Electrochemotherapy as palliative care in patients with local or metastatic recurrence of head and neck cancer: review of state of the art.

Head and neck cancers are mostly represented by squamous cell carcinoma. Despite effective treatment of primary tumours, local recurrences and metastases are frequent, with up to a 60% risk of local and 30% of distant failure. Moreover, second primary tumours sometimes occur in these patients (2-3% per year). Treatment of recurrences, metastases, and second primary tumours can be extremely challenging for Otorhinolaryngologists, especially in patients who have already been treated with radiotherapy, previous surgery, or both. Electrochemotherapy represents an effective and valid option in these cases.

Use of Nutraceuticals in Elderly to Fight Inflammation and Immuno-Senescence: A Randomized Case-Control Study.

Elderly people are at high risk of suffering from infection and being affected by severe forms of disease because their immunosystem suffers from aging. The alteration of normal immune functions causes the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines which can expose these people to increased risk of developing pathologies as cancer, diabetes, and/or arthritis. Some supplements could be helpful for restoring normal immune functions. We conducted a case-control study to evaluate the efficacy of a supplement containing Sambucus nigra, zinc, tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus (HA122), arabinogalactans, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin C to improve the inflammatory levels (IL-6 and CRP) and to modulate the lymphocytes growth. Additionally, we analyzed wellness by self-questionnaire. This study had two control group: a young group and an elderly one. Our study showed that treating elderly patients with the supplement for 30 days improved IL-6, CRP, and lymphocytes levels; the result was independent from the dosage of the supplements used. Elderly patients, despite the improvement, were not able to reach the same conditions of young patients; however, most of the patients (>70%) claimed to "feel better" after the use of the supplement. The use of this supplement should be considered at a low dosage for a prolonged period to reduce inflammation and modulate immune senescence in patients over 60 years old.

Flexible transoral robotic surgery: the Italian experience.

OBJECTIVE: This prospective, non-randomised study documents our initial experience using the Flex® Surgical System for transoral surgery in Italy. METHODS: All patients who underwent transoral robotic surgery using the Medrobotics® Flex® Robotic System (Raynham, MA, USA) between March 2018 and April 2019 were reviewed. Rates of successful surgery, surgical time and complications were evaluated. 43 surgical procedures were performed in the study. The average age was 62.56 years (range 36-90 years). The Flex® system was used successfully in surgery of the base of the tongue, palatine tonsils, supraglottis, hypopharynx and glottis, which was the most frequent target. RESULTS: All procedures were successfully completed. There were no intraoperative or serious postoperative complications, with no cases of intraoperative haemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in Italy evaluating the use of the Flex® system to safely resect lesions in the oral cavity, larynx and pharynx.

Cross-cultural adaption and validation of the Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire 12 (COMQ-12) in the Italian language.

PURPOSE: The evaluation of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in patients with chronic otitis media COM has gained attention over the past years and several questionnaires have been developed to evaluate it in affected patients. The Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire 12 (COMQ-12) is a widely used disease-specific tool that evaluates the severity of symptoms, the specific impact on work and lifestyle, the effects on the health service, and general impact of the disease in patients with COM. The COMQ-12 questionnaire has been translated and validated into different languages; however, an Italian version is not yet available. The aim of this original study was to translate the COMQ-12 questionnaire into the Italian language and validate this new Italian language version in Italian-speaking patients with COM. METHODS: The COMQ-12 was translated into Italian (COMQ-12-It) following international guidelines. Validation was performed comparing and correlating COMQ-12-It with (1) a question that addresses HRQoL, and (2) the results of a generic questionnaire assessing HRQoL, namely the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients with COM were included in the study. Cronbach's alpha was 0.80 indicating a high reliability. There was a strong positive correlation between the question that directly addressed HRQoL and total score (correlation coefficient = 0.62), while the regression analysis between total score of COMQ-12-It and EQ-5D-5L showed a positive relation but only a weak positive correlation (correlation coefficient 0.36). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed evidence that the Italian version of the COMQ-12 questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool to evaluate HRQoL in Italian-speaking patients with COM.

Prospective detection and differential diagnosis of cystic posterior fossa anomalies by assessing posterior brain at 11-14 weeks.

