Whole Blood Expression Levels of Long Noncoding RNAs: HOTAIRM1, GAS5, MZF1-AS1, and OIP5-AS1 as Biomarkers in Adolescents with Obesity-Related Asthma.

Asthma is a heterogeneous entity encompassing distinct endotypes and varying phenotypes, characterized by common clinical manifestations, such as shortness of breath, wheezing, and variable airflow obstruction. Two major asthma endotypes based on molecular patterns are described: type 2 endotype (allergic-asthma) and T2 low endotype (obesity-related asthma). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides in length, currently involved in many diverse biological functions, such as chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, protein transport, and microRNA processing. Despite the efforts to accurately classify and discriminate all the asthma endotypes and phenotypes, if long noncoding RNAs could play a role as biomarkers in allergic asthmatic and adolescent obesity-related asthma, adolescents remain unknown. To compare expression levels of lncRNAs: HOTAIRM1, OIP5-AS1, MZF1-AS1, and GAS5 from whole blood of Healthy Adolescents (HA), Obese adolescents (O), allergic asthmatic adolescents (AA) and Obesity-related asthma adolescents (OA). We measured and compared expression levels from the whole blood of the groups mentioned above through RT-q-PCR. We found differentially expressed levels of these lncRNAs between the groups of interest. In addition, we found a discriminative value of previously mentioned lncRNAs between studied groups. Finally, we generated an interaction network through bioinformatics. Expression levels of OIP5-AS1, MZF1-AS1, HOTAIRM1, and GAS5 in whole blood from the healthy adolescent population, obese adolescents, allergic asthma adolescents, and obesity-related asthma adolescents are differently expressed. Moreover, these lncRNAs could act as molecular biomarkers that help to discriminate between all studied groups, probably through molecular mechanisms with several genes and miRNAs implicated.

Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies a Functional SIDT2 Variant Associated With HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) Levels and Premature Coronary Artery Disease.

Objective: Low HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) is the most frequent dyslipidemia in Mexicans, but few studies have examined the underlying genetic basis. Our purpose was to identify genetic variants associated with HDL-C levels and cardiovascular risk in the Mexican population. Approach and Results: A genome-wide association studies for HDL-C levels in 2335 Mexicans, identified four loci associated with genome-wide significance: CETP, ABCA1, LIPC, and SIDT2. The SIDT2 missense Val636Ile variant was associated with HDL-C levels and was replicated in 3 independent cohorts (P=5.9×10−18 in the conjoint analysis). The SIDT2/Val636Ile variant is more frequent in Native American and derived populations than in other ethnic groups. This variant was also associated with increased ApoA1 and glycerophospholipid serum levels, decreased LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and ApoB levels, and a lower risk of premature CAD. Because SIDT2 was previously identified as a protein involved in sterol transport, we tested whether the SIDT2/Ile636 protein affected this function using an in vitro site-directed mutagenesis approach. The SIDT2/Ile636 protein showed increased uptake of the cholesterol analog dehydroergosterol, suggesting this variant affects function. Finally, liver transcriptome data from humans and the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel are consistent with the involvement of SIDT2 in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Conclusions: This is the first genome-wide association study for HDL-C levels seeking associations with coronary artery disease in the Mexican population. Our findings provide new insight into the genetic architecture of HDL-C and highlight SIDT2 as a new player in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in humans.

Associations of TNFA, IL17A, and RORC mRNA expression levels in peripheral blood leukocytes with obesity-related asthma in adolescents.

Obesity is associated with a unique non-T2 asthma phenotype, characterised by a Th17 immune response. Retinoid-related orphan receptor C (RORC) is the master transcription factor for Th17 polarisation. We investigated the association of TNFA, IL17A, and RORC mRNA expression levels with the non-T2 phenotype. We conducted a cross-sectional study in adolescents, subdivided as follows: healthy (HA), allergic asthma without obesity (AA), obesity without asthma (OB), and non-allergic asthma with obesity (NAO). TNFA, IL17A, and RORC mRNA expression in peripheral blood leukocytes were assessed by RT-PCR. NAO exhibited higher TNFA mRNA expression levels than HA or OB, as well as the highest IL17A and RORC mRNA expression levels among the four groups. The best biomarker for discriminating non-allergic asthma among obese adolescents was RORC mRNA expression levels (area under the curve: 0.95). RORC mRNA expression levels were associated with the non-T2 asthma phenotype, hinting at a therapeutic target in obesity-related asthma.

Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions.

INTRODUCTION: In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy. METHODS: Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions into: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 h sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod), and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, etc). RESULTS: For each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections, and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end, a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence. CONCLUSION: Several interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations.

IL-17A and TNF-α as potential biomarkers for acute respiratory distress syndrome and mortality in patients with obesity and COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic and international health emergency by the World Health Organization. Patients with obesity with COVID-19 are 7 times more likely to need invasive mechanical ventilation than are patients without obesity (OR 7.36; 95% CI: 1.63-33.14, p = 0.021). Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the main causes of death related to COVID-19 and is triggered by a cytokine storm that damages the respiratory epithelium. Interleukins that cause the chronic low-grade inflammatory state of obesity, such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant peptide (MCP)-1, and, in particular, IL-17A and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), also play very important roles in lung damage in ARDS. Therefore, obesity is associated with an immune state favourable to a cytokine storm. Our hypothesis is that serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-17A are more elevated in patients with obesity and COVID-19, and consequently, they have a greater probability of developing ARDS and death. The immunobiology of IL-17A and TNF-α opens a new fascinating field of research for COVID-19.

Genetic, Immunological, and Clinical Features of the First Mexican Cohort of Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease.

PURPOSE: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by an inability of phagocytes to produce reactive oxygen species, impairing their killing of various bacteria and fungi. We summarize here the 93 cases of CGD diagnosed in Mexico from 2011 to 2019. METHODS: Thirteen Mexican hospitals participated in this study. We describe the genetic, immunological, and clinical features of the 93 CGD patients from 78 unrelated kindreds. RESULTS: Eighty-two of the patients (88%) were male. All patients developed bacterial infections and 30% suffered from some kind of fungal infection. Fifty-four BCG-vaccinated patients (58%) presented infectious complications of BCG vaccine. Tuberculosis occurred in 29%. Granulomas were found in 56% of the patients. Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases were present in 15% of patients. A biological diagnosis of CGD was made in 89/93 patients, on the basis of NBT assay (n = 6), DHR (n = 27), and NBT plus DHR (n = 56). The deficiency was complete in all patients. The median age of biological diagnosis was 17 months (range, 0-186 months). A genetic diagnosis was made in 83/93 patients (when material was available), corresponding to CYBB (n = 64), NCF1 (n = 7), NCF2 (n = 7), and CYBA (n = 5) mutations. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical manifestations in these Mexican CGD patients were similar to those in patients elsewhere. This cohort is the largest in Latin America. Mycobacterial infections are an important cause of morbidity in Mexico, as in other countries in which tuberculosis is endemic and infants are vaccinated with BCG. X-linked CGD accounted for most of the cases in Mexico, as in other Latin American countries. However, a significant number of CYBA and NCF2 mutations were identified, expanding the spectrum of known causal mutations.

Decreased methylation profiles in the TNFA gene promoters in type 1 macrophages and in the IL17A and RORC gene promoters in Th17 lymphocytes have a causal association with non-atopic asthma caused by obesity: A hypothesis.

Obesity is a serious public health problem worldwide and has been associated in epidemiological studies with a unique type of non-atopic asthma, although the causal association of asthma and obesity has certain criteria, such as the strength of association, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, coherence, analogy and experimentation; nevertheless, the biological plausibility of this association remains uncertain. Various mechanisms have been postulated, such as immunological, hormonal, mechanical, environmental, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Our hypothesis favours immunological mechanisms because some cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-17A, are responsible for orchestrating low-grade systemic inflammation associated with obesity; however, these cytokines are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, such as gene promoter methylation.

Asma: uso adecuado de dispositivos para inhalación / Asthma: correct use of inhalation drug-delivery devices

