Intestinal parasites in canine feces contaminating urban and recreational areas in Ushuaia (Argentina).

Wild and domestic dogs are important reservoir hosts of numerous intestinal parasites that represent potential infection sources for both humans and wild or other domestic animals. The aim of this study was to determine the presence, diversity, and contamination potential of intestinal parasites in dog feces contaminating urban and recreational areas in Ushuaia (Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina). A total of 80 canine fecal samples were collected from urban (playgrounds, streets, sidewalks, squares and coastal walks) and recreational areas (winter centers for raising and training sled dogs) in 2018. Samples were preserved in 5% formalin and processed using formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation and FLOTAC dual Pellet techniques. Data were analyzed using the R software. At least one parasite species was recovered in 32.5% of the total samples examined. Of the seven parasite species detected, infection by protozoan species was higher than helminth infections (28.8% versus 8.8%). Sarcocystis sp. (20.0%), Giardia sp. (8.8%) and Cystoisospora spp. (7.5%) were the most frequent species, followed by Toxocara canis (5.0%), Echinococcus spp./Taenia spp. (2.5%), Trichuris vulpis and Uncinaria sp. (1.3% for both). Single infections (69.2%) were more frequent than coinfections with two (19.2%) and three parasite species (11.5%). This study provides the first description of the diversity and frequency of intestinal parasite species in dog feces from Ushuaia, the southernmost city in the world. The unfavorable environment of Ushuaia, characterized by low temperatures and winter snowfall, is likely to reduce parasite survivability, decreasing contamination potential. Some parasite species found are potentially zoonotic and represent an important risk for the human population and a source of infection to free-roaming pets. The results of this study revealed the need to strengthen the prevention, surveillance and control of these infections in pets, as well as to implement programs for public health education, control measures for the free-roaming canine population, and responsible pet ownership in the study area.

Availability of vitamin D photoconversion weighted UV radiation in southern South America.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays a key role in several biological functions, including human health. Skin exposure to UVR is the main factor in vitamin D photoconversion. There is also evidence relating low levels of vitamin D with certain internal cancers, mainly colon, breast and prostate, as well as other diseases. Several epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between the above-mentioned diseases and latitude, in accordance with the ultraviolet radiation latitudinal gradient. The aim of this study is to determine whether UV irradiance levels in the southern South America are sufficient to produce suitable levels of vitamin D year around. For this purpose, vitamin D photoconversion weighted-irradiance was analyzed between S.S. de Jujuy (24.17°S, 65.02°W) and Ushuaia (54° 50'S, 68° 18'W). In addition to irradiance, skin type and area of body exposed to sunlight are critical factors in vitamin D epidemiology. Due to a broad ethnic variability, it was assumed that the skin type in this region varies between II and V (from the most to the less sensitive). All sites except South Patagonia indicate that skin II under any condition of body area exposure and skin V when exposing head, hands, arms and legs, would produce suitable levels of vitamin D year round (except for some days in winter at North Patagonian sites). At South Patagonian sites, minimum healthy levels of vitamin D year round can be reached only by the more sensitive skin II type, if exposing head, hands, arms and legs, which is not a realistic scenario during winter. At these southern latitudes, healthy vitamin D levels would not be obtained between mid May and beginning of August if exposing only the head. Skin V with head exposure is the most critical situation; with the exception of the tropics, sun exposure would not produce suitable levels of vitamin D around winter, during a time period that varies with latitude. Analyzing the best exposure time during the day in order to obtain a suitable level of vitamin D without risk of sunburn, it was concluded that noon is best during winter, as determined previously. For skin type II when exposing head, exposure period in winter varies between 30 and 130 min, according to latitude, except for South Patagonian sites. During summer, noon seems to be a good time of day for short periods of exposure, while during leisure times, longer periods of exposure without risk of sunburn are possible at mid-morning and mid-afternoon. At 3 h from noon, solar zenith angles are almost the same for sites between the tropics and North Patagonia, and at 4 h from noon, for all sites. Then, in these cases, the necessary exposure periods varied slightly between sites, only due to meteorological differences.

Invader species in Argentina: a review about the beaver (castor canadenis) population situation on tierra del fuego ecosystem

Los castores (Castor canadensis) fueron introducidos en la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego Argentina en 1946. La ausencia de predadores y competidores naturales y la abundancia de alimento y sitios de refugio favorecieron su rápida expansión y crecimiento poblaional. Este artpiculo muestra el estado poblacional y las modificaciones al paisaje producida por los castores en estos ecosistemas australes. Actualmente los castores son encontrados en todos los ríos de las áreas andina y extra-andina y en casi la totalidad de hábitats acuáticos de la Isla Grande como también otras islas chilenas del Archipiélago de Tierra dl Fuego (70000 Km2). Áreas con orden de gradiente bajo en recursos de agua pequeños son ocupadps más densamente que aquellos de valles en pendiente. Las densdidades son similares a las de Hemisfério Norte. Los hábitats más colonizados mostraron una abundancia de 0,7 colonias activas por Km2. Cuatro clases (A, B, C y D) para usar en manjo y planificación de recursos naturales, fueron determinadas sobre la frecuencia de los sitios de colonia y el patrón de ocupación del castor en las cuancas. Las altas densidades en las clases C y D (4,7 y 5,8 sitios de colonia por Km de cuenca) indican que, potencialmente, ambas áreas tuvieron la mayor productividad. Los sitios alterados por castor tuvieron niveles de N orgánico e inorgánico altos sugiriendo que los cambios hidrológicos estacionales podrían afectar nitrificación y desnitrificación, permitiendo también la acumulación de C y P en el curso de agua. Los diques de castor pueden ser considerados fuentes de nutrientes esenciales (N y P) y C. Los análisis cromosómicos no mostraron diferencias en el cariotipo de Norteamérica. En la actualidad, se está analizando la estructura y variabilidad genética de la población introducida