Role of Fibrinogen-like Protein 1 in Tumor Recurrence Following Hepatectomy.

Partial hepatectomy is a first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Within 2 weeks following partial hepatectomy, specific molecular pathways are activated to promote liver regeneration. Nevertheless, residual microtumors may also exploit these pathways to reappear and metastasize. Therapeutically targeting molecules that are differentially regulated between normal cells and malignancies, such as fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), appears to be an effective approach. The potential functions of FGL1 in both regenerative and malignant cells are discussed within the ambit of this review. While FGL1 is normally elevated in regenerative hepatocytes, it is normally downregulated in malignant cells. Hepatectomy does indeed upregulate FGL1 by increasing the release of transcription factors that promote FGL1, including HNF-1α and STAT3, and inflammatory effectors, such as TGF-ß and IL6. This, in turn, stimulates certain proliferative pathways, including EGFR/Src/ERK. Hepatectomy alters the phase transition of highly differentiated hepatocytes from G0 to G1, thereby transforming susceptible cells into cancerous ones. Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by FGL1 allele loss on chromosome 8, a tumor suppressor area, may also cause hepatocellular carcinoma. Interestingly, FGL1 is specifically expressed in the liver via HNF-1α histone acetylase activity, which triggers lipid metabolic reprogramming in malignancies. FGL1 might also be involved in other carcinogenesis processes such as hypoxia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immunosuppression, and sorafenib-mediated drug resistance. This study highlights a research gap in these disciplines and the necessity for additional research on FGL1 function in the described processes.

Ameliorative impacts of polymeric and metallic nanoparticles on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity: a 2011-2022 review.

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a well-known platinum-based drug used in the treatment of various malignancies. However, the widespread side effects that this drug leaves on normal tissues make its use limited. Since cisplatin is mainly eliminated from the kidneys, CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity is the most significant dose-limiting complication attributed to cisplatin, which often leads to dose withdrawal. Considering the high efficiency of cisplatin in chemotherapy, finding renoprotective drug delivery systems for this drug is a necessity. In this regard, we can take advantages of different nanoparticle-based approaches to deliver cisplatin into tumors either using passive targeting or using specific receptors. In an effort to find more effective cisplatin-based nano-drugs with less nephrotoxic effect, the current 2011-2022 review study was conducted to investigate some of the nanotechnology-based methods that have successfully been able to mitigate CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Accordingly, although cisplatin can cause renal failures through inducing mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, some CDDP-based nano-carriers have been able to reverse a wide range of these advert effects. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the use of different metallic and polymeric nanoparticles can help renal cells to strengthen their antioxidant systems and stay alive through reducing CDDP-induced ROS generation, inhibiting apoptosis-related pathways and maintaining the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane. For example, nanocurcumin could inhibit oxidative stress and acting as a ROS scavenger. CONPs could reduce lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. CDDP-loaded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could inhibit mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In addition, tea polyphenol-functionalized SeNPs (Se@TE) NPs could mitigate the increased level of dephosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated p38 MAPK and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) induced by cisplatin. Moreover, exosomes mitigated cisplatin-induced renal damage through inhibiting Bcl2 and increasing Bim, Bid, Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3. Hence, nanoparticle-based techniques are promising drug delivery systems for cisplatin so that some of them, such as lipoplatins and nanocurcumins, have even reached phases 1-3 trials.

Renal, cardiac, neurological, cutaneous and coagulopathic long-term manifestations of COVID-19 after recovery; A review.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the novel global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease outbreak. Its pathogenesis is mostly located in the respiratory tract. However, other organs are also affected. Hence, realising how such a complex disturbance affects patients after recovery is crucial. Regarding the significance of control of COVID-19-related complications after recovery, the current study was designed to review the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking COVID-19 to significant long-term signs including renal and cardiac complications, cutaneous and neurological manifestations, as well as blood coagulation disorders. This virus can directly influence on the cells through Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) to induce cytokine storm. Acute release of Interleukin-1 (IL1), IL6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) have been related to elevating risk of heart failure. Also, inflammatory cytokines like IL-8 and Tumour necrosis factor-α cause the secretion of von Willebrand factor (VWF) from human endothelial cells and then VWF binds to Neutrophil extracellular traps to induce thrombosis. On the other hand, the virus can damage the blood-brain barrier by increasing its permeability and subsequently enters into the central nervous system and the systemic circulation. Furthermore, SARS-induced ACE2-deficiency decreases [des-Arg9]-bradykinin (desArg9-BK) degradation in kidneys to induce inflammation, thrombotic problems, fibrosis and necrosis. Notably, the angiotensin II-angiotensin II type 1 receptor binding causes an increase in aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors on the surface of dendritic cells cells, leading to recalling macrophage and monocyte into inflammatory sites of skin. In conclusions, all the pathways play a key role in the pathogenesis of these disturbances. Nevertheless, more investigations are necessary to determine more pathogenetic mechanisms of the virus.