Resumen La terapia inhalada se considera la piedra angular del manejo del asma. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser la forma ideal de administración de estos medicamentos, solamente el 70% de los pacientes cumple el tratamiento adecuadamente y sólo del 39 al 67% de los médicos conocen y pueden explicar de forma adecuada las distintas técnicas de inhalación. La terapia inhalada tiene características muy particulares. El depósito pulmonar de un medicamento inhalado a través del tracto respiratorio es más complejo que cuando se administra por vía oral, y varía dependiendo de varios factores, tanto inherentes al medicamento como a la forma de administrarlo. Para que la terapia inhalada sea exitosa, se requiere que se generen partículas del medicamento de un tamaño apropiado que penetren más allá de la orofaringe y la laringe, y que puedan depositarse en los pulmones. Existen múltiples dispositivos para la administración de medicamentos en la vía respiratoria baja. Cada uno ha probado tener una eficacia similar, siempre y cuando se utilicen con la técnica correcta. La decisión para su uso se realiza con base en la edad del paciente, la capacidad de coordinar entre la inhalación y la activación del dispositivo y la presencia de síntomas agudos. La elección del dispositivo a utilizar siempre deberá hacerse de forma conjunta, evaluando pros y contras de cada uno de los dispositivos y siempre de forma individualizada.

Abstract Inhaled therapy is considered the cornerstone of asthma treatment. However, despite being the ideal form of drug delivery, it is recognized that only 70% of patients have an adequate attachment to their treatment and only 39-67% of physicians can explain the optimal inhaler technique. Inhaled therapy has very specific characteristics. Pulmonary deposit of an inhaled medication through the respiratory tract is more complex than when administered orally and depends on several factors inherent to both the medication and the administration. For successful inhaled therapy, the drug needs to be converted into particles of an appropriate size, which can enter beyond the oropharynx and larynx, and be deposited in the lungs. There are multiple devices for the administration of drugs in the lower respiratory tract, each one with a similar efficacy as long as it is used with the correct technique. The decision of which device should be used is made based on the age of the patient, the ability to coordinate between the inhalation and activation of the device, and the presence of acute symptoms. The choice of the device must be evaluated individually.

Ethnic-specific associations of rare and low-frequency DNA sequence variants with asthma.

Common variants at many loci have been robustly associated with asthma but explain little of the overall genetic risk. Here we investigate the role of rare (<1%) and low-frequency (1-5%) variants using the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip array in 4,794 asthma cases, 4,707 non-asthmatic controls and 590 case-parent trios representing European Americans, African Americans/African Caribbeans and Latinos. Our study reveals one low-frequency missense mutation in the GRASP gene that is associated with asthma in the Latino sample (P=4.31 × 10(-6); OR=1.25; MAF=1.21%) and two genes harbouring functional variants that are associated with asthma in a gene-based analysis: GSDMB at the 17q12-21 asthma locus in the Latino and combined samples (P=7.81 × 10(-8) and 4.09 × 10(-8), respectively) and MTHFR in the African ancestry sample (P=1.72 × 10(-6)). Our results suggest that associations with rare and low-frequency variants are ethnic specific and not likely to explain a significant proportion of the 'missing heritability' of asthma.

Effect of obesity on bronchial hyperreactivity among Latino children.

BACKGROUND: The association between obesity and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) in children has not been fully demonstrated in cross-sectional or longitudinal studies, and no study has specifically addressed Latino children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 450 children (10-18 years) from public schools was conducted in Mexico city. Among this group, 260 met the study criteria (no chronic respiratory illnesses, including asthma and rhinitis; no acute respiratory infections; and no tobacco-exposure or endocrine or body dysmorphic disorders), and 229 performed reproducible pulmonary function and methacholine challenge tests and were fully analyzed. RESULTS: According to BMI percentiles, 40 were normal weight, 116 were obese, and 73 morbidly obese. Children in the morbidly obese group had significantly higher % FVC than those in the normal-weight group, and obese children had higher % PEF those in the morbidly obese and normal-weight groups. In the BHR methacholine challenge test, baseline FEV1 values among obese children were significantly lower than in the morbidly obese group. Using adjusted percentages for FEV1 , values were significantly lower among obese compared to morbidly obese children at metacholine concentrations of 0.25, 1, and 4 mg/ml. The proportion of positive BHR (PC20 ≤ 16 mg/ml) was higher in these two groups compared to normal-weight children (28.4%, 17.8%, and 12.5%, respectively), although differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that obesity by itself is not a sufficient condition to alter airway responsiveness to methacholine in a group of adolescents.

Factors associated with allergic rhinitis in children and adolescents from northern Mexico: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase IIIB.

