Medical Trainees' Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Electronic Cigarettes and Hookah: A Multinational Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: The rising prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) and hookah use among youth raises questions about medical trainees' views of these products. We aimed to investigate medical trainees' knowledge and attitudes toward e-cigarette and hookah use. METHODS: We used data from a large cross-sectional survey of medical trainees in Brazil, the United States, and India. We investigated demographic and mental health aspects, history of e-cigarettes and tobacco use, knowledge and attitudes toward e-cigarettes and hookah, and sources of information on e-cigarettes and hookah. Although all medical trainees were eligible for the original study, only senior students and physicians-in-training were included in the present analysis. RESULTS: Of 2,036 senior students and physicians-in-training, 27.4% believed e-cigarette use to be less harmful than tobacco smoking. As for hookah use, 14.9% believed it posed a lower risk than cigarettes. More than a third of trainees did not acknowledge the risks of passive e-cigarette use (42.9%) or hookah smoking (35.1%). Also, 32.4% endorsed e-cigarettes to quit smoking, whereas 22.5% felt ill equipped to discuss these tobacco products with patients. Fewer than half recalled attending lectures on these topics, and their most common sources of information were social media (54.5%), Google (40.8%), and friends and relatives (40.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Medical trainees often reported incorrect or biased perceptions of e-cigarettes and hookah, resorted to unreliable sources of information, and lacked the confidence to discuss the topic with patients. An expanded curriculum emphasis on e-cigarette and hookah use might be necessary because failing to address these educational gaps could risk years of efforts against smoking normalization.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on surgical activity in the Brazilian private healthcare system.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical volume was drastically reduced in many countries due to challenges imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVES: We sought to estimate the number of cancelled surgical and diagnostic procedures within the Brazilian private healthcare system between 2020 and 2021 over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to project the procedural backlog generated for specific elective and time-sensitive surgeries, and diagnostic procedures. METHODS: Data were systematically extracted from the Brazilian national regulatory agency for the private healthcare system and included (i) quarterly and annual surgical and diagnostic volume, and (ii) the number of private health insurance beneficiaries between January 2016 and June 2021. Based on pre-pandemic data we estimated the expected number of surgical and diagnostic procedures that failed to be performed between 2020 and 2021. RESULTS: The average quarterly surgical and diagnostic procedures declined by 29.5% in 2020 and by 21.5% in 2021 compared to 2019. In 2020, such reduction reflected a lower number of diagnostic procedures under anesthesia (-35.1%), as well as elective (-14.7%), time-sensitive (-18.8%), and urgent (-4.6%) surgeries. In the first half of 2021, though the surgical and diagnostic procedures increased compared to 2020, they remained significantly below their historical average. The estimated backlogs were 134.385,64 for total surgical procedures, 2.634,64 for bariatric surgery and arthroplasty revision (elective surgeries), 2.845,61 for oncologic (time-sensitive) surgeries, and 304.193,99 for diagnostic procedures, requiring 1.7, 15.9, and 6.8 years, respectively, to make up for such backlogs. CONCLUSION: There was a major decline on the number of surgical and diagnostic procedures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite a slight recovery of elective surgeries throughout the pandemic, many time-sensitive surgeries and diagnostic procedures were cancelled, with potential medium- to long-term consequences to patients and the system as a whole.

Vaping and Hookah Use Among Medical Trainees: A Multinational Survey Study.

The increased use of E-cigarettes and hookah among young consumers represents a public health concern. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and patterns of use of E-cigarettes and hookah among medical trainees. This cross-sectional multinational online survey included medical students, residents, and fellows in Brazil, the U.S., and India between October 2020 and November 2021. Information on sociodemographics; mental health; and E-cigarettes, hookah, tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol use were collected. Generalized structural equation models were used in 2022 to explore the factors associated with current vaping and current hookah use (ongoing monthly/weekly/daily use). People reporting previous sporadic/frequent use or those who never used/only tried it once were the reference group. Overall, 7,526 participants were recruited (Brazil=3,093; U.S.=3,067; India=1,366). The frequency of current vaping was 20% (Brazil), 11% (U.S.), and <1% (India), and current hookah use was 10% (Brazil), 6% (U.S.), and 1% (India). Higher family income (OR=6.35, 95% CI=4.42, 9.12), smoking cigarettes (OR=5.88, 95% CI=4.88, 7.09) and marijuana (OR=2.8, 95% CI=2.35, 3.34), and binge drinking (OR=3.03, 95% CI=2.56, 3.59) were associated with current vaping. The same was true for hookah use: higher family income (OR=2.69, 95% CI=1.75, 4.14), smoking cigarettes (OR=3.20, 95% CI=2.53, 4.06), smoking marijuana (OR=4.17, 95% CI=3.35, 4.19), and binge drinking (OR=2.42, 95% CI=1.96, 2.99). In conclusion, E-cigarettes and hookah were frequently used by Brazilian and American trainees, sharply contrasting with data from India. Cultural aspects and public health policies may explain the differences among countries. Addressing the problems of hookah and E-cigarette smoking in this population is relevant to avoid the renormalization of smoking.

