Two Synchronous Neonatal Tumors: An Extremely Rare Case.

We report a case of a newborn with two synchronous tumors-sialoblastoma and hepatoblastoma-diagnosed at 20 weeks of gestation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US). The aim of this study was to describe the management of this case together with a review of the literature. Our patient had a large facial tumor associated with extremely high alpha-fetoprotein levels. Diagnosis of the tumors was made by surgical biopsy, showing typical features in both. Sialoblastoma is a potentially aggressive tumor. In our case, the Ki67 index in the sialoblastoma was between 20 and 30%, indicating a possibly unfavorable behavior. The infant underwent surgery and chemotherapy in different steps. Complete surgical resection with clean margins is considered to be the best treatment option for sialoblastoma. Only four similar cases were previously reported. Timely management by a multidisciplinary team is essential in these difficult cases. In our patient, outcome was good at the time of this report.

Síndrome De Kinsbourne: Papel De Rituximab / Kinsbourne Syndrome: Role Of Rituximab

Resumen El Síndrome de Kinsbourne también conocido como "síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus" (SOM) o "síndrome de los ojos danzantes" se considera una enfermedad rara y poco frecuente. Se caracteriza por una triada clásica: movimientos oculares rápidos, irregulares, multidireccionales (opsoclonus), movimientos mioclónicos en tronco, cara y/o extremidades y ataxia. La etiología es diversa pudiendo presentarse tanto de origen paraneoplásico como no paraneoplásico e idiopática. Fundamentalmente el tratamiento se realiza con inmunosupresores (corticoides), posteriormente inmunoglobulinas inespecifícas endovenosas y rituximab endovenoso. Procedemos a presentar un caso clínico de un niño de 4 años el cuál presentó dicho síndrome debido a una infección por Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Abstract: Kinsbourne syndrome, also known as "Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome" or "Dancing eyes syndrome" is a rare condition characterized by rapid, irregular, multi-directional eye movements (opsoclonus), myoclonic movements in the trunk, face and/or limbs and ataxia. It occurs in children aged between 6 and 36 months. Its etiology may be paraneoplasic (neuroblastoma), non-paraneoplasic (infectious processes) or idiopathic. Regardless of its etiology, immunosuppressive drugs have been used in order to reduce the formation of antibodies possibly involved in the pathophysiology. We report the case of a four years-old boy with this syndrome secondary to an infectious urinary illness. He had ataxia, opsoclonus, upper limbs myoclonus, irritability and altered sleep pattern. Neuroblastoma was ruled out. Initial management was done with methylprednisolone pulses, followed by oral prednisolone and intravenous gammaglobulin. He started with rituximab with a good response. He had progressive clinical improvement, and is currently asymptomatic with no sequelae. In these patients a paraneoplasic syndrome should always be ruled out.

[Gastrostomy tubes: indications and infectious complications in a tertiary hospital]. / Sondas de gastrostomía: indicaciones y complicaciones infecciosas en un hospital terciario.

OBJECTIVE: Gastrostomy tube is the best option for long-term enteral nutrition. Among its limitations, infections represent the most frequent minor complication. Our aim is the knowledge of the number and type of gastrostomy tubes and its main indication in our hospital. In addition, prevalence of infectious complications was studied paying attention to the main etiologic agents and their antibiotic susceptibility. METHODS: Observational retrospective study from January 2010 to July 2015 through the electronic clinical history and the clinical microbiology laboratory software. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of clinically significant isolates from patients with suspicion of gastrostomy tube infection have been analysed. RESULTS: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed in 203 patients (70.5%) and surgical gastrostomy in 85 (29.5%). The main reason identified for starting enteral nutrition through gastrostomy tube was malignant neoplasy, above all, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer (11.8%) and that from digestive organs (8.7%). Global prevalence of gastrostomy tube infection was 16.6%. The most common bacterial pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (21.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.1%), and Escherichia coli (9.8%). The percentage of multi resistant isolates was 3.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrostomy tube indications and type, and also, prevalence and microorganisms isolated from culture in infectious complications are similar to those described previously in the literature. The study allows the adaptation of the antibiotic prophylaxis and empirical antibiotic treatment thanks to the knowledge of the etiologic agents and their antibiotic susceptibility.