The epidemiology of allergic diseases has not been studied extensively in Mexico. The present study, based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase IIIB survey, reports the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and the associated risk factors in the pediatric population in four cities in northern Mexico. Children (6-7 years old) and adolescents (13-14 years old) in public elementary and secondary schools were surveyed in 2002 and 2003. The subjects were chosen randomly from Ciudad Victoria, Mexicali, Monterrey, and Tijuana. The following categories were analyzed: occurrence of rhinitis symptoms (currently or in the last 12 months), rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms, a previous diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, and relevant environmental factors. Factors associated with rhinitis that were identified previously with the chi-squared test were analyzed using logistic regression. The number of valid questionnaires was 10,892 for schoolchildren and 12,299 for adolescents. In 6- to 7-year-old children, the following frequencies were determined: rhinitis (ever), 27.9%; current rhinitis, 24.2%; rhinoconjunctivitis, 9.2%; and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, 5.5%. The corresponding frequencies in 13- to 14-year-old children were 33.3, 34.1, 18.4, and 3.8%. In both 6- to 7-year-old and 13- to 14-year-old children, all rhinitis items were associated with asthma symptoms, dermatitis symptoms, paracetamol consumption, and maternal smoking (odds ratio, >1; p < 0.05). The main risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis symptoms in children and adolescents from cities in northern Mexico were other allergic conditions, paracetamol consumption, and passive smoking.

Cyclophosphamide hypersensitivity in a leukemic child.

Although hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapeutic drugs have rarely been reported, they may occur with any of these agents. A Mexican native 44-kg 13-year-old boy suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) received chemotherapy for 7 years. Three years later, a recurrence of ALL was detected in his right testicle. The patient was scheduled to receive 12 weekly cycles of 50 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CPM) as a 1-hour intravenous infusion. The patient did not have any history of drug allergies or any other type of ADR. Immediately after the fourth cycle of CPM, the patient developed itchy, maculopapular rash, sweating, respiratory distress, and anxiety. According to the algorithm developed by Naranjo et al, the ADR was classified as probably secondary to CPM. Skin tests were negative to hypersensitivity to CPM, and a new cycle of CPM was administered. However, the patient developed a similar hypersensitivity reaction to CPM. After an analysis of the clinical course of the ADR and the need to continue the chemotherapeutic treatment with CPM, we decided to desensitize the patient to this drug. Total duration of the procedure was 5 hours and was performed on only 1 occasion. The program of 12 cycles of chemotherapy was successfully completed without any sign or symptom of hypersensitivity to CPM. In conclusion, we have reported a case of hypersensitivity to CPM who was successfully desensitized to CPM.

Calidad de vida del cuidador del niño asmático

A pesar del mejor entendimiento de la fisiopatología del asma, del hecho de contar con más y mejores fármacos (como anti-inflamatorios potentes y agonistas beta dos de acción prolongada) los síntomas y la presencia de la enfermedad puede ser persistentes, así como la exacerbaciones que llegan a comprometer la integridad del paciente y hacen necesario valorar el impacto de la enfermedad sobre la vida del paciente y sus cuidadores. Esto ha llevado a incluir en su evaluación general, cuestionarios de calidad de vida. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue aplicar un cuestionario de calidad de vida a la persona encargada del cuidado de niños asmáticos en dos grupos de pacientes los cuales recibieron diferentes esquemas terapéuticos: uno con un esteroide inhalado (EI) y el otro con el EI más un broncodilatador de acción prolongada (BAP), para valorar los cambios percibidos en los cuestionarios y compararlos de acuerdo al tratamiento. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio clínico controlado experimental y comparativo, aplicando un cuestionario a la persona encargada del cuidado del niño asmático. Este cuestionario fue elaborado, validado y autorizado su uso por la doctora Efizabeth Juniper y se le conoce como el PACQLQ. Los pacientes y sus cuidadores se distribuyeron al azar en dos grupos: grupo A tratados inicialmente con EI (Beclometasona) más BAP (Salmeterol) por un periodo de seis semanas posterior a lo cual permanecieron dos semanas sin manejo y continuaron las siguientes seis semanas con EI solo. En tanto el grupo B inició con EI solo y después de dos semanas de lavado continuo seis semanas con EI más BAP. A los cuidadores se les realizó el cuestionario al iniciar el tratamiento y en las semanas dos, cuatro y seis. Resultados: se incluyeron a 30 pacientes con sus cuidadores. Se encontró una mejoría en la calidad de vida de los cuidadores de acuerdo al cuestionario en los dos grupos al compararlos con el basal, mientras que los del grupo que recibieron EI mas BAP fue mayor este cambio siendo estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: nuestro estudio primero que se realiza en nuestro medio, demuestra que al realizar una intervención en el tratamiento del asma (usar EI o BAP) condiciona una mejoría significativa en la valoración del cuestionario PACQLQ desde las primeras semanas de tratamiento y que los que recibieron terapia de EI más BAP al inicio del tratamiento la mejoría fue mayor. Estos resultados coinciden con lo publicado hasta la fecha. Por lo anterior recomendamos el uso de cuestionario de calidad de vida desde el inicio del tratamiento de los pacientes como parte de su evaluación integral.