Breaking bad news in neurology: assessing training, perceptions, and preparedness among residency programs in Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective We aimed to evaluate how breaking bad news training was implemented in neurology residency programs in Brazil and to assess the perception and preparedness of trainees and program directors. Methods We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study. Neurology trainees and program directors were recruited from the Brazilian Academy of Neurology registry through convenience sampling. Participants answered a survey evaluating the breaking bad news training at their institution and their preparedness and perception towards the topic. Results We collected 172 responses from 47 neurology institutions from all five socio-demographic regions of Brazil. More than 77% of trainees were dissatisfied with their breaking bad news training, and around 92% of program directors believed their programs required substantial improvement. Approximately 31% of neurology trainees reported never having a lecture about communicating bad news, 66% reported never having a simulated training, and nearly 61% never received feedback regarding their communication abilities. Moreover, 59% of program directors acknowledged that feedback was not a standard practice and nearly 32% reported the absence of any specific training. Conclusion This study suggested that the breaking bad news training in neurology residencies across Brazil is deficient and highlighted challenges to achieve this core competency. Program directors and trainees recognized the importance of the topic, and program directors acknowledged that many factors hinder the ability to implement formal training. Given the relevance of such a skill to patient care, every effort should be made to provide structured training opportunities during residency.

Palliative care in Hospitalized Middle-Aged and Older Adults With COVID-19.

CONTEXT: As COVID-19 overwhelms health systems worldwide, palliative care strategies may ensure rational use of resources while safeguarding patient comfort and dignity. OBJECTIVE: To describe palliative care practices in hospitalized middle-aged and older adults in two of the largest COVID-19 treatment centers in Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Retrospective cohort. Eligible patients were those aged 50 years or older hospitalized between March and May 2020 with a laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Palliative care implementation was defined as present if medical notes indicated a decision to limit escalation of life support measures, or when opioids or sedatives were prescribed for palliative management of symptoms. RESULTS: We included 1162 participants (57% male, median 65 years). Overall, 21% were frail and 54% were treated in intensive care units, but only 17% received palliative care. Stepwise logistic regression demonstrated that age ≥80 years, dementia, history of stroke or cancer, frailty, having a PaO2/FiO2<200 or a C-reactive protein ≥150mg/dL at admission predicted palliative care implementation. Patients placed under palliative care stayed longer (13 vs.11 days) and were more likely to die in hospital (86 vs.27%). They also spent more days in ICU and received vasoactive drugs, hemodialysis, and invasive ventilation more frequently. CONCLUSIONS: One in five middle-aged and older adults hospitalized with COVID-19 received palliative care in our cohort. Patients who were very old, multimorbid, frail, and had severe COVID-19 were more likely to receive palliative care. However, it was often delayed until advanced and invasive life support measures had already been implemented.

