itself and thus favour an enhanced therapeutic response. Several technologies of ADCC enhancement have been developed, based on the success of various strategies advanced by the researchers. These technologies show success with a few antibody therapeutics while they do not work with others. This review presents a detailed overview on these strategies and presents perspectives regarding the same.

Characterization of outcomes of amino acid modifications using a combinatorial approach to reveal physical and structural perturbations: A case study using trastuzumab biosimilar.

Biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies, are considered as life-saving drugs for autoimmune diseases, cancer and infectious diseases. However, biotherapeutics tend to undergo chemical degradation during various stages of manufacturing. The conditions of chemical degradation, along with the physical degradation pathways, have a direct influence on the overall stability, safety and efficacy of these therapeutics. While site-specific chemical changes have been well-explored and investigated using various analytical approaches, the resulting conformational and structural changes have not been much studied. Thus, we explored various biophysical techniques for assessing the influence of three representatives forced degradation conditions viz. oxidation, deamidation, and glycation, in a model therapeutic trastuzumab biosimilar. The site-specific modifications caused by these stress conditions were analysed using high resolution mass spectrometry. While their thermodynamic and conformational consequences were investigated by using differential scanning colorimetry (Nano-DSC), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The investigated stress conditions resulted in reduced thermodynamic stability of mAb, as confirmed using Nano-DSC. Secondary structure analysis performed with CD spectroscopy indicated detectable structural alterations in the beta sheets of stressed samples. DLS and SV-AUC studies demonstrated an enhanced level of aggregation and fragmentation in presence of all stress conditions. Thus, the biophysical analytical toolkits, when used simultaneously, could offer deeper insights into the subtle conformational changes that result from site-specific chemical modifications in mAbs. Hence, these analytical approaches may serve as significant additions to the battery of techniques used for forced degradation analysis of biopharmaceuticals.

Compartmentalized microfluidic device for in vitro co-culture of retinal cells.

The investigation is focused on the development of a compartmentalized microfluidic device for coculturing the cells of crucial retinal cellular layers and assessing cell-to-cell interactions. A perfusion-based microfluidic co-culture device was employed and computationally validated for determining the pressure drop and fluid flow rate within the device microchannels. Fabrication was performed using PDMS polymer and coating of fibronectin and collagen facilitated adherence of the cells over the glass surface. Microfluidic device successfully supported cell proliferation, under continuous perfusion of 1 µl min-1 flow rate. The barrier integrity of this coculture was confirmed by evaluating the permeability of fluorescently labeled molecules. The coculture expressed characteristic phenotypic protein markers like recoverin, PAX6, for retinal precursor cells, and RPE65 for retinal epithelial cells. The coculture also exhibited basal expression of TNF-α under normal conditions. Differentiated photoreceptor cells positively expressed rhod inherently possess sensitivity toward violet/blue light, which was validated in R28 cells by exposure to light having a wavelength of 405 nm, which significantly decreased cell viability via increased TNF-α production and reduced rhodopsin expression. This proof-of-concept investigation proved the functionality of the retinal coculture, which may be used as an appropriate perfusion-based, preclinical tool for the evaluation of novel retinal drugs and delivery systems.

Waste derived approach towards wealthy fluorescent N-doped graphene quantum dots for cell imaging and H2O2 sensing applications.

Herein, we report the synthesis of a highly fluorescent nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) from waste precursors such as melamine sponge and arjuna bark via a microwave treatment and its functional and morphological characterization using various spectroscopy techniques such as optical, FTIR, XPS and TEM. The as-prepared aqueous N-GQD (dia. 2-3 nm) was used for the bio-imaging application using breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231) as a model, and the locations of all cells in the cytoplasm as well as nuclei were observed to stain brightly in blue fluorescent color successfully. In addition to that, the aqueous N-GQD showed fluorescence quenching behavior in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which was exploited to sense H2O2, a probable toxin generated in the diseased cells. Importantly, the cell cytotoxicity was measured and found to be non-toxic (70% survival) to the MDA-MB-231 cells even at very high concentration (∼1.8 mg/ml) of the synthesized N-GQD. This study revealing excellent biocompatibility and imaging of the model cancer cells, and sensing of H2O2 by fluorescent quenching, indicates potential in-vivo cell culture applications of the prepared fluorescent N-GQD.

Trimethyl chitosan coated palladium nanoparticles as a photothermal agent and its in vitro evaluation in 2D and 3D model of breast cancer cells.

The potential of palladium has been scantily explored in biomedical applications. In the present study, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were synthesized and were successfully coated with trimethyl-chitosan (TMC) to improve their biocompatibility. Coating with TMC improved the nanoparticle accumulation in MDAMB231 breast cancer cells, compared to nanoparticles coated with native chitosan. The TMC coated palladium nanoparticles (TMC/PdNPs) exhibited good biocompatibility and physiological stability, as compared to the plain(uncoated) PdNPs. TMC coated PdNPs resulted in photothermal therapeutic effect, when irradiated with a near-infrared (NIR) laser having the wavelength of 808-nm. The TMC/PdNPs resulted in good cytotoxic effect upon laser treatment in both, 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids of MDAMB231 cells, the latter mimicking the tumor microenvironment. These results clearly indicated that TMC/PdNPs acted as ideal photothermal agents for anti-cancer therapy in combination with a non-invasive near-infrared laser.