Despite better understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma, the application of better drugs (potent anti-inflammatory medications and beta2 adrenergics with long-lasting effects), some symptoms persist and the illness itself, at the same time with exacerbation, may compromise the integrity of the patient. This calls for an evaluation of the impact of the ailment in different aspects of daily life of patients and of his/her caregivers. To address these situations, quality-of-life questionnaires for patients and caregivers were designed. With this study, our objective was to make up a quality-of-life questionnaire to be filled out by caregivers of asthmatic children treated with one of two therapeutic schemes: with inhaled steroids (EI), or the EI plus prolonged action bronchodilator (BAP). Materials and methods: controlled, experimental, and comparative clinical trial polling asthmatic child caregivers, applying a questionnaire designed by Elizabeth Juniper (PACQLQ). Patients and caregivers were randomized in two groups: group A was treated with IE (Beclomethasone) plus BAP (Salmeterol) during a 6-week period, followed by a 2-week wash-out period followed by a 6-week period with only IE. Group B were treated only with EI followed by a 2-week period of wash-out and a six-week period with IE plus BAP. Caregivers filled in the questionnaires at the beginning, and at second, fourth, and sixth-weeks of treatment. Results: we included 30 patients and their caregivers who were randomized in two groups. Values in every group showed significant improvement in quality of life, as compared to basal values. Values between groups showed greater improvement in groups who received El plus BAP at the beginning. Conclusions: our study shows that administering treatment for asthma improves significantly the caregiver's appreciation of quality of life with respect to the PACQLQ questionnaire. The group that received El therapy plus BAP at the beginning showed greater improvement. These results coincide with those published to date. We recommend the use of questionnaires at the beginning of the treatment as part of the integral evaluation of every patient with asthma.

Hiperreactividad en 30 niños sin asma con dermatitis atópica / Bronchial hyperreactivity in children with atopic dermatitis

Introducción. La importancia de la dermatitis atópica (DA) no sólo radica en su alta morbilidad, con topografía y morfología dérmica características, sino que además existen manifestaciones extracutáneas, de las cuales la hiperreactividad bronquial (HRB) puede estar presente expresándose posteriomente como asma bronquial, por este motivo el objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la presencia de HRB en 30 niños con DA sin diagnóstico de asma o afección pulmonar previa. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal, en 30 niños de 6 a 16 años de edad que acudieron al Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez con diagnóstico de DA. Para determinar la presencia de HRB se realizaron pruebas de función pulmonar (espirometría basal y posterior al reto con diferentes concentraciones de metacolina). El análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo por la prueba t de Student pareada con corrección de Kurtosis. Resultados. La edad media fue de 11 años, con una relación femenino/masculino de 1.5: 1. De los 30 pacientes, 21 tuvieron reto positivo, demostrado por el descenso del VEF1 con respecto a la basal de 20 por ciento acompañándose de tos, opresión torácica y sibilancias. Al analizar los valores del VEF1 se encontró significancia estadística (P=0.0125) de los basales comparados con cada reto. De esta manera se observa que 70 por ciento tuvo HRB, concordando con lo reportado por otros autores, en los cuales más de la mitad de los pecientes con DA presentan HRB. Conclusión. Es necesario vigilar estrechamente a los pacientes con DA ya que como se demostró en este estudio, existe la posibilidad de que en algún momento de la vida pudieran presentar asma bronquial y aunque no se pueda evitar en su totalidad sí se podrían tomar las medidas necesarias para disminuir esta posibilidad basados en la pevención

Comparación de cuatro aditamentos epicutáneos para detectar hipersensibilidad inmediata / Analyzed skin prick test with Dt, MB, MT and L comparative study

