Design and validation of an artificial intelligence system to detect the quality of colon cleansing before colonoscopy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients' perception of their bowel cleansing quality may guide rescue cleansing strategies before colonoscopy. The main aim of this study was to train and validate a convolutional neural network (CNN) for classifying rectal effluent during bowel preparation intake as "adequate" or "inadequate" cleansing before colonoscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients referred for outpatient colonoscopy were asked to provide images of their rectal effluent during the bowel preparation process. The images were categorized as adequate or inadequate cleansing based on a predefined 4-picture quality scale. A total of 1203 images were collected from 660 patients. The initial dataset (799 images), was split into a training set (80%) and a validation set (20%). The second dataset (404 images) was used to develop a second test of the CNN accuracy. Afterward, CNN prediction was prospectively compared with the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) in 200 additional patients who provided a picture of their last rectal effluent. RESULTS: On the initial dataset, a global accuracy of 97.49%, a sensitivity of 98.17% and a specificity of 96.66% were obtained using the CNN model. On the second dataset, an accuracy of 95%, a sensitivity of 99.60% and a specificity of 87.41% were obtained. The results from the CNN model were significantly associated with those from the BBPS (P<0.001), and 77.78% of the patients with poor bowel preparation were correctly classified. CONCLUSION: The designed CNN is capable of classifying "adequate cleansing" and "inadequate cleansing" images with high accuracy.

Comportamiento de la enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria crónica en pacientes diabéticos / Behavior of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease in diabetic patients

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes promueve alteración en la función de neutrófilos y la deposición en los tejidos periodontales de los productos finales derivados de la glicolización avanzada. Por ello, los diabéticos son vulnerables a la enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria crónica. Estudiar su comportamiento es indispensable para acometer acciones integrales y efectivas para su control y tratamiento. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria crónica en pacientes de la Consulta de Atención Integral al Paciente Diabético en el Municipio Santa Cruz del Sur. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, desde septiembre 2018 hasta mayo 2019, en el que se incluyeron 60 pacientes que acudieron durante ese período que presentaban más de 10 dientes en boca, afección periodontal inflamatoria crónica y dieron su consentimiento para participar. Se realizó examen clínico periodontal y examen radiográfico periapical. Resultados: El mayor número de pacientes con enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria crónica fue de 41-60 años de edad, predominó el sexo femenino, en ambas variables prevaleció la periodontitis crónica avanzada, afección preponderante también en los pacientes de más de 10 años de padecimiento de la diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con control metabólico inadecuado imperó la periodontitis crónica avanzada seguida de la moderada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes promotes impaired neutrophil function and deposition in periodontal tissues of end products derived from advanced glycolization. The refore, diabetics are vulnerable to chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Studying their behavior is essential to undertake comprehensive and effective actions for their control and treatment. Objective: To determine the behavior of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease in patients of the Comprehensive Care Consultation for Diabetic Patients in the Municipality of Santa Cruz del Sur. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, in the period from September 2018 to May 2019, in which 60 patients who were attended during this period were included, they had more than 10 teeth in the mouth with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease and gave their consent to participate. A periodontal clinical examination and periapical radiographic examination were performed. Results: The largest number of patients with periodontal disease were 41-60 years old, female sex predominated, in both variables advanced chronic periodontitis prevailed, also preponderant in patients with more than 10 years of suffering from diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Advanced chronic periodontitis prevailed in patients with inadequate metabolic control, followed by moderate.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: An observational and comparative study in Mexican children and adults.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case series of encephalitis patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies, attending two neurological referral centers in a three-year period. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, comparative study included child and adult patients in two neurological populations, positive for antibodies against the NR1 and NR2 subunits of the glutamate (NMDA) receptor in serum and CSF, as determined during a three-year period. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were included (40 children and 26 adults). Male patients were more affected (M: F ratio was 1:0.6). No differences in progression or hospitalization time were observed between groups. In children, 35% of patients showed herpetic infection before autoimmune encephalitis (P = 0.01). Among viral prodromal symptoms, upper respiratory tract infection (P = 0.02) and fever (P = 0.001) predominated in children, while infectious gastroenteritis was more frequent in adults (P = 0.03). Among neuropsychiatric signs, mental confusion (P = 0.0001) and orofacial dyskinesia/oromandibular dystonia (P = 0.0001) were frequent in children, while emotional lability (P = 0.03), catatonia (P = 0.0001), and headache (P = 0.005) predominated in adults. The score in the modified Rankin scale on admission was higher in children (4.3 ± 0.8 vs. 2.2 ± 1.3, P = 0.0001), but at one-year of clinical follow up no significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: Male patients were predominantly affected in our population. One-third of all patients developed prodromal infection. Neuropsychiatric clinical complaints were different in children and adults. However, post-hospitalization recovery was similar between groups.