Macromolecular cryoprotectants for the preservation of mammalian cell culture: lessons from crowding, overview and perspectives.

Cryopreservation is a process used for the storage of mammalian cells at a very low temperature, in a state of 'suspended animation.' Highly effective and safe macromolecular cryoprotectants (CPAs) have gained significant attention as they obviate the toxicity of conventional CPAs like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and reduce the risks involved in the storage of cultures at liquid nitrogen temperatures. These agents provide cryoprotection through multiple mechanisms, involving extracellular and intracellular macromolecular crowding, thereby impacting the biophysical and biochemical dynamics of the freezing medium and the cryopreserved cells. These CPAs vary in their structures and physicochemical properties, which influence their cryoprotective activities. Moreover, the introduction of polymeric crowders in the cryopreservation media enables serum-free storage at low-DMSO concentrations and high-temperature vitrification of frozen cultures (-80 °C). This review highlights the need for macromolecular CPAs and describes their mechanisms of cryopreservation, by elucidating the role of crowding effects. It also classifies the macromolecules based on their chemistry and their structure-activity relationships. Furthermore, this article provides perspectives on the factors that may influence the outcomes of the cell freezing process or may help in designing and evaluating prospective macromolecules. This manuscript also includes case studies about cellular investigations that have been conducted to demonstrate the cryoprotective potential of macromolecular CPAs. Ultimately, this review provides essential directives that will further improve the cell cryopreservation process and may encourage the use of macromolecular CPAs to fortify basic, applied, and translational research.

Establishment and characterization of lung co-culture spheroids for paclitaxel loaded Eudragit® RL 100 nanoparticle evaluation.

3D cell cultures are regarded as a better and more relevant approach for screening drugs and therapeutics, particularly due to their likeness with the in vivo conditions. Spheroids offer an intermediate platform between in vitro and in vivo models, for conducting tumor-based investigations. In this study, a simple setup was developed for consistent generation of lung co-culture spheroids, which were developed using the cancer cell lines A549, NCI H460, and fibroblast cells WI-38. The potential of these spheroids for evaluating the toxicity of Eudragit® RL 100 nanoparticles (ENP) was explored. Monodisperse ENP, having the size range of 140-200 nm was prepared using the nanoprecipitation method. These were loaded with the poorly water-soluble anticancer drug paclitaxel. The evaluation of toxicity and uptake of drug-loaded ENP revealed that 2D monolayers were more sensitive to treatment than 3D spheroids. Within spheroids, co-cultures were more resistant to the treatment than monocultures. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the lung co-culture spheroids were a suitable model for accelerating the efficacy and toxicity-related investigations of novel drug delivery systems.

A Stable CHO K1 Cell Line for Producing Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Against TNF-α.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most significant molecules in protein therapeutics. They are employed in the field of immunology, oncology and organ transplant. They have been also been employed for alleviating several bacterial and viral infections. Moreover, they have revolutionized the area of targeted therapy and improved the quality of treatments, as compared to other cytotoxic drugs and therapies. mAbs bind to specific molecules on the antigen and exhibit specificity towards that molecule, i.e. epitope. Thus, mAbs have immense opportunity to be explored for personalized therapy. The introduction of targeted mAb-based therapeutics has promoted many important scientific achievements in rheumatology. This has warranted additional investigations for developing newer mAb producing clones, to supplement the limited industrial production of certain mAb therapeutics. In this investigation, an integrative approach comprising optimized expression, selection and expansion was adopted to develop a mammalian cell line expressing mAb against TNF-α.The resulting stable clone is anticipated to serve as an economic alternative to the industrial clones, especially for research purposes. The clone was constructed for development of biosimilar of the highly valued therapeutic antibody, Humira.

Oculocardiac reflex in phacoemulsification: Peribulbar vs topical anesthesia.

Purpose: This study compares the vital parameters and pain experienced during phacoemulsification under peribulbar and topical anesthesia to determine the incidence of OCR. Methods: One hundred six patients are enrolled for phacoemulsification in a prospective and randomized study. Fifty-two patients undergo surgery in a peribulbar block (Group PB) and 54 in topical anesthesia (Group TA). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse rate are recorded during a preoperative check-up and at four other steps of surgery. Pain experienced during surgery and on a postoperative day, 5, is graded with a verbal analogue scale. OCR defined as a decrease in pulse rate by greater than 20% is calculated. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, paired t test and the comparison of means give the statistical analysis. A value of P < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: MAP readings at baseline versus MAP at other steps of surgery show a trend towards rising with a P value of < 0.05 in both groups. Pulse rate measured at all steps of surgery versus baseline pulse rate in Group TA shows P < 0.05. OCR is present in nine patients in peribulbar block verses eleven patients in topical anesthesia with P value of 0.687. The pain scores using verbal analogue scale were higher in Group TA compared with Group PB with a P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Oculocardiac reflex can occur during phacoemulsification under both peribulbar block and topical anesthesia, and the difference is not significant.