The possible effect of silver nanoparticles on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and formation of amyloid-like aggregates in MCF-7 cell line.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in medicine, however, the underlying mechanisms of their action on cellular signaling have not been completely determined, and fundamental studies are required to clarify them. We aimed to investigate AgNPs effects on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as both the internal control gene and the redox-sensitive enzyme involved in apoptosis-related pathways and the formation of amyloid aggregates. To achieve this purpose, MCF-7 cells were treated with different concentrations (0, 3, 22, and 200 µg/ml) of AgNPs and then cell viability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of apoptosis, expression of GAPDH gene, the formation of amyloid aggregates, and GAPDH activity were assessed. The results indicated that treatment with AgNPs significantly reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The ROS levels increased at lower concentrations of AgNPs (up to 22 µg/ml) and during short-term exposure (30 min). The level of GAPDH gene expression was significantly upregulated by 1.22, 1.47, and 1.56 fold, in the concentrations of 3, 22, and 200 µg/ml, respectively. The amount of amyloid aggregates was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. The results of enzyme activity showed that AgNPs were affected on the activity of GAPDH protein, however, it has fluctuated that could not be interpreted by our limited data. In conclusion, our results suggested that AgNPs could affect the GAPDH gene expression and enzyme activity, therefore the selection of GAPDH as a gene and protein internal control in the (AgNPs)-related studies requires careful consideration. Additionally, AgNPs may cause apoptosis due to the increase in the production of amyloid aggregates.

Influence of arm position during infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Introduction: Percutaneous subclavian vein catheterization via infraclavicular approach is one of the most widely used cannulation techniques for inserting catheters into a central vein. The aim of this study was to evaluate influence of arm position during infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization with landmark-based technique in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: Between September 2017 and June 2018, this prospective randomized clinical trial was performed in 320 patients. The patients were randomly assigned to the Neutral group (the arms kept by the side) or Abduction group (the arm was abducted to 90°). The success and complication rates were compared in the two groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: In the first attempt of subclavian vein cannulation, the success rate had no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.185). In the second attempt of catheterization, the success rate in Abduction group (40.5%) was lower than Neutral group (81.2%). The overall success rate in two attempts were (84.4%) in the Abduction group and (96.2%) in the Neutral group. There was a significant difference between two groups in the second and overall success rates (P = 0.0001). In 34 (10.6%) patients, subclavian artery puncture occurred, 30 (18.8%) in the Abduction group and 4 (2.5%) in the Neutral group. There was a significant difference between two groups (P = 0.0001). Pneumothorax was occurred in 15 (9.4%) in the Abduction group and 3 (1.9%) in the Neutral group. There was also a significant difference between two groups (P = 0.004). The differences in other complications on two groups were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Compared with Abduction group, the Neutral group resulted in higher success rate and fewer subclavian artery puncture and pneumothorax. The incidences of other complications were similar on both groups.

Comparison of the Complications between Left Side and Right Side Subclavian Vein Catheter Placement in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous subclavian vein catheterization is one of the most common invasive procedures performed in cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to compare left and right subclavian vein catheter placement via the infraclavicular approach in patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. METHODS: This prospective, randomized clinical trial was performed in193 patients. The technique applied for cannulation was infraclavicular approach for both the right and the left sides. Subclavian vein of other side was attempted only when catheterization at initial side was unsuccessful at two attempts. The success and complication rates were compared for the two sides. RESULTS: On193 patients, catheterization attempts were performed. Overall 177 catheterizations (91.7%) were successful during the first attempt, 105 (92.1%) on the right side and 72 (91.1%) on the left side. There was no significant difference between success rate and side of catheterization. Malposition of the catheter tip on the right side (9.6%) was significantly more than the left side (0%) (P= 0.003). The differences in other complications on two sides were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: Compared with the right side, insertion of the cannula on the left side resulted in fewer catheter tip misplacements. Incidence of cannulation failure and other complications were similar on both sides.

The Effect of Low Tidal Volume Ventilation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Postoperative Pulmonary Function.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pulmonary dysfunction is one of the most frequent complications after cardiac surgery and it is believed to result from the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In this study, we investigated the effect of low tidal volume ventilation during CPB on postoperative gas exchange and lung mechanics. METHODS: This prospective randomized study included 100 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. In 50 patients, low tidal volume ventilation [tidal volume (TV) = 3 ml/kg, respiratory rate (RR) = 12/min, fraction of inspiratory oxygen (FIO(2))= 1.0, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 5 cmH(2)O] was applied during CPB (group I); and in the other 50 patients (group II), the lungs were open to the atmosphere without ventilation. Measurements were taken preoperatively, after CPB, and before discharge. RESULTS: Post-bypass PaO(2) (just after CPB 85 versus75) was higher significantly in group I (P value < 0.05). Decrease in postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second (25% versus 30%) and forced vital capacity (32% versus 35%) was less significant in group I. Also, time to extubation (5 hrs versus 5.5 hrs) was shorter in group I. CONCLUSION: Continued low tidal volume ventilation during CPB improved post-bypass oxygenation and lung mechanics.