How to Talk to Children and Adolescents With Cancer About Spirituality? Establishing a Conversation Model.

Talking to children and adolescents with cancer about spirituality is a challenge. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a conversation model for a spiritual approach with children and adolescents with cancer. It was a methodological study with a systematic approach in three stages: (a) review of the literature for the selection of photographs and guiding questions, (b) using an expert committee to evaluate photographs and preselected questions, and (c) cognitive interview with children and adolescents to test the methodology. The expert committee evaluated and selected 20 photos and their respective guiding questions. Fifteen children and adolescents hospitalized with cancer tested the spirituality conversation model and expressed feelings, values, beliefs, fears, and the meaning they give to life and illness. The implementation of the conversation model can contribute both to the clinical practice, facilitating care for the spiritual dimension of pediatric patients, and to qualitative research on spirituality involving children.

Parents' Participation in Managing Their Children's Postoperative Pain at Home: An Integrative Literature Review.

OBJECTIVES: This integrative review aimed to synthesize and critically evaluate the methodological quality of the evidence on parent's participation in managing their children's postoperative pain at home. DESIGN: Integrative review. DATA SOURCES: To locate relevant articles, two reviewers independently searched four electronic databases systematically using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. REVIEW/ANALYSIS METHODS: The methodological quality of 23 eligible studies was critically appraised using published evaluation criteria. A qualitative content analysis was then conducted to synthesize findings of the studies to identify thematic trends and factors on the nature of parents' participation and ability to effectively manage their children's pain at home. RESULTS: Methodological quality of most of the 15 surveys was adequate, whereas shortcomings were identified in 6 of the 7 clinical trials and the 1 qualitative study that were included in this review. The three themes identified pertained to parent use of informational sources, postoperative pain medications, and nonpharmacologic pain treatment approaches. Results indicate parents lack the information they need to effectively make use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic pain treatment approaches. CONCLUSIONS: There is need to improve communication between parents and health professionals before and after the child's surgery and to provide parents with specific verbal and written instructions and strategies on how to assess and manage their children's pain.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the adolescent pediatric pain tool for brazilian children and adolescents with cancer / Adaptación cultural del instrumento adolescent pediatric pain tool para niños y adolescentes brasileños con cáncer / Adaptação cultural do instrumento adolescent pediatric pain tool para crianças e adolescentes brasileiros com câncer

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the steps in the cross-cultural adaptation process of the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool, a pain assessment measure, for use with Brazilian children and adolescents with cancer. Method: a methodological and cross-sectional study was undertaken. The steps in the cross-cultural adaptation process of the tool that resulted in the semantic validation followed an adapted method, including: initial translation, consensus version of translations, evaluation by Expert Committee, back-translation, comparison with original tool and actual semantic validation. Results: the initial translation process of the tool until the final consensus was reached took approximately four months. In the evaluation by the Expert Committee, three health professionals participated in the study, who were knowledgeable on the theme and mastered the English language. In the semantic validation, 35 children and adolescents aged between eight and 18 unfinished years participated, who were patients at the institution where children and adolescents with cancer were treated and monitored. After concluding all steps, the researchers met to discuss the proposed changes. At the end of the cross-cultural adaptation process of the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool, all initially proposed 67 pain descriptors were maintained in their Portuguese version. Conclusion: the steps in the cross-cultural adaptation process of the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool were executed and described in detail, evidencing the rigorous development of the study.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las etapas realizadas en el proceso de adaptación cultural del instrumento de evaluación del dolor Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool, para niños y adolescentes brasileños con cáncer. Método: se trata de un estudio metodológico y transversal. Las etapas recorridas del proceso de adaptación cultural del instrumento hasta la validación semántica siguieron un método adaptado que comprendió: traducción inicial, síntesis de las traducciones, evaluación por el Comité de Especialistas, retrotraducción, comparación con el instrumento original y validación semántica propiamente dicha. Resultados: el proceso de traducción inicial del instrumento hasta la obtención del consenso final tardó, aproximadamente, cuatro meses. En la etapa de evaluación por el Comité de Especialistas, participaron del estudio tres profesionales del área de la salud, con conocimiento en la temática y dominio de la lengua inglesa. Para la etapa de validación semántica, participaron 35 niños y adolescentes de ocho a 18 años incompletos, atendidos en la institución donde se realizaban el tratamiento y el seguimiento de niños y adolescentes con cáncer. Después de la conclusión de todas las etapas, los investigadores se reunieron para discutir los cambios propuestos. Al final de la adaptación cultural del instrumento Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool, los 67 descriptores del dolor, propuesto inicialmente se mantuvieron en su versión portuguesa. Conclusión: las etapas del proceso de adaptación cultural del Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool se alcanzaron y su descripción detallada, para evidenciar el rigor en la conducción del estudio.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as etapas realizadas no processo de adaptação cultural do instrumento de avaliação da dor Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool, para crianças e adolescentes brasileiros com câncer. Método: trata-se de um estudo metodológico e transversal. As etapas percorridas do processo de adaptação cultural do instrumento até a validação semântica seguiram um método adaptado que compreendeu: tradução inicial, síntese das traduções, avaliação pelo Comitê de Especialistas, retrotradução, comparação com o instrumento original e validação semântica propriamente dita. Resultados: o processo de tradução inicial do instrumento até a obtenção do consenso final levou, aproximadamente, quatro meses. Na etapa de avaliação pelo Comitê de Especialistas, participaram do estudo três profissionais da área da saúde, com conhecimento na temática e domínio da língua inglesa. Para a etapa de validação semântica, participaram 35 crianças e adolescentes de oito a 18 anos incompletos, atendidos na instituição onde eram realizados o tratamento e o seguimento de crianças e adolescentes com câncer. Após a conclusão de todas as etapas, os pesquisadores se reuniram para discutir as mudanças propostas. Ao final do processo de adaptação cultural do Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool, todos os 67 descritores da dor, propostos inicialmente, foram mantidos em sua versão em português. Conclusão: as etapas do processo de adaptação cultural do Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool foram alcançadas e sua descrição detalhada de forma a evidenciar o rigor na condução do estudo.