Mitochondrial ATP is required for the maintenance of membrane integrity in stallion spermatozoa, whereas motility requires both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.

To investigate the hypothesis that oxidative phosphorylation is a major source of ATP to fuel stallion sperm motility, oxidative phosphorylation was suppressed using the mitochondrial uncouplers CCCP and 2,4,-dinitrophenol (DNP) and by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration at complex IV using sodium cyanide or at the level of ATP synthase using oligomycin-A. As mitochondrial dysfunction may also lead to oxidative stress, production of reactive oxygen species was monitored simultaneously. All inhibitors reduced ATP content, but oligomycin-A did so most profoundly. Oligomycin-A and CCCP also significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Sperm motility almost completely ceased after the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and both percentage of motile sperm and sperm velocity were reduced in the presence of mitochondrial uncouplers. Inhibition of ATP synthesis resulted in the loss of sperm membrane integrity and increased the production of reactive oxygen species by degenerating sperm. Inhibition of glycolysis by deoxyglucose led to reduced sperm velocities and reduced ATP content, but not to loss of membrane integrity. These results suggest that, in contrast to many other mammalian species, stallion spermatozoa rely primarily on oxidative phosphorylation to generate the energy required for instance to maintain a functional Na+/K+ gradient, which is dependent on an Na+-K+ antiporter ATPase, which relates directly to the noted membrane integrity loss. Under aerobic conditions, however, glycolysis also provides the energy required for sperm motility.

Significant discharge of CO2 from hydrothermalism associated with the submarine volcano of El Hierro Island.

The residual hydrothermalism associated with submarine volcanoes, following an eruption event, plays an important role in the supply of CO2 to the ocean. The emitted CO2 increases the acidity of seawater. The submarine volcano of El Hierro, in its degasification stage, provided an excellent opportunity to study the effect of volcanic CO2 on the seawater carbonate system, the global carbon flux, and local ocean acidification. A detailed survey of the volcanic edifice was carried out using seven CTD-pH-ORP tow-yo studies, localizing the redox and acidic changes, which were used to obtain surface maps of anomalies. In order to investigate the temporal variability of the system, two CTD-pH-ORP yo-yo studies were conducted that included discrete sampling for carbonate system parameters. Meridional tow-yos were used to calculate the amount of volcanic CO2 added to the water column for each surveyed section. The inputs of CO2 along multiple sections combined with measurements of oceanic currents produced an estimated volcanic CO2 flux = 6.0 10(5) ± 1.1 10(5 )kg d(-1) which is ~0.1% of global volcanic CO2 flux. Finally, the CO2 emitted by El Hierro increases the acidity above the volcano by ~20%.

Juvenile, adult and late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a long term follow-up study from a geographic and ethnically homogeneous population.

OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to identify clinical and serological differences, damage accrual and mortality, in juvenile, adult and late-onset SLE. METHODS: We conducted our study with patients fulfilling SLE classification criteria taken from the Hospital Gregorio Marañon Autoimmune Systemic Rheumatic Diseases' Registry (1986 to 2012). Clinical characteristics, laboratory data and therapies used during the course of the disease were analysed with patients divided into 3 groups: juvenile-onset (≤ 18 years), adult-onset (19-50) and late onset (>50 years). RESULTS: Four hundred and forty-five patients were included. Renal disease and cutaneous manifestations were more frequent in the juvenile-onset group at disease onset. During follow-up, juvenile-onset group presented a higher incidence of renal disease, malar rash, Raynaud's phenomenon, cutaneous vasculitis, and neuropsychiatric manifestations than the other two groups. Arthritis and lymphopoenia were more frequent in the adult-onset group. Arterial hypertension and neoplasm were more frequent in the late-onset group. Low serum complement, anti-dsDNA, anti-U1RNP and anti-Sm antibodies were more common in the juvenile-onset group. Patients with late-onset SLE had more damage accrual. Thirty-seven patients (8.3%) died during the study. All-cause mortality was significantly higher in the late-onset group. Age at disease onset >50 years was an independent risk factor for damage accrual (OR, 2.2; 95%CI, 1.1-4.6; p=0.029) and mortality (OR, 2.6; 95%CI, 1.1-6.3; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We found significant differences in clinical and serological profiles between juvenile, adult and late-onset SLE. The most significant of which was a higher prevalence of neuropsychiatric and renal complications as well as different autoantibody signatures for the juvenile-onset group.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Reduces Rotenone Effect on Stallion Sperm-Zona Pellucida Heterologous Binding.