BACKGROUND: The role of the first-trimester scan has expanded from aneuploidy screening to the diagnosis of fetal malformations. Abnormal appearance of the posterior brain at 11-14 weeks gestation is a marker of cerebral anomalies; in fact an increased amount of fluid, particularly when the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle is not visible and only 2 brain spaces instead of 3 are seen, may indicate the presence of cystic or cyst-like posterior fossa anomalies, such as Blake's pouch cyst or Dandy-Walker malformation. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the role of ultrasound scanning in the identification of cystic posterior fossa anomalies at 11-14 weeks gestation. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of fetuses with cystic appearance of the posterior fossa at 11-14 weeks gestation was performed. In all cases and in a control group of 40 normal fetuses, the brainstem-tentorium angle was also measured. The presence or absence of cystic posterior anomalies was determined at birth or at postmortem evaluation. RESULTS: In the period 2014-2018, 32 fetuses with an increased brainstem-occipital bone distance and/or failure to visualize the choroid plexus of fourth ventricle (2 brain spaces) were seen. Of these, 18 fetuses were terminated in the first trimester because of associated anomalies and were excluded from the study because of unavailable autoptic findings. The remaining 14 fetuses eventually were found to have a Dandy-Walker malformation in 4 cases, a Blake's pouch cyst in 8 cases, and normal brain anatomy in 2 cases. Two brain spaces were seen in all cases with Dandy-Walker malformation and in 2 of 8 cases with Blake's pouch cyst. Both brainstem-occipital bone measurement and brainstem-tentorium angle were significantly different in fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation, Blake's pouch cyst, and control subjects (P<.0001). The brainstem-occipital bone z-scores of fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation and Blake's pouch cyst were always +3 or more and +1.7 or more, respectively. The brainstem-tentorium angle z-scores were always -5 or less and -0.1 or less, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that sonography of the posterior brain at 11-14 weeks gestation allows the identification of cystic posterior fossa anomalies. A large brainstem-occipital bone predicts Dandy-Walker malformation or Blake's pouch cyst. The presence of 2 brain spaces and a small brainstem-tentorium angle are correlated significantly with the presence of Dandy-Walker malformation.

Diagnosis of congenital heart disease by early and second-trimester fetal echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the cardiac findings at 11 to 14 weeks' gestation with the second-trimester findings to evaluate the reliability of first-trimester echocardiography and the possibility of congenital heart disease evolution. METHODS: The database of our fetal medicine unit was searched for all patients who had undergone fetal echocardiography at 11 to 14 and 18 to 22 weeks' gestation from 2005 to 2010. In all of the antenatally suspected cases of congenital heart disease, the diagnosis was established conclusively by postnatal echocardiography, surgery, or autopsy. RESULTS: Among the 870 fetuses included in the study, 802 were considered to have no abnormalities on both examinations. Thirty-six cases had abnormal findings on both examinations, and 32 had discordant findings. Among the 32 discordant findings, 6 cases had a false-positive diagnosis of congenital heart disease on early echocardiography, and 26 had a different diagnosis. In 14 of these 26 cases, the diagnosis was slightly different on the second-trimester examination, or the defect misdiagnosed in the first trimester was a minor one. In 6 of the remaining 12 fetuses, a major congenital heart disease was missed on the early echocardiography. In 6 cases, the congenital heart disease developed or progressed in severity in the second trimester. CONCLUSIONS: First-trimester echocardiography is feasible and seems to allow considerably earlier detection of major congenital heart disease. However, it should be kept in mind that although most forms of heart defects can be diagnosed early in pregnancy, some may develop and become apparent only later in gestation.

Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of isolated vascular rings.

The purpose of this study was to describe our experience in the ultrasound visualization and management of prenatally diagnosed isolated vascular rings. From January 2002 to December 2007, a total of 19 fetuses had a sonographic diagnosis of isolated vascular rings in 2 reference centers at a mean gestational age of 23 weeks. There were 8 cases of left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery, 5 cases of double aortic arch, and 6 cases of right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Two fetuses had associated trisomy 21 and 1 had a 22q11 microdeletion. Parents chose to terminate the pregnancy in all cases. Four patients successfully underwent surgical correction, and in 1 patient, tracheoplasty was also performed. In conclusion, isolated vascular rings can be accurately diagnosed prenatally by using the "3-vessel and trachea view" and "supra-aortic-branch view" that allow detection of vascular structures running around the trachea. Karyotyping and prenatal testing for 22q11 microdeletions should be offered to all parents. Affected children should undergo surgical correction as soon as symptoms of tracheal compression appear, avoiding tracheomalacia. Associated congenital tracheal stenosis should be excluded before surgery.