Undernutrition modified metabolic responses to intramammary lipopolysaccharide but had limited effects on selected inflammation indicators in early-lactation cows.

The objective was to assess effects of experimentally induced undernutrition on responses to an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in early-lactation cows. Starting at 24 ± 3 d in milk, multiparous Holstein cows either received a ration containing 48% straw for 96 h to restrict nutrient intake (REST, n = 8) or were allowed ad libitum intake of a lactation diet (CONT, n = 9). After 72 h on diet or after an equivalent period for CONT, 50 µg of LPS (Escherichia coli 0111:B4) was injected into one healthy rear mammary quarter to induce an acute inflammation response. Blood samples were collected weekly until 7 wk of lactation, daily during feed restriction (or control), before and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 24 h relative to LPS injection. Foremilk quarter samples were collected before and at 4, 6, 10, and 24 h after LPS injection. Dry matter intake, milk yield, energy balance, plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations did not differ between CONT and REST immediately before nutrient restriction in REST (least squares means at d -1 were 21.8, 39.0 kg/d, -2.5 MJ/d, and 3.78, 0.415, 0.66 mM, respectively) but were significantly altered at 72 h of nutrient restriction (9.8, 28.3 kg/d, -81.6 MJ/d, and 2.77, 1.672, and 2.98 mM, respectively), when the LPS challenge was performed. The rectal temperature increment from baseline values in response to LPS did not differ, but cortisol increment was greater and cortisol response area under the curve (AUC) tended to be greater [202 vs. 122 (ng/mL) × 10 h] for REST than CONT. No treatment differences were observed in foremilk IL-8, IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 concentrations in response to LPS injection. Composite milk somatic cell count per milliliter (6.919 × 106 vs. 1.956 × 106 cells/mL) and total number of somatic cells secreted in milk per day were greater for REST than CONT during the day following LPS. Plasma glucose, urea, and insulin concentrations increased after the LPS challenge, suggesting establishment of insulin resistance and modifications of glucose metabolism to support acute inflammation in both CONT and REST. Nonetheless, nutrient-restricted cows had delayed plasma insulin and glucose responses to LPS, smaller insulin AUC but greater glucose AUC compared with CONT, despite the limited nutrient availability to sustain an inflammation response. Undernutrition altered peripheral metabolic responses to an intramammary LPS challenge but had limited effects on selected indicators of inflammation response in early-lactation cows.

Diets supplemented with starch and corn oil, marine algae, or hydrogenated palm oil differentially modulate milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats: A comparative study.

A direct comparative study of dairy cows and goats was performed to characterize the animal performance and milk fatty acid (FA) responses to 2 types of diets that induce milk fat depression in cows as well as a diet that increases milk fat content in cows but for which the effects in goats are either absent or unknown. Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Alpine goats, all multiparous, nonpregnant, and at 86 ± 24.9 and 61 ± 1.8 DIM, respectively, were allocated to 1 of 4 groups and fed diets containing no additional lipid (CTL) or diets supplemented with corn oil [5% dry matter intake (DMI)] and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP; 1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3% DMI), according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d experimental periods. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on milk yield and DMI in both species, except for COS in cows, which decreased DMI by 17%. In cows, milk fat content was lowered by COS (-45%) and MAP (-22%) and increased by HPO (13%) compared with CTL, and in goats only MAP had an effect compared with CTL by decreasing milk fat content by 15%. In both species, COS and MAP lowered the yields (mmol/d per kg of BW) of C16 FA in goats, but not in cows, and the >C16 FA yield decreased with MAP in both species. HPO supplementation increased the milk yield of C16 FA in cows. Compared with CTL, COS induced an increase of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid by 18 fold in cows and 7 fold in goats and of trans-10 18:1 by 13 fold in cows and 3 fold in goats. Moreover, other conjugated linoleic acid isomers, such as trans-10,trans-12 and trans-7,cis-9, were increased to a greater extent in cows (8 and 4 fold, respectively) compared with goats (4 and 2 fold, respectively) on the COS treatment. In both species, the responses to MAP were characterized by a decrease in the milk concentration of 18:0 (3 fold, on average) and cis-9 18:1 (2 fold, on average) combined with a 3-fold increase in the total trans 18:1, with an increase in trans-10 18:1 only observed in cows. Compared with CTL, the response to HPO was distinguished by an increase in 16:0 (10%) in cows. This comparative study clearly demonstrated that each ruminant species responds differently to COS and HPO treatments, whereas MAP caused similar effects, and that goats are less sensitive than cows to diets that induce a shift from the trans-11 toward the trans-10 ruminal pathways.