Stallion spermatozoa are highly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production to achieve normal sperm function and to fuel the motility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of equine sperm under capacitating conditions to the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I by rotenone and to test whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a natural polyphenol component of green tea, could counteract this effect. After 2-h incubation of stallion spermatozoa in modified Tyrode's medium, rotenone (100 nm, 500 nm and 5 µm) and EGCG (10, 20 and 60 µm), alone or in combination, did not induce any significant difference on the percentage of viable cells, live sperm with active mitochondria and spermatozoa with intact acrosome. The inhibition of complex I of mitochondrial respiratory chain of stallion sperm with rotenone exerted a negative effect on heterologous ZP binding ability. EGCG at the concentrations of 10 and 20 µm (but not of 60 µm) induced a significant increase in the number of sperm bound to the ZP compared with that for control. Moreover, when stallion sperm were treated with rotenone 100 nm, the presence of EGCG at all the concentrations tested (10, 20 and 60 µm) significantly increased the number of sperm bound to the ZP up to control levels, suggesting that this green tea polyphenol is able to reduce the toxicity of rotenone.

Caspase activation, hydrogen peroxide production and Akt dephosphorylation occur during stallion sperm senescence.

To investigate the mechanisms inducing sperm death after ejaculation, stallion ejaculates were incubated in BWW media during 6 h at 37°C. At the beginning of the incubation period and after 1, 2, 4 and 6 h sperm motility and kinematics (CASA), mitochondrial membrane potential and membrane permeability and integrity were evaluated (flow cytometry). Also, at the same time intervals, active caspase 3, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion (flow cytometry) and Akt phosphorylation (flow cytometry) were evaluated. Major decreases in sperm function occurred after 6 h of incubation, although after 1 h decrease in the percentages of motile and progressive motile sperm occurred. The decrease observed in sperm functionality after 6 h of incubation was accompanied by a significant increase in the production of hydrogen peroxide and the greatest increase in caspase 3 activity. Additionally, the percentage of phosphorylated Akt reached a minimum after 6 h of incubation. These results provide evidences that sperm death during in vitro incubation is largely an apoptotic phenomena, probably stimulated by endogenous production of hydrogen peroxide and the lack of prosurvival factors maintaining Akt in a phosphorylated status. Disclosing molecular mechanisms leading to sperm death may help to develop new strategies for stallion sperm conservation.

[Use of percutaneous needles in the feasability of single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. / Utilidad de las agujas percutáneas en la factibilidad de la colecistectomía laparoscópica con un puerto.