A combinatorial study of experimental analysis and mathematical modeling: How do chitosan nanoparticles deliver therapeutics into cells?

Chitosan nanosystems have been widely explored to deliver therapeutic into cells. The cationic nature of the polymer facilitates its entry into the cell via the negatively charged lipid bilayer. Though the interaction is feasible for successful payload delivery, very little is known about the mechanistic aspects and kinetics of interaction of chitosan nanoparticles (Chnps) with the cellular bilayer membrane. Moreover, the precise mechanism of delivery of therapeutic agents by the Chnps is unknown. The polymerbilayer membrane is anticipated to play a crucial role in deciding its ultimate intracellular fate, while delivering its therapeutic payload. Here, we have made an attempt to understand the interaction of Chnps with the cellular membrane for delivering payload, through experimental analysis and predictive mathematical modeling. We observed that the positively charged, mucoadhesive Chnps lack specificity towards a particular cell type, but are rather successful in the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids.

Biodegradable Polyester of Poly (Ethylene glycol)-sebacic Acid as a Backbone for ß -Cyclodextrin-polyrotaxane: A Promising Gene Silencing Vector.

BACKGROUND: Polyrotaxane, a macromolecular interlocked assembly, consisting of cyclodextrin has excellent inclusion capabilities and functionalization capacity, which makes it a versatile material as a vector for gene delivery applications. OBJECTIVE: A biodegradable linear aliphatic polyester axle composed of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Sebacic Acid (SA) was used to fabricate the ß-Cyclodextrin (ß-CD) based polyrotaxane as a cationic polymeric vector and evaluated for its potential gene silencing efficiency. METHODS: The water-soluble aliphatic polyester was synthesized by the solvent esterification process and characterized using viscometry, GPC, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized polyester was further evaluated for its biodegradability and cellular cytotoxicity. Hence, this water-soluble polyester was used for the step-wise synthesis of polyrotaxane, via threading and blocking reactions. Threading of ß-CD over PEG-SA polyester axle was conducted in water, followed by end-capping of polypseudorotaxane using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid to yield polyester-based polyrotaxane. For gene delivery application, cationic polyrotaxane (PRTx+) was synthesized and evaluated for its gene loading and gene silencing efficiency. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The resulting novel macromolecular assembly was found to be safe for use in biomedical applications. Further, characterization by GPC and 1H NMR techniques revealed successful formation of PE-ß-CD-PRTx with a threading efficiency of 16%. Additionally, the cellular cytotoxicity assay indicated biosafety of the synthesized polyrotaxane, exploring its potential for gene delivery and other biomedical applications. Further, the biological profile of PRTx+: siRNA complexes was evaluated by measuring their zeta potential and gene silencing efficiency, which were found to be comparable to Lipofectamine 3000, the commercial transfecting agent. CONCLUSION: The combinatory effect of various factors such as biodegradability, favourable complexation ability, near zero zeta potentials, good cytotoxicity properties of poly (ethylene glycol)-sebacic acid based ß-Cyclodextrin-polyrotaxane makes it a promising gene delivery vector for therapeutic applications.

Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite a Potential Universal Nanocarrier for Cellular Internalization & Drug Delivery.

PURPOSE: Functional biomaterials can be used as drug loading devices, components for tissue engineering or as biological probes. As such, the design, synthesis and evaluation of a variety of local-drug delivery structures has been undertaken over the past few decades with the ultimate aim of providing materials that can encapsulate a diverse array of drugs (in terms of their sizes, chemical compositions and chemical natures (i.e. hydrophilic/hydrophobic). METHODS: Presented here is the evaluation of specifically hollow 1D structures consisting of nanotubes (NTs) of HAp and their efficacy for cellular internalization using two distinguished anti-cancer model drugs: Paclitaxel (hydrophobic) and Doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydrophilic). RESULTS: Importantly, it has been observed through this work that HAp NTs consistently showed not only higher drug loading capacity as compared to HAp nanospheres (NSs) but also had better efficacy with respect to cell internalization/encapsulation. The highly porous structure, with large surface area of nanotube morphology, gave the advantage of targeted delivery due to its high drug loading and retention capacity. This was done using the very simple techniques of physical adsorption to load the drug/dye molecules and therefore this can be universally applied to a diverse array of molecules. CONCLUSIONS: Our synthesized nanocarrier can be widely employed in biomedical applications due to its bio-compatible, bio-active and biodegradable properties and as such can be considered to be a universal carrier. Graphical Abstract Schematic representation for a comparative study of hydroxyapatite (hollow nanotubes vs solid nanospheres) with variety of drug/ dye molecules.