Nephron sparing surgery in tumours greater than 7cm.

INTRODUCTION: Partial nephrectomy (PN) is the gold standard treatment for renal cell carcinomas under 4cm. No robust data exists to recommend PN for tumours>7cm (cT2). The objective of this work is to evaluate the results of PN for cT2 tumours. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients who underwent PN or radical nephrectomy (RN) for cT2 tumours between 2000 and 2013 at our institution have been included. Patient demographics, postoperative data including renal function, morbidity, mortality and oncologic outcomes were reviewed retrospectively and compared using χ2 test, Mann-Whitney test, Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test. RESULTS: We included 130 patients, 49 (38%) in the PN group and 81 (62%) in the RN group, with a median follow-up of 42 months [19-69]. Variation of postoperative renal function at day 5 and last recorded value was significantly different between the groups (P=0.03 and P<0.001). The PN group had a significantly higher complication rate as compared with RN group (37% versus 14%, P=0.002). There were no significant differences between the two groups for overall, recurrence free and specific survival (P=0.55, P=0.55, P=0.24, respectively). In univariate analysis, the type of surgery (PN versus RN) was not associated with a significant difference of oncologic outcome (margins, survival). CONCLUSION: PN can be offered for cT2 tumours with oncological outcomes similar to RN. Despite an increased morbidity, it remains acceptable with the demonstrated advantage of preservation of renal function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Retrospective comparison of the reproducibility and the performances of R.E.N.A.L. score, 12 segments score and UPRCC score for the partial nephrectomy]. / Comparaison rétrospective de la reproductibilité et des performances du R.E.N.A.L. score, du score 12 segments et du score UPRCC pour la néphrectomie partielle.

INTRODUCTION: Compare three morphometrics scores of the kidney on the reproductibility and the predictability of complications per- and post-partial nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This comparative study analyzed a monocentric retrospective cohort of 47 patients affected by a unique renal tumor and operated by partial nephrectomy by lumbotomy excluding the genetic diseases from January till December, 2014. The preoperative scanners were reviewed in double-blind by a radiologist and an internal surgeon who classified each tumor according to the three classifications: R.E.N.A.L. score, score in 12 segments and the University Paris Renal Cancer Classification (UPRCC). The judging criteria were the operative and ischemic duration, the blood loss, the preoperative injuries, the length of the hospital stay, the postoperative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. The Cohen's kappa coefficient and the one-way analysis of variance were used respectively to compare the inter-observer reproducibility and the predictability of the complications for each classification. RESULTS: Forty-four tumors of which 30 (64%) were on the left kidney, with an average size of 55.19mm with 17 (39%) on the upper pole, 12 (27%) on the lower pole and 15 (34%) medio-renal. The UPRCC was the most reproductible classification with 90% inter-observer concordance against 84% for the R.E.N.A.L. score and 72% for the score in 12 segments. The most predictable classification of complications was the score in 12 segments in particular thanks to the subgroup including the number of segments reached which allows to predict significantly the risk of a duration of intervention, prolonged ischemia and the risk of blood loss (P=0.03, 0.06 and <0.001). CONCLUSION: The main result of this study is that, as in the majority of the previous studies on morphometrics scores, no score allows to predict the postoperative complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Effect of extruded linseeds alone or in combination with fish oil on intake, milk production, plasma metabolite concentrations and milk fatty acid composition in lactating goats.