INTRODUCTION: The usefulness of percutaneous needles (PN) to replace traditional assistance ports in mini-invasive techniques with a single port is analyzed and their feasibility for conducting a single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SPLC) is demonstrated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, linear and descriptive study covering 2,431 patients with a diagnosis of acute and non-acute gallbladder disease has been conducted. The patients underwent a single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy using some type of PNs, replacing the assisting ports used in traditional laparoscopic cholecystechtomy (TLC). Based on the progressive use of PNs-reins (R), hooked needles (HN) and passing suture needles (PSN)-to carry out the SPLC technique, 3 groups have been established: A, B and C. The results were compared using a Student T test, odds ratio and CI and were analyzed by means of the SPSS software v. 13.0. RESULTS: The use of PNs showed an increased feasibility for the laparoscopic procedure, as they were included in the surgical technique. The R were useful when carrying out the SPLC in 78% of the cases and when the HK were added, the results increased to 88%. When using the 3 types (R, HN and PSN), the results increased by 96%. Statistical significance was obtained with these values: chi 2=67.13 and P<.001; odds ratio and 95% CI became significant when comparing the B/C, A/C, and A-B/C groups. CONCLUSIONS: The PNs, replacing the assisting ports in laparoscopy, make it possible to attain a feasibility of the process in 96% of the cases. This percentage was similar to what is achieved with the TLC, which places the one port laparoscopy surgery technique as an advantageous and economic alternative. This application of the PNs could be made extensive to other single-port techniques, with a multi-valve platform and natural orifice surgery.

Microparticle association and heterogeneity of tumor-derived tissue factor in plasma: is it important for coagulation activation?

BACKGROUND: Tumor-derived tissue factor (TF) activates coagulation in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic model of human pancreatic cancer. Here, we further characterized tumor-derived TF in this model. METHODS: Conditioned medium (CM) of L3.6pl human pancreatic tumor cells and plasma from nude mice bearing L3.6pl tumors were ultracentrifuged, and the pellets were filtered through membranes with different pore sizes. The size distribution of particles was analyzed in CM or plasma fractions with nanoparticle tracking and dynamic light scattering. Human TF antigen and activity were measured in pellets and supernatants with ELISA and clotting or thrombin generation assays, respectively. Human alternatively spliced TF (asTF) was measured with ELISA. Human TF and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) concentrations were assessed in plasma of mice injected with filtered fractions of CM. RESULTS: Particles in both CM and plasma were < 0.4 µm. TF antigen and activity in the CM were mainly associated with microparticles (MP). Approximately 50% of antigen and 20% of activity were associated with particles of < 0.1 µm. Injection of < 0.1 µm particles into mice caused a 30% drop in platelet counts and an increase in TAT levels. In contrast, ~ 90% of TF antigen in tumor-bearing mice plasmas was non-sedimentable, whereas TF activity was exclusively associated with MP. Particles of < 0.1 µm and the supernatants of both CM and plasma gained TF activity after addition of exogenous phospholipids. Although asTF was found in MP-free CM supernatants, it was also present in CM and plasma pellets. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor-derived particles of < 0.1 µm and non-sedimentable TF are or can become procoagulant in the presence of phospholipids, and may contribute to the procoagulant potential of circulating TF.

[Diagnosis and treatment with steroids for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: experience and recommendations for Mexico. Administración del Patrimonio de la Beneficencia Pública. Asociación de Distrofia Muscular de Occidente]. / Diagnóstico y tratamiento con esteroides de pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne: experiencia y recomendaciones para México.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe, debilitating and progressive disease that affects 1 in 3,500 live male births in the world. The diagnosis should be confirmed by genetic testing to identify the mutation in the DMD gene or muscle biopsy and immunostaining to demonstrate the absence of dystrophin. Although up to now continues to be an incurable disease, this does not mean it has no treatment. Treatment should be multidisciplinary, looking for the functionality of the patient and avoiding or correcting complications, mainly cardio-respiratory and skeletal. Many proposals have been evaluated and implemented with the aim of improving the quality of life for these patients. The long-term steroids have shown significant benefits, such as prolonging ambulation, reduce the need for spinal surgery, improve cardiorespiratory function and increase survival and the quality of life. This document presents the recommendations based on the experience of the working group and experts worldwide on the diagnosis and treatment with steroids for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