Increasing the low residue diet to 3 days does not improve the bowel cleansing in hard to prepare patients: Post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that the number of low residue diet (LRD) days does not influence the bowel cleansing quality in non-selected patients. However, there are not data in the subgroup of patients with risk factors of inadequate bowel cleansing. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess whether a 3-day LRD improved the bowel cleansing quality in patients with risk factors of poor bowel cleansing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial carried out between December 2017 and March 2018 in a tertiary care hospital. Patients with high risk of poor bowel cleansing were selected following a validated score. The patients were randomized to the 1-day LRD or 3-day LRD groups. All patients received a 2-L split-dose of polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses were conducted for the main outcome. RESULTS: 135 patients (1-day LRD group=67, 3-day LRD=68) were included. The rate of adequate cleansing quality was not significantly different between the groups in the ITT analysis: 76.1%, 95% CI: [64.6-84.8] vs. 79.4%, 95% CI: [68.2-87.4]; odds ratio (OR) 1.2, 95% CI [0.54-2.73]) or in the PP analysis: 77.3%, 95% CI: [65.7-85.8] vs. 80.3%, 95% CI: [69.0-88.3]; OR 1.2, 95% CI [0.52-2.77]). Compliance with the diet or cleansing solution, satisfaction or difficulties with the LRD and the polyp/adenoma detection rates were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that 1-day LRD is not inferior to 3-day LRD in patients with risk factors of inadequate bowel cleansing.

Evaluación de la calidad del diagnóstico de malaria en la red local de laboratorios y en los laboratorios intermedios en el contexto de la eliminación de la enfermedad en Ecuador / Quality evaluation of malaria diagnosis in the local laboratories network and in intermediate laboratories in a setting towards the disease elimination in Ecuador

Resumen Introducción. El cumplimiento de la meta de eliminación de la malaria en Ecuador en el 2020 exige contar con la capacidad requerida para el diagnóstico microscópico ajustado a los estándares de calidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y proveer el tratamiento adecuado a los pacientes. Objetivo. Conocer la idoneidad o competencia de los microscopistas de la red pública local para el diagnóstico parasitológico de la malaria y el desempeño de los laboratorios intermedios de referencia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal a partir de la información obtenida en los talleres de evaluación de idoneidad en el diagnóstico microscópico de la red de laboratorios en las coordinaciones zonales de salud utilizando un panel de láminas para evaluar la concordancia del diagnóstico. Además, se calificó el desempeño de los laboratorios intermedios en el diagnóstico en el marco del programa de evaluación externa del desempeño. Los resultados se compararon con los obtenidos por el laboratorio supranacional de Perú. Resultados. En los 11 talleres realizados, se evaluó la idoneidad de 191 microscopistas, de los cuales 153 (80,1 %) aprobaron las pruebas. Las medianas de los indicadores fueron las siguientes: concordancia entre la detección y el resultado, 100 % (Q1- Q3: 96-100); concordancia en la especie, 100 % (Q1- Q3: 93-100); concordancia en el estadio, 93,0 % (Q1- Q3: 86-95) y concordancia en el recuento, 77 % (Q1- Q3: 71-82). En el programa de evaluación externa de desempeño, los tres laboratorios intermedios obtuvieron una concordancia del 100 % en el resultado y una del 96 % en la especie. Conclusiones. Los indicadores de competencia de la red local y de desempeño de los laboratorios intermedios alcanzaron altos estándares de calidad acordes con el proceso de entrenamiento implementado en el país.