Based on the potential benefits for long-term human health, there is interest in developing sustainable nutritional strategies for lowering medium-chain saturated fatty acids (FA) and increasing specific unsaturated FA in ruminant milk. Dietary supplements of extruded linseeds (EL), fish oil (FO) or a mixture of EL and FO increase cis-9,trans-11 CLA and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated FA in bovine milk. Supplements of FO cause milk fat depression in lactating cows, but information for dairy goats is limited. A total of 14 Alpine goats were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square with 28-days experimental periods to examine the effects of EL alone or in combination with FO on animal performance, milk fat synthesis and milk FA composition. Treatments comprised diets based on natural grassland hay supplemented with no additional oil (control), 530 of EL or 340 g/day of EL and 39 g/day of FO (ELFO). Compared with the control, ELFO tended (P=0.08) to lower milk fat yield, whereas EL increased (P<0.01) milk fat content and yield (15% and 10%, respectively). Relative to EL, ELFO decreased (P<0.01) milk fat content and yield (19% and 17%, respectively). Relative to the control and ELFO, EL decreased (P<0.05) milk 10:0 to 16:0 and odd- and branched-chain FA content and increased 18:0, cis-18:1, trans-13 18:1 (and their corresponding ∆-9 (desaturase products), trans-12,cis-14 CLA, cis-13,trans-15 CLA, cis-12,trans-14 CLA and trans-11,cis-13 CLA and 18:3n-3 concentrations. ELFO was more effective for enriching (P<0.05) milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-11 18:1 concentrations (up to 5.4- and 7.1-fold compared with the control) than EL (up to 1.7- and 2.5-fold increases). Furthermore, ELFO resulted in a substantial increase in milk trans-10 18:1 concentration (5.4% total FA), with considerable variation between individual animals. Relative to the control and EL, milk fat responses to ELFO were characterized by increases (P<0.05) in milk trans-16:1 (Δ9 to 11), trans-18:1 (Δ6 to 11), trans-18:2, CLA (cis-9,trans-11, trans-9,cis-11, trans-8,trans-10 and trans-7,trans-9) and 20- and 22-carbon FA concentrations. Overall, EL resulted in a relatively high cis-9 18:1 concentration and an increase in the 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 ratio, whereas combining EL and FO resulted in substantial increases in trans-FA, marginal enrichment in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 and lower 16:0 concentration changes associated with a decrease in milk fat content. In conclusion, data provide further evidence of differential mammary lipogenic responses to diet in the goat compared with the cow and sheep.

Effects of fish oil and additional starch on tissue fatty acid profile and lipogenic gene mRNA abundance in lactating goats fed a diet containing sunflower-seed oil.

In dairy cattle, diet supplementation with oils affects the lipid metabolism in body tissues via changes in the partitioning and deposition of fatty acids (FAs) and lipogenic gene expression; however, limited data are available in goats. Eight Alpine goats were fed a grassland hay diet supplemented with 90 g/day of sunflower-seed oil or 90 g/day of sunflower-seed oil and fish oil (2 : 1) plus additional starch. The goats were slaughtered on day 21 of the treatments and samples of the mammary secretory tissue, liver, omental and perirenal adipose tissues (ATs) were collected to characterise their FA composition and the mRNA abundance of lipogenic genes and transcription factors involved in their regulation, and to examine the impact of the diet composition on the same parameters. The results are in agreement with the specific physiological adaptation in the lipid metabolism of body tissues that is likely to occur during late lactation because of the coexistence of an active lipogenesis in the mammary secretory tissue and a significant anabolic activity in the ATs. These latter tissues were characterised by high concentrations of saturated FA and very low polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) levels. The content of PUFA was relatively higher in the mammary secretory tissue, in particular in the case of polyunsaturated C18. The highest PUFA contents were found in the liver, in accordance with the greater mRNA abundances of the genes that encode the necessary enzymes for very long-chain n-3 and n-6 PUFA synthesis. However, substantial differences between n-3 and n-6 pathways would most likely exist in the goat liver. Overall, differences in diet composition induced limited changes in the mRNA abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism, and these were not associated with the few variations observed in tissue FA composition.

Sunflower-seed oil, rapidly-degradable starch, and adiposity up-regulate leptin gene expression in lactating goats.

We conducted experiments to evaluate the effects of lipid supplementation and the nature of starchy concentrate on the regulation of leptin synthesis in lactating goats. Multiparous goats in mid- to late lactation received diets based on different forages and containing plant oil or seeds rich in either 18:1c9, 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 corresponding to 3%-7% dry matter (DM) as lipid supplements, or diets based on concentrate as either rapidly or slowly degradable starch. The isoenergetic replacement of a part of the concentrate by either oleic sunflower-seed oil, formaldehyde-treated linseeds, or linseed oil did not modify leptinemia and the leptin mRNA concentration in adipose tissues, suggesting a lack of effect of 18:1c9, 18:3n-3, or their biohydrogenation products. Conversely, leptinemia and the leptin mRNA abundance were increased (by 20% and 140%, respectively, P<0.05) in goats fed sunflower-seed oil under a grassland hay-based diet but not a maize silage-based diet, at similar energy intakes and adiposity. Thus, 18:2n-6 per se may up-regulate leptin gene expression, but the effect could be blunted by other fatty acids formed during the ruminal digestion of sunflower-seed oil when combined with maize silage. Consumption of rapidly but not slowly degradable starch increased (by 17%, P<0.05) leptinemia. Moreover, during lactation, plasma leptin was positively correlated (P<0.05) to adiposity parameters and negatively correlated to fiber intake. The results suggest that leptinemia responds poorly to nutritional factors in lactating goats, thus highlighting the physiological need to sustain hypoleptinemia during lactation.