TITLE: Diagnostico y tratamiento con esteroides de pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne: experiencia y recomendaciones para Mexico.La distrofia muscular de Duchenne es una enfermedad grave, incapacitante y progresiva que afecta a 1 de cada 3.500 recien nacidos varones alrededor del mundo. El diagnostico debera confirmarse mediante pruebas geneticas para identificar la mutacion en el gen DMD, o bien por biopsia muscular e inmunotincion para demostrar la ausencia de distrofina. Aunque actualmente continua siendo una enfermedad incurable, no significa que no tenga tratamiento. Este debe ser multidisciplinario, buscando la funcionalidad del paciente y evitando o corrigiendo las complicaciones, principalmente cardiorrespiratorias y esqueleticas. Se han evaluado e implementado multiples propuestas con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de vida en estos pacientes. Los esteroides a largo plazo han demostrado importantes beneficios para los pacientes, prolongan la deambulacion, reducen la necesidad de cirugia de columna, mejoran la funcion cardiorrespiratoria, y aumentan la supervivencia y la calidad de vida. En este documento se presentan las recomendaciones con base en la experiencia del grupo de trabajo y de los expertos de ambito mundial sobre el diagnostico y el tratamiento con esteroides para los pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne.

Sex sorting increases the permeability of the membrane of stallion spermatozoa.

At present, the only repeatable means of selecting the sex of offspring is the Beltsville semen sorting technology using flow cytometry (FC). This technology has reached commercial status in the bovine industry and substantial advances have occurred recently in swine and ovine species. In the equine species, however, the technology is not as well developed. To better understand the changes induced in stallion spermatozoa during the sorting procedure, pooled sperm samples were sorted: sperm motility and kinematics were assessed using computer assisted sperm analysis, sperm membrane integrity was assessed using the YoPro-1 assay, while plasmalemmal stability and lipid architecture were assessed using Merocyanine 540/SYTOX green and Annexin-V, respectively. Lipid peroxidation was also investigated with the probe Bodipy(581/591)-C11. All assays were performed shortly after collection, after incubation and after sex sorting using FC. In order to characterize potential molecular mechanisms implicated in sperm damage, an apoptosis protein antibody dot plot array analysis was performed before and after sorting. While the percentage of total motile sperm remained unchanged, sex sorting reduced the percentages of progressive motile spermatozoa and of rapid spermatozoa as well as curvilinear velocity (VCL). Sperm membranes responded to sorting with an increase in the percentage of YoPro-1 positive cells, suggesting the sorted spermatozoa had a reduced energy status that was confirmed by measuring intracellular ATP content.

The natural ocean acidification and fertilization event caused by the submarine eruption of El Hierro.

The shallow submarine eruption which took place in October 10(th) 2011, 1.8 km south of the island of El Hierro (Canary Islands) allowed the study of the abrupt changes in the physical-chemical properties of seawater caused by volcanic discharges. In order to monitor the evolution of these changes, seven oceanographic surveys were carried out over six months (November 2011-April 2012) from the beginning of the eruptive stage to the post-eruptive phase. Here, we present dramatic changes in the water column chemistry including large decreases in pH, striking effects on the carbonate system, decreases in the oxygen concentrations and enrichment of Fe(II) and nutrients. Our findings highlight that the same volcano which was responsible for the creation of a highly corrosive environment, affecting marine biota, has also provided the nutrients required for the rapid recuperation of the marine ecosystem.

Immune response to racotumomab in a child with relapsed neuroblastoma.

Immunotherapy targeting ganglioside antigens is a powerful tool for the treatment of high risk neuroblastoma. However, only treatment with anti-GD2 antibodies has been used in clinical practice and other options may be pursued. We report the use of racotumomab, an anti-idiotype vaccine against N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (NeuGc)- containing gangliosides, eliciting an immune response in a child with relapsed neuroblastoma expressing the NeuGcGM3 ganglioside.

The submarine volcano eruption at the island of El Hierro: physical-chemical perturbation and biological response.