Abstract Introduction: To reach the goal of malaria elimination in Ecuador for the year 2020, it is necessary to have a laboratory network with the capacity to perform microscopic diagnosis according to the WHO/PAHO quality standards and to provide the adequate treatment of cases. Objective: To determine the level of competence for parasitological diagnosis of the microscopists from the local public network and the performance of intermediate reference laboratories. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the information collected in workshops carried out to appraise the competence for microscopic diagnosis of the local laboratory network (zonal health coordinating offices 1 to 8) using a slide panel to evaluate diagnosis agreement, as well as the diagnostic performance of the intermediate laboratories using an external quality assessment program. The results were compared against the reference standards of the supranational laboratory in Perú. Results: We evaluated the competencies of 191 microscopists in 11 workshops and 153 (80.1%) of them were approved. The medians of the indicators were the following: concordance for parasite detection, 100% (Q1- Q3: 96-100), concordance for species identification, 100% (Q1- Q3: 93-100), and concordances for stage identification, 93.0% (Q1- Q3: 86-95) and parasite counting, 77.0% (Q1- Q3: 71-82). In the external quality assessment, the three intermediate laboratories obtained 100% in parasite detection concordance and 96% for species detection concordance. Conclusions: The results for the primary network and the performance indicators for the intermediate laboratories showed the high-quality standards of the training program implemented in the country.

Impact of a 1-day versus 3-day low-residue diet on bowel cleansing quality before colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess whether a 3-day low-residue diet (LRD) improved bowel cleansing quality compared with a 1-day LRD regimen. METHODS: Consecutive patients scheduled for outpatient colonoscopy were randomized to the 1-day LRD or 3-day LRD groups. All patients received a 2-L split-dose of polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid. The primary outcome was bowel cleansing quality as evaluated using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) (adequate cleansing ≥ 2 points per segment). Secondary outcomes were adherence to and level of satisfaction with the LRD, difficulty following the dietary recommendations, and willingness to repeat the same LRD in the future. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses were conducted for the primary outcome. A superiority analysis was performed to demonstrate that a 3-day LRD regimen was superior to a 1-day LRD regimen with a margin of 10 %. RESULTS: 390 patients (1-day LRD group = 196, 3-day LRD = 194) were included. The cleansing quality was not significantly different between the groups: ITT analysis 82.7 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 77.4 to 88.0) vs. 85.6 % (95 %CI 80.7 to 90.5), with odds ratio (OR) 1.2 (95 %CI 0.72 to 2.15); PP analysis 85.0 % (95 %CI 79.9 to 90.1) vs. 88.6 % (95 %CI 84.0 to 93.2), with OR 1.4 (95 %CI 0.88 to 2.52). No differences were found regarding adherence to the diet or cleansing solution, satisfaction or difficulty with the LRD, and the polyp/adenoma detection rates. CONCLUSION: 3-day LRD did not offer advantages over 1-day LRD in preparation for colonoscopy.

Síndrome de Tolosa Hunt / Tolosa-Hunt syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt es una entidad poco frecuente cuya etiopatogenia y mecanismos fisiopatológicos se mantienen controversiales. La cefalea asociada a parálisis de uno o más pares craneales, así como diplopía, estrabismo y ptosis palpebral causan un gran temor en el paciente que la padece. Su diagnóstico es por exclusión. Con el objetivo de describir y actualizar el conocimiento sobre esta enfermedad se presenta el cuadro de una paciente que acudió a consulta por cefalea marcada y dolor retroocular. Los hallazgos clínicos y la resonancia magnética confirman el diagnóstico del síndrome de Tolosa Hunt (AU).

ABSTRACT The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a few frequent entity whose etiopathogeny and physio-pathological mechanisms are still controversial. The headache associated to the paralysis of one or more cranial paired nerves, and also diplopia, strabismus, and palpebral ptosis cause a great fear in patients suffering it. Its diagnosis is by exclusion. With the objective of describing and up-dating the knowledge on this disease, it is presented the history of a patient who assisted the consultation because of remarked headache and retro-ocular pain. The clinical findings and magnetic resonance confirm the diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (AU).