Leptin concentrations in relation to energy balance, milk yield, intake, live weight, and estrus in dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to describe fluctuations in leptin concentrations during late pregnancy and lactation and to investigate how those fluctuations are related to energy balance, milk yield, milk components, dry matter intake, live weight, first postpartum luteal activity, and first observed estrus during lactation. Live weight, dry matter intake, energy balance, and milk yield were measured weekly on 304 primiparous Holstein cows for the first 80 d of lactation. The first postpartum luteal activity was determined by measuring milk progesterone, and independently, first observed estrus. For measuring leptin concentrations from 30 d before until 80 d after calving, blood samples were taken at 2-wk intervals at a fixed time of the day after milking but before feeding. Leptin concentrations were high during pregnancy and declined to a nadir at parturition. It seems that leptin concentrations reflect the state of energy balance during lactation; plasma leptin concentrations were lower in cows with a mean negative energy balance during lactation. Those cows usually produced more milk, consumed less feed, and had a lower live weight compared with cows having a mean positive energy balance. The recovery of leptin concentrations from the leptin nadir at parturition seemed to depend on the extent and duration of the negative energy balance, thus probably on the amount of fat that was re-accumulated. Although there was lack of a relationship between leptin and first postpartum luteal activity, higher leptin concentrations associated with shorter intervals to first observed estrus might indicate a relationship between leptin and expression of estrus.

Effects of feeding intensity during the dry period. 2. Metabolic and hormonal responses.

The metabolic response to different feeding levels during the dry period was studied in 24 multiparous dairy cows of the Swedish Red and White breed. The cows represented two lines, selected for high or low milk fat percentage, at the same amount of energy produced in milk. The cows were fed one of three different amounts of the same total mixed diet during the dry period, starting 8 wk prior to the expected parturition. The rations provided 71, 106, or 177 MJ metabolizable energy per day. After parturition the cows were offered another total mixed diet ad libitum for the first 12 wk of lactation. Glucose challenges were performed 3 wk prior to and 3 wk after parturition. Prepartum the glucose clearance rate was related to feeding level. Insulin response to the glucose challenge was reduced during the postpartum period, compared to the prepartum period. During about 6 wk prepartum, the insulin level in plasma was related to feeding level. At the sampling 3 wk prior to parturition the plasma level of leptin also was related to the feeding level. After parturition both leptin and insulin were reduced. In early lactation plasma leptin concentration was not related to adiposity as reflected by body condition scoring. It was suggested that lactation as such affected the leptin concentration in plasma.

Effect of soluble or partly soluble dietary fibres supplementation on absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men.

OBJECTIVES: This study is aimed at investigating the effect of feeding a soluble or partly soluble fibre rich-diet on the apparent absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men, by using a chemical balance technique. STUDY DESIGN: Nine healthy young men were given a control diet or the same diet complemented with either inulin (soluble) or sugar beet fibre (partly soluble) during 28 d periods according to a 3 x 3 latin square design with three repetitions. During the 20 d adaptation period to fibre ingestion, experimental fibres were incorporated into bread (60%) and liquid foods (40%) up to a maximum of 40 g/d. Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn were measured in diets and in a 8 d urine and faecal composites to assess mineral absorption and balance. RESULTS: The dietary mineral intake provided (mg/d) 859 +/- 196 of Ca; 311 +/- 43 of Mg; 11.6 +/- 1.7 of Fe; and 11.1 +/- 1.6 of Zn from the control diet. The apparent absorption of minerals from the control diet was (%) Ca: 21.3 +/- 12.5; Mg: 46.3 +/- 10.9; Fe: 21.8 +/- 12.3 and Zn: 14.0 +/- 14.5 (mean +/- s.d.). Ingestion of inulin significantly increased the apparent absorption and the balance of Ca. Sugar beet fibre ingestion resulted in a significant increase in Ca intake and balance, without modification its apparent absorption. Apparent absorption and balance of Mg, Fe and Zn were not significantly altered by the ingestion of either experimental fibre. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of the two experimental fibres (inulin or sugar beet fibre) to normal mixed diets can improve Ca balance without adverse effects on other mineral retention. SPONSORSHIP: This project was supported by the French Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Foods (programme Aliment #2002-Aliment Demain; No. 906335). The authors acknowledge the société Agro Industries, Recherche et Developpement (Mr R. De Baynast) who supplied them with the experimental fibres.