On October 10 2011 an underwater eruption gave rise to a novel shallow submarine volcano south of the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain. During the eruption large quantities of mantle-derived gases, solutes and heat were released into the surrounding waters. In order to monitor the impact of the eruption on the marine ecosystem, periodic multidisciplinary cruises were carried out. Here, we present an initial report of the extreme physical-chemical perturbations caused by this event, comprising thermal changes, water acidification, deoxygenation and metal-enrichment, which resulted in significant alterations to the activity and composition of local plankton communities. Our findings highlight the potential role of this eruptive process as a natural ecosystem-scale experiment for the study of extreme effects of global change stressors on marine environments.

Enfermedad linfroproliferativa en trasplante renal y hepático / Lymproproliferative disease in kidney and liver transplantation

La enfermedad linfoproliferativa post trasplante (PTLD) es la neoplasia más frecuente observada en receptores pediátricos de órganos sólidos. Analizamos 883 pacientes trasplantados: 547 trasplantes renales (TxR) y 336 trasplantes hepáticos (TxH). 44 de ellos desarrollaron un PTLD luego de estos procedimientos. La incidencia en TxR fue del 4.02 por ciento (22 de 547) y en TxH de 5.75 por ciento (22 de 336). El tiempo medio de la aparición del PTLD fue de 37.47 más menos 35 meses. Localización: cavun 50 por ciento, adenopatías cervicales 14.4 por ciento, masa abdominal 11.4 por ciento, adenopatías axilares e inguinales 9 por ciento, compromiso del SNC 4.5 por ciento, piso de la boca 4.5 por ciento , higado ortótopico 2.3 por ciento, páncreas 2.3 por ciento, injerto renal 2.3 por ciento. Los diagnósticos histopatológicos obtenidos fueron: hiperplasia plasmocitica 52.3 por ciento, lesiones polimorfas 20.5 por ciento, y lesiones monomorgas (linforma B o Linfoma de células grandes) 27.2 por ciento de los pacientes. El tratamiento indicado incluyó reducción de la inmunosupresión de mantenimiento en todos los pacientes, excéresis en 22 pacientes, anticuerpos antCD20 en 17 de ellos y quimioterapia (régimen de CHOP) en 6 pacientes. La sobrevida fue del 79 por ciento (IC 64 por ciento-88 por ciento) a 5 años de seguimiento. Conclusión: En nuestra serie la incidencia de PTLAD es similar a la de otros autores. La respuesta al tratamiento con disminución de la inmunosupresón, empleo de monoclonales, ha sido satisfactoria. El seguimiento cercano, el alto índice de sospecha para el diagnóstico precóz y la individualización de la inmunosupresión para cada paciente, fueron conductas eficaces.

Programa de trasplante hepático en el Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan: 16 años de experiencia / Liver transplant program at the Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan: 16 years of experience

El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar la experiencia de 16 años del programa de traplante hepático del Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan iniciado en Noviembre de 1992. Material y método: la metodología de este trabajo es de tipo retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional. Se revisaron la base de datos del servicio y las historias clínicas de 430 pacientes que fueron sometidos a uno o más trasplantes hepáticos entre noviembre de 1992 hasta marzo de 2009, en nuestro hospital. Se describieron los datos demográficos, las indicaciones de trasplante, el tipo de injerto utilizado, la compatibilidad del rupo ABO entre el donante y el receptor, la relación de peso entre donante receptor, la utilización de injertos arteriales y venosos, las complicaciones quirúrgicas, los episodios de rechazo agudo y crónico, la severidad de los mismos, los episodios de infecciones, la incidencia de enfemedad linfoproliferativa, la sobrevida del injerto y del paciente y las causas de muerte. Resultados: desde noviembre de 1992 hasta marzo de 2009 se realizaron 469 trasplantes en 430 pacientes. La causa más frecuente de trasplante en nuestra serie es la atresia de vías biliares con 162 casos que representan el 34,5 por ciento de los pacientes. En 126 casos se realizó el trasplante con donante vivo emparentado, en todos ellos se utilizó el segmento lateral izquierdo (segmeto II-III) del donante. Los 343 restantes fueron efectuados con donantes cadavéricos donde a 298 higados se le efectuó algún tipo de reducción hepática. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron biliares: 58 (13,5 por ciento) pacientes tuvieron fístulas y 52 (12 por ciento) estenosis. Se comprobó trombosis de la arteria hepática en 23 pacientes y portal en 19. Presentaron 248 pacientes (52 por ciento) uno o más episodios de rechazo agudo celular. el rechazo cronico se presentó en 24 casos ( (5 por ciento). La sobrevida actuarial del paciente y del injerto fue de 74,45 por ciento y 72,5 por ciento al año.