Barriers to enrollment in pulmonary rehabilitation: medical knowledge analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess clinicians' knowledge about pulmonary rehabilitation, and identify the barriers faced when referring patients with health insurance to pulmonary rehabilitation. METHODS: This was a survey-based cross-sectional study conducted in 2019, at a private reference hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Eligible participants were physicians registered with the following specialties: internal medicine, geriatrics, cardiology, pulmonology or thoracic surgery. RESULTS: We collected 72 responses, and 99% of participants recognized chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a potential indication for pulmonary rehabilitation; less often (75%), they listed interstitial lung disease, bronchiectasis and pulmonary hypertension. Most participants (67%) incorrectly associated pulmonary rehabilitation with lung function improvement, while 28% of cardiologists and 35% of internists/geriatricians failed to recognize benefits on mood disorders. Notably, 18% of participants recommended pulmonary rehabilitation only to patients on supplemental oxygen and 14% prescribed only home physical therapy, patterns more commonly seen among non-respiratory physicians. The three most perceived barriers to referral and adherence were health insurance coverage (79%), transportation to pulmonary rehabilitation center (63%) and lack of social support (29%). CONCLUSION: Financial, logistic and social constraints pose challenges to pulmonary rehabilitation enrollment, even for patients with premium healthcare insurance. Moreover, physician knowledge gaps may be an additional barrier to pulmonary rehabilitation referral and adherence. Providing continued medical education, incorporating automatic reminders in electronic medical records, and using telerehabilitation tools may improve pulmonary rehabilitation referral, adherence, and ultimately, patient care.

Accuracy of echocardiography and chest tomography for pulmonary hypertension screening in patients awaiting lung transplantation / Acurácia do ecocardiograma e da tomografia de tórax para rastreamento de hipertensão pulmonar em pacientes aguardando transplante de pulmão

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the accuracy of a pulmonary hypertension screening strategy based on a combination of echocardiographic data and tomographic measurements (pulmonary artery diameter and pulmonary artery diameter to ascending aorta diameter ratio) in patients with chronic lung disease referred for lung transplantation. Methods A retrospective observational study with patients with pulmonary emphysema or fibrosis referred for transplantation between 2012 and 2016. Pulmonary hypertension was defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25mmHg, or between 21 and 24mmHg, with pulmonary vascular resistance >3 Wood units on right heart catheterization. Tomographic measurements were made by two independent radiologists. Results This sample comprised 13 patients with emphysema and 19 patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Of these, 18 had pulmonary hypertension. The level of agreement in tomographic measurements made by radiologists was high (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.936 and 0.940, for pulmonary artery diameter and pulmonary artery diameter to ascending aorta diameter ratio, respectively). Areas under the ROC curves constructed for pulmonary artery diameter, pulmonary artery diameter to ascending aorta diameter ratio, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure as predictors of pulmonary hypertension were 0.540, 0.629 and 0.783, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value of pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≥40mmHg were 67%, 79% and 65%, respectively. The combined criterion (pulmonary artery diameter to ascending aorta diameter ratio >1 and/or pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≥40mmHg) achieved sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 79%, and a negative predictive value of 69%. Conclusion Measurements of pulmonary artery and ascending aorta diameter were highly reproducible. The association of pulmonary artery and aortic diameter >1 and/or pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≥40mmHg improved the sensitivity and the negative predictive value for pulmonary hypertension screening. This strategy demands prospective validation to assess safety and cost-effectiveness.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a acurácia de uma estratégia de rastreamento de hipertensão pulmonar baseada na combinação de dados de ecocardiograma com as medidas derivadas da tomografia computadorizada (diâmetro da artéria pulmonar e razão entre diâmetro da artéria pulmonar e diâmetro da aorta ascendente) em pacientes pneumopatas crônicos encaminhados para transplante pulmonar. Métodos Estudo observacional retrospectivo realizado com pacientes com enfisema e fibrose pulmonar avaliados para transplante entre 2012 e 2016. Definiu-se hipertensão pulmonar como pressão arterial pulmonar média ≥25mmHg, ou entre 21 a 24mmHg, com resistência vascular pulmonar >3 unidades Wood no cateterismo direito. As medidas tomográficas foram realizadas por dois radiologistas independentes. Resultados Foram incluídos 13 pacientes com enfisema e 19 com fibrose pulmonar, sendo 18 com hipertensão pulmonar. Houve alta concordância entre os radiologistas em relação às medidas tomográficas (coeficientes de correlação intraclasse para diâmetro da artéria pulmonar de 0,936 e diâmetro da artéria pulmonar/diâmetro da aorta ascendente de 0,940). As áreas abaixo da curva ROC de diâmetro da artéria pulmonar, diâmetro da artéria pulmonar/diâmetro da aorta ascendente, e pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar como preditores de hipertensão pulmonar foram 0,540, 0,629 e 0,783, respectivamente. A sensibilidade, especificidade e valor preditivo negativo da pressão de sistólica de artéria pulmonar ≥40mmHg foram 67%, 79% e 65%, respectivamente. O critério combinado de diâmetro da artéria pulmonar/diâmetro da aorta ascendente >1 e/ou pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar ≥40mmHg mostrou sensibilidade de 72%, especificidade de 79%, e valor preditivo negativo de 69%. Conclusão Os diâmetros da artéria pulmonar e da aorta ascendente foram altamente reprodutíveis. A associação entre diâmetro da artéria pulmonar e diâmetro da aorta ascendente >1 e/ou pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar ≥40mmHg melhorou a sensibilidade e o valor preditivo negativo para rastreamento de hipertensão pulmonar. Essa estratégia requer validação prospectiva para se avaliarem segurança e custo-efetividade.