Antecedentes: para el diagnóstico de las enfermedades alérgicas, además de la historia clínica, es necesario determinar la existencia de IgE específica. Esto es posible hacerlo por métodos in vivo o in vitro. De las pruebas in vivo, las epicutáneas se prefieren por ser más sensibles, seguras y rápidas. Dada la variabilidad en los resultados con el uso de diferentes instrumentos destinados a su realización (aguja de Morrow Brown (MB), Lanceta (L), Multi-Test (MT) y recientemente el Diutip-Test (DT). Nuestro objetivo fue valorar la precisión sensibilidad, especificidad y preferencia del paciente sobre estos cuatro tipos de aditamentos. Método: se realizó un estudio prospectivo transversal, abierto, en 20 pacientes con diagnóstico de asma o rinitis alérgica. Se les realizaron pruebas epicutáneas con DT, MB, MT y L sobre la espalda utilizando histamina en cinco ocasiones y solución glicerosalina una vez. Se valoró el diámetro medio de la roncha y el eritema a los 15 min expresándolo en milímetros (positivos si tenía más de 3 y 10 mm, respectivamente). La precisión se evaluó mediante el coeficiente de variación de la roncha con histamina para cada aditamento, por medio de un análisis de varianza de dos vías. La preferencia se consideró según el menor grado de molestia, utilizando la prueba no paramétrica de Friedman para comparar la preferencia de los pacientes. Resultados: el 60 por ciento fueron del sexo masculino, entre 10 años y 16 años. El diámetro promedio de la roncha al aplicar histamina con MB fue de 5.1 ñ 1.1, L= 6.1 ñ 0.8, DT = 6.7 ñ 0.9, MT = 6.3 ñ 1.5; mientras que el de eritema fue para MB fue de 15.9 ñ 4.2 L = 19.0 ñ 4.9, DT = 21.9 ñ 4.8, MT = 18 ñ 6.9. La sensibilidad de DT fue 100 por ciento, L = 99 por ciento, MT = 97 por ciento y MB = 95 por ciento. La especificidad de MB fue de 90 por ciento, L = 70 por ciento, MT = 41.6 por ciento y DT 30 por ciento. El coeficiente de variación de DT fue 15.6, de L = 17.3 por ciento, MT = 24.4 por ciento y MB 24.6 por ciento. Conclusiones: el más sensible fue DT, el más específico MB y el más preciso el DT. Los pacientes prefirieron la lanceta por ocasionarles menos molestia

Comparación de dos métodos de pruebas cutáneas para el diagnóstico de enfermedades alérgicas / Comparative study in intradermal and epicutaneos skin tests to allergic diagnosis

El diagnóstico de la enfermedad alérgica se hace a partir de una historia clínica que se complementa por pruebas cutáneas (PC) para determinar el alergeno causal. En vista de las diversas técnicas que existen, consideramos necesario evaluar la sensibilidad y especificidad de las epicutáneas (EP) e intradérmicas (ID) en pediatría. Se realizó un estudio abierto, prospectivo, transversal, en 40 pacientes con diagnóstico de asma y/o rinitis alérgicas, que fueron sujetos de dos tipos de pruebas (ID y EP), con 10 alergenos de los laboratorios Freeman (Dermatophagoides pt, Fraxinus, Ligustrum, Quereus, Schinus, Phleum, Amaranthus, Artemisa, Ambrosia, Alternaria y Hormodendrum). De los 40 pacientes estudiados, la edad media fue de 12 años. En los aeroalergenos positivos de árboles, pastos, maleza y hongos no se encontró diferencia significativa al comparar las dos técnicas, a diferencia de Dermatophagoides pt que tuvo una sensibilidad de 92.5 por ciento y especificidad de 100 por ciento para EP mientras que para las ID fue del 100 y 96.6 por ciento. Así, entonces, concluimos que las PC ID tienen una mayor sensibilidad y las EP más especificidad, recomendando por este motivo realizar inicialmente pruebas cutáneas y epicutáneas

Es el reflujo gastroesofágico causa de asma? / Is the gastroesophageal reflux as a cause of asthma?

El reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) es una causa importante de enfermedad pulmonar crónica, especialmente de asma. Cerca de la mitad de los casos con asma grave, refractaria al tratamiento médico convencional (sin que exista otra etiología aparente) están asociados a reflujo gastroesofágico patológico. La fisiopatología de esta interesante relación es aún tema de controversia, sin embargo queda claro que el establecimiento de un régimen terapéutico adecuado para el manejo del reflujo, induce a mejoría evidente en los síntomas respiratorios