Factores asociados al desarrollo de complicaciones en pancreatitis aguda en niños / Associated factors to complications in acute pancreatitis in children

Introducción. La pancreatitis aguda es una enfermedad poco frecuente en pediatría, y que no cuenta con un sistema adecuado para predecir gravedad. Objetivo: determinar las variables más frecuentes que se asocian a complicaciones de pancreatitis aguda en niños. Métodos. Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes menores de 17 años que fueron hospitalizados de enero de 2001 a diciembre de 2006 con pancreatitis aguda. Se analizaron sus características demográficas, la presencia o no de complicaciones, estado nutricional y tipos, y duración de intervenciones nutricionales. Resultados. De 181 expedientes revisados, 47 cumplieron con criterios de inclusión; 30% correspondieron al sexo masculino, con una media de edad de 8.7 ± 4 años. El peso para la talla fue de 106 ± 21% y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 17 ± 3 kg/ m² (zIMC: 0.031 ± 0.21), 13% de pacientes tuvieron sobrepeso, con un peso para la talla (P/T) mayor a 110%; 38% desarrollaron complicaciones y se registraron 2 muertes. Los pacientes con complicaciones vs los que no las tuvieron, mostraron diferencia en P/T, IMC y zIMC (P <0.01), pero no en otros parámetros medidos. El apoyo nutricio se inició en promedio a los 5.7 días con nutrición parenteral total en 89% de los casos, y la vía enteral a los 13 ± 10 días. Conclusiones. En nuestro estudio, casi la mitad de pacientes con pancreatitis aguda tuvo una enfermedad oncológica de base, y etiología farmacológica en 57% de los casos. De los factorespronósticos analizados, no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en leucocitos séricos y en concentraciones plasmáticas de amilasa y lipasa entre pacientes con y sin complicaciones, y el mayor número de complicaciones de pancreatitis aguda se detectó en los pacientes con mayor P/T e IMC; esta asociación orienta al diseño de escalas pronósticas que incluyan estas variables.

Introduction. Acute pancreatitis is an uncommon disease in childhood that lacks an adequate scale for predicting disease severity. The objective of this study was to determine the main factors that predict severe acute pancreatitis. Methods. A chart review of children under 17 years of age hospitalized with diagnosis of acute pancreatitis from January 2001 to December 2006 was conducted. Demographics, local and systemic complications, nutritional status and nutritional support were analyzed. Results. Forty-seven patients were included with a mean age of 8.7 ± 4 years. Weight for height (W/H) was 106 ± 21% and BMI 17.3 kg/m² (zBMI 0.031 ± 0.21); 13% of patients were overweight, with W/H greater than 110%. Thirty-eight percent of patients developed complications; these patients, compared with patients without complications, showed a difference in W/ H, BMI and zBMI (P <0.01), but not in other parameters. Nutritional support started on average at 5.7 days with parenteral nutrition in 89% of cases, and enteral feeding after 13 ± 10 days of fasting. Conclusion. In our study, more than 50% of patients had oncological diseases, and 57% presented pharmacological etiology. Prognosis factors were analyzed and no statistical differences in serum leucocytes, amylase and lipase were found between patients with or without complications; most complications were found in patients with higher W/H and BMI. This association suggests that future prognosis scales of acute pancreatitis in children should include these variables.