Barriers to enrollment in pulmonary rehabilitation: medical knowledge analysis / Barreiras à inclusão na reabilitação pulmonar: análise do conhecimento médico

ABSTRACT Objective To assess clinicians' knowledge about pulmonary rehabilitation, and identify the barriers faced when referring patients with health insurance to pulmonary rehabilitation. Methods This was a survey-based cross-sectional study conducted in 2019, at a private reference hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Eligible participants were physicians registered with the following specialties: internal medicine, geriatrics, cardiology, pulmonology or thoracic surgery. Results We collected 72 responses, and 99% of participants recognized chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a potential indication for pulmonary rehabilitation; less often (75%), they listed interstitial lung disease, bronchiectasis and pulmonary hypertension. Most participants (67%) incorrectly associated pulmonary rehabilitation with lung function improvement, while 28% of cardiologists and 35% of internists/geriatricians failed to recognize benefits on mood disorders. Notably, 18% of participants recommended pulmonary rehabilitation only to patients on supplemental oxygen and 14% prescribed only home physical therapy, patterns more commonly seen among non-respiratory physicians. The three most perceived barriers to referral and adherence were health insurance coverage (79%), transportation to pulmonary rehabilitation center (63%) and lack of social support (29%). Conclusion Financial, logistic and social constraints pose challenges to pulmonary rehabilitation enrollment, even for patients with premium healthcare insurance. Moreover, physician knowledge gaps may be an additional barrier to pulmonary rehabilitation referral and adherence. Providing continued medical education, incorporating automatic reminders in electronic medical records, and using telerehabilitation tools may improve pulmonary rehabilitation referral, adherence, and ultimately, patient care.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o conhecimento dos médicos sobre reabilitação pulmonar e identificar as barreiras que eles encontram ao encaminhar pacientes com seguro saúde para reabilitação pulmonar. Métodos Trata-se de estudo transversal com uso de questionário, realizado em 2019, em um hospital privado de referência em São Paulo. Os participantes elegíveis eram médicos registrados nas seguintes especialidades: clínica médica, geriatria, cardiologia, pneumologia ou cirurgia torácica. Resultados Foram coletadas 72 respostas, e 99% dos participantes reconheceram doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica como possível indicação para reabilitação pulmonar; com menor frequência (75%), listaram doença pulmonar intersticial, bronquiectasia e hipertensão pulmonar. A maioria dos participantes (67%) associou incorretamente a reabilitação pulmonar à melhora da função pulmonar, ao passo que 28% dos cardiologistas e 35% dos clínicos/geriatras deixaram de reconhecer os benefícios nos transtornos de humor. Notavelmente, 18% dos participantes somente recomendaram reabilitação pulmonar para pacientes em uso de oxigênio suplementar, e 14% prescreveram apenas fisioterapia domiciliar, padrão mais comumente visto entre médicos que não são especialistas em transtornos respiratórios. As três barreiras mais percebidas para encaminhamento e adesão foram cobertura de seguro saúde (79%), transporte para centro de reabilitação pulmonar (63%) e falta de apoio social (29%). Conclusão Restrições financeiras, logísticas e sociais representam desafios para a inclusão na reabilitação pulmonar, mesmo para pacientes com planos de seguro de saúde da categoria premium. Além disso, as lacunas de conhecimento dos médicos podem ser uma barreira adicional para o encaminhamento e a aceitação da reabilitação pulmonar. Educação médica continuada, lembretes automáticos nos prontuários eletrônicos e ferramentas de telerreabilitação podem melhorar o encaminhamento para reabilitação pulmonar, a adesão e, por fim, o atendimento ao paciente.

Preoperative evaluation of the patient with pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In daily clinical practice, pulmonary complications related to surgical procedure are common, increasing the morbidity and mortality of patients. Assessment of the risk of pulmonary complications is an important step in the preoperative evaluation. Thus, we review the most relevant aspects of preoperative assessment of the patient with lung disease. CONTENT: Pulmonary risk stratification depends on clinical symptoms and patient's physical status. Age, preexisting respiratory diseases, nutritional status, and continued medical treatment are usually more important than additional tests. Pulmonary function tests are of great relevance when high abdominal or thoracic procedures are scheduled, particularly when lung resection are considered. CONCLUSION: Understanding the perioperative evaluation of the potential risk for developing pulmonary complication allows the medical team to choose the adequate anesthetic technique and surgical and clinical care required by each patient, thereby reducing adverse respiratory outcomes.

Avaliação pré-operatória do paciente pneumopata / Preoperative evaluation of the patient with pulmonary disease / Evaluación preoperatoria del paciente neumópata

Justificativa e objetivos: Na prática clínica diária, complicações pulmonares relacionadas ao procedimento cirúrgico são comuns, o que aumenta a morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes. A ponderação do risco de complicações pulmonares é um importante passo da avaliação pré-operatória. Dessa forma, fizemos uma revisão dos aspectos mais relevantes da avaliação pré-operatória do paciente pneumopata. Conteúdo: A estratificação do risco pulmonar depende dos sintomas clínicos e do estado físico do doente. Idade, doenças respiratórias preexistentes, estado nutricional e tratamento médico continuado são, geralmente, mais importantes do que exames complementares. Testes de função pulmonar assumem grande relevância quando procedimentos torácicos ou abdominais alto são propostos, especialmente se considerada a realização de ressecção pulmonar. Conclusões: A compreensão da avaliação perioperatória acerca do risco para potencial complicação pulmonar permite à equipe médica escolher adequada técnica anestésica e cuidados clínicos e cirúrgicos que se adequem a cada paciente, o que reduz, portanto, desfechos respiratórios desfavoráveis. .

Background and objectives: In daily clinical practice, pulmonary complications related to surgical procedure are common, increasing the morbidity and mortality of patients. Assessment of the risk of pulmonary complications is an important step in the preoperative evaluation. Thus, we review the most relevant aspects of preoperative assessment of the patient with lung disease. Content: Pulmonary risk stratification depends on clinical symptoms and patient's physical status. Age, preexisting respiratory diseases, nutritional status, and continued medical treatment are usually more important than additional tests. Pulmonary function tests are of great relevance when high abdominal or thoracic procedures are scheduled, particularly when lung resection are considered. Conclusion: Understanding the perioperative evaluation of the potential risk for developing pulmonary complication allows the medical team to choose the adequate anesthetic technique and surgical and clinical care required by each patient, thereby reducing adverse respiratory outcomes. .

Justificación y objetivo: en la práctica clínica diaria son comunes las complicaciones pulmonares relacionadas con el procedimiento quirúrgico, lo que aumenta la morbimortalidad de los pacientes. La ponderación del riesgo de complicaciones pulmonares es un importante paso en la evaluación preoperatoria. Por lo tanto, hicimos una revisión de los aspectos más relevantes de la evaluación preoperatoria del paciente neumópata. Contenido: la estratificación del riesgo pulmonar depende de los síntomas clínicos y del estado físico del enfermo. La edad, enfermedades respiratorias preexistentes, estado nutricional y tratamiento médico continuado son, generalmente, más importantes que los exámenes complementarios. Los test de función pulmonar tienen una gran relevancia cuando se trata de procedimientos torácicos o abdominales altos, especialmente si se tiene en cuenta la realización de la resección pulmonar. Conclusiones: la comprensión de la evaluación perioperatoria acerca del riesgo para la potencial complicación pulmonar, le permite al equipo médico elegir una adecuada técnica anestésica y cuidados clínicos y quirúrgicos que se adecúen a cada paciente, reduciendo así los resultados respiratorios no favorables. .