Video Caso Clínico: Tumores Subepiteliales del Estómago / Case Report: Subepithelial Tumors of the Stomach

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las lesiones subepiteliales son aquellas estructuras ubicadas debajo de una mucosa normal que se ven como bultos o protuberancias, en cualquier parte de la luz del tracto digestivo. Los estudios informan que estas protuberancias ocurren en 1 de cada 300 endoscopias [1] o en 1 % de las endoscopias digestivas altas, con una incidencia de 0.76 % en Ecuador [2]. Uno de ellos es el pólipo fibroide inflamatorio, representa el tumor benigno menos frecuente entre el 1 al 4 %, con una incidencia de 0.1 % [3] y otro es el GIST, el más común de los tumores gastrointestinales, principalmente en el estómago con frecuencia entre el 60 al 70 % [4].Los tumores subepiteliales se encuentran principalmente en el estómago con un 60 a 70 %, seguido de intestino delgado con un 20 a 30 %, luego colon con 5 % y en esófago en menos del 5 % [5]. En el estómago los tumores más comunes son los GIST, se originan de las células intersticiales de Cajal con un CD117 positivo que detecta un componente celular llamado c-kit en el 95 % de estas. En el video se ilustra las técnicas usadas en estos dos pacientes para obtener una muestra y orientar la conducta.

BACKGROUND: Subepithelial lesions are those structures located below a normal mucosa that are seen as lumps or bulges located in any part of the lumen of the digestive tract. Studies report that these bulges occur in 1 in 300 endoscopies [1] or in 1 % of upper digestive endoscopies or with an incidence of 0.76 % in Ecuador [2]. One of them is the inflammatory fibroid poly; it represents the less frequent benign tumor between 1 to 4 %, with an incidence of 0.1 % [3] and another is the GIST which represents the most common subepithelial lesions, with a frequency between 60 to 70 % in the stomach [4]. Subepithelial tumors are found mainly in the stomach with 60 to 70 %, followed by small intestine with 20 to 30 %, then colon with 5 % and in the esophagus in less than 5 % [5]. In the stomach, the most common tumors are GIST, they originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal with a positive CD-117 that detects a cellular component called c-kit in 95 % of these. The video illustrates the techniques used in these two patients to obtain a sample and guide behavior.

Consumo de calcio en gestantes durante el segundo y tercer trimestre atendidas en el Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo en el año 2013 / Consumption of calcium in pregnant during the second and third quarter served in the National Hospital Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo in the year 2013

Introducción: El objetivo fue determinar la cantidad de consumo de calcio en gestantes durante el segundo y tercer trimestre atendidas en el hospital nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo en el año 2013. El estudio: Se incluyó a todas las gestantes atendidas en el hospital y que aceptaron voluntariamente. Se empleó un recordatorio de 24 horas para el registro de los alimentos consumidos. Hallazgos: Se evaluó a 100 gestantes. La edad promedio fue 31.59 años. La media del consumo de calcio fue de 1030.745 mg/día. Conclusiones: Existe un bajo consumo de calcio en dieta de las gestantes atendidas en el Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguianga Asenjo, sin embargo, ahí un menor número de gestantes que tienen un buen consumo de calcio que toman tabletas de calcio y su dieta.

Introduction. The objective was to determine the amount of calcium intake in pregnant women during the second and third trimester treated at the National Hospital Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo in 2013. The study: The study included all pregnant women in the hospital atentidas and volunteered. They use a reminder of 24 hours for the registration of food consumed. Findings: We evaluated 100 pregnant women. The average age was 31.59 years. The mean calcium in take was 1030.745 mg / day. Conclusions: Alow calcium intake in pregnant women treated at the National Hospital Almanzor Aguianga Asenjo.

Efectividad de la iridotomía Nd: YAG láser en el glaucoma por cierre angular primario / Effectiveness of the Nd: YAG laser iridectomy in glaucoma caused by primary angle closing

Introducción: el manejo del glaucoma incluye la decisión quirúrgica oportuna. La iridotomía láser puede ser una solución quirúrgica, o utilizarse como profilaxis de un evento agudo que puede llevar a la ceguera. Objetivo: describir la efectividad de la iridotomía Nd: Yag láser en pacientes con glaucoma por cierre angular primario. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, descriptivo. El universo lo conformaron 36 ojos sometidos a iridotomía periférica con Nd: Yag láser, en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico “Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández”, de enero 2014 a enero 2015. Resultados: todos los ojos mostraron profundidad de la cámara anterior central menor de 2,5 mm. En el posoperatorio el 58,3 % de los casos mejoraron la profundidad. La gonioscopía preoperatoria mostró hasta el trabéculo anterior en un 66,7 % de los casos y 6 ojos (16,7 %) presentaron ángulos totalmente cerrados. En el posoperatorio, el 66,7 % de los ojos mostraron hasta espolón escleral o banda. Respondieron al proceder 14 ojos (38,9 %), sin necesidad de otro tratamiento, todos ellos con diagnóstico de acuerdo al procedimiento de asignación de causalidad; el resto necesitó alguna terapia extra. Conclusiones: se demostró que la iridotomía es un proceder de elección en casos de glaucoma por cierre angular primario, pero su efectividad es limitada.

Background: glaucoma management includes the opportune surgical decision. Laser iridectomy could be a surgical solution, or may be used as prophylaxis of an acute event that could lead to blindness. Aim: describing the Nd:YAG laser iridectomy effectiveness in patients with glaucoma caused by primary angular closing. Materials and methods: we carried out a longitudinal, prospective, descriptive study. The universe was formed by 36 eyes subjected to peripheral iridectomy with Nd:Yag laser, in the Teaching Clinic Surgical Hospital “Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández”, from January 2014 until January 2015. Outcomes: all the eyes showed central anterior camera depths less than 2.5 mm. In the post-surgery period, depth improved in 58.3 % of the cases. Pre-surgery goniometry showed up to the anterior trabecula in 66.7 % of the cases, and 6 eyes (16.7 %) presented totally closed angles. In the post-surgery period, 66.7 % of the eyes showed up to sclerar spur or band. 14 eyes (38.9 %) answered to the procedure without any other treatment, all of them with diagnosis according to the procedure of chance assignation; the rest needed any other extra therapy. Conclusions: it was showed that iridectomy is a choice procedure in cases of glaucoma caused by primary angular closure, but its effectiveness is limited.

Antileishmanial activity of quinazoline derivatives: synthesis, docking screens, molecular dynamic simulations and electrochemical studies.

A series of quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against Leishmania mexicana. Among them, N(6)-(ferrocenmethyl)quinazolin-2,4,6-triamine (H2) showed activity on promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, as well as low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Docking and electrochemical studies showed the importance of both the ferrocene and the heterocyclic nucleus to the observed activity. H2 is readily oxidized electrochemically, indicating that the mechanism of action probably involves redox reactions.

Contribution of phenolic compounds to food flavors: Strecker-type degradation of amines and amino acids produced by o- and p-diphenols.

The ability of 20 phenolic derivatives to produce the Strecker-type degradation of phenylalanine and phenylglycine methyl ester was studied to investigate both the direct degradation of amino acids and amines by phenolic compounds in the absence of added oxidants and the effect of the number and positions of hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring of the phenolic compound in relation to its ability to produce carbonyl derivatives from amino compounds. The obtained results showed that polyphenols can produce the Strecker degradation of amino acids and amines in the absence of added oxidants. The only requisite for producing the reaction is the presence of two hydroxyl groups in ortho or para positions. However, the presence of two hydroxyl groups in meta position in an additional aromatic ring can inhibit the Strecker-degrading ability of the hydroxyl groups in ortho or para positions. A reaction pathway that explains all of these findings is proposed. In addition, the effect of reaction conditions on the obtained reaction yields was studied. Activation energies (Ea) for phenylacetaldehyde formation from phenylalanine in the presence of hydroquinone, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, and benzoquinone were 32.9, 31.5, and 28.8 kJ/mol, respectively.

Variación de la presión intraocular postrabeculectomía / Variation of the intraocular post trabeculectomy pressure

Introducción: la presión intraocular es hasta el momento, el único parámetro sobre el que se puede influir para detener la progresión de la neuropatía óptica glaucomatosa. La trabeculectomía constituye la técnica quirúrgica de elección para el tratamiento de la mayoría de los glaucomas. Objetivo: describir las variaciones de la presión intraocular durante los tres primeros meses postrabeculectomía. Métodos: se realizó una investigación longitudinal prospectiva, el universo estuvo conformado por 22 pacientes (27 ojos) trabeculectomizados en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández en el período noviembre 2012-julio 2013. Resultados: la mayoría de los ojos presentaron algún aumento de la presión intraocular durante el primer mes de cirugía. Los ojos en que se usaron antimetabolitos y los que no usaron estos fármacos mantuvieron el mismo patrón de comportamiento en cuanto a presión. Los ojos con glaucoma agudo por cierre angular primario mostraron picos más altos de presión intraocular. A pesar de la frecuencia de riesgos preoperatorios de fracaso quirúrgico se logró reducción de presión intraocular a los 3 meses. Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio demostraron que existen variaciones de la presión intraocular durante el posoperatorio de pacientes trabeculectomizados. Esta técnica reduce la presión preoperatoria y el uso de antimetabolitos disminuye el riesgo de fracaso quirúrgico.

Background: Intraocular pressure is, up to the moment, the unique parameter on which we could influence to stop the progress of the glaucoma optical neuropathy. Trabeculectomy is the surgical technique of election for treating most of glaucoma. Aim: to describe intraocular pressure variation during the first three months after trabeculectomy. Methods: We carried out a prospective longitudinal research; the universe was formed by 22 patients (27 eyes) trabeculectomized in the Clinico-surgical University Hospital Faustino Perez in the period November 2012-July 2013. Results: Most of eyes had some intraocular pressure increase during the first month after surgery. The same behavior pattern according to pressure was observed in eyes in which anti-metabolites were used and in those in which anti-metabolites were not used. Eyes with acute glaucoma caused by angular primary closure showed higher intraocular pressure peaks. In spite of the frequency of surgical failure pre-operatory risks we achieved the intra-ocular pressure reduction three months after surgery. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that there are intraocular pressure variations during the post-surgical period of trabeculectomized patients. This technique reduces pre-operatory pressure and the anti-metabolites usage decreases the surgical failure risk.

Aplicación de técnicas de relajación antes de cirugía de la mama / Application of relaxation techniques before breast surgery

Fundamento: las mujeres con enfermedades de mama, deben ser preparadas psíquica y físicamente para el acto quirúrgico. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la intervención psicológica con técnicas de relajación, para disminuir los trastornos emocionales en pacientes que van a ser sometidas a tratamiento quirúrgico de mama. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención en el Hospital Universitario Ginecobstétrico Ana Betancourt de Mora de Camagüey, desde enero a diciembre de 2010. El universo estuvo constituido por 81 pacientes con enfermedades de mama. La muestra no probabilística se constituyó por 49 mujeres con el diagnóstico clínico de nódulos de mama tanto benignos como malignos. El estudio se desarrolló en tres etapas: en la diagnóstica se identificaron los niveles de ansiedad y depresión, en la intervención se aplicó la técnica de entrenamiento autógeno de Schultz y en la evaluación se obtuvieron los resultados. Resultados: en la etapa diagnóstica predominó un nivel medio y alto de ansiedad, la depresión fue moderada y grave. Luego de la intervención en la ansiedad predominó el nivel bajo, más de la mitad de la muestra quedó sin depresión y desapareció la grave. Desaparecieron síntomas ansiosos como la cefalea, sudoraciones, trastornos digestivos, disminuyeron la opresión torácica y palpitaciones. De los síntomas depresivos desapareció el llanto, disminuyó la tristeza, el pesimismo, los trastornos del sueño y la angustia. El nivel de satisfacción con el tratamiento aplicado fue favorable, sólo un 4 % no se mostró satisfecho. Conclusiones: el entrenamiento autógeno de Schultz en patología de mama antes del acto quirúrgico reduce los síntomas asociados al mismo.

Background: women with breast affections should be physically and psychologically prepared for surgery. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the psychological intervention with relaxation techniques aimed at reducing emotional disorders in patients that will undergo a breast surgery. Method: an intervention study was conducted at the Ana Betancourt de Mora Gynecobstetric University Hospital in Camagüey, from January to December, 2010. The universe was composed of 81 patients with breast affections. The non-probabilistic sample included 49 women clinically diagnosed with benign and malignant tumors. The study was developed in three stages: in the diagnostic stage, anxiety levels and depression were identified; in the intervention stage the Schultz autogenic training technique was put into practice; finally, in the evaluation stage, results were obtained. Results: in the diagnostic stage, middle and high anxiety levels prevailed; depression ranged from moderate to severe. After the intervention, low anxiety level predominated; more than the half of the sample stopped feeling depression and serious depression disappeared. Some symptoms of anxiety like cephalalgia, perspiration, and digestive disorders disappeared as well. Thoracic tightness and palpitations decreased. Depressive symptoms like crying, sadness, pessimism, sleep disorders, and anguish also disappeared. The level of satisfaction with the applied treatment was favorable, only a 4 % of the sample was not satisfied. Conclusions: the Schultz autogenic training technique reduced the symptoms associated to breast pathology.

Síndrome de Alagille / Alagille syndrome

El síndrome de Alagille es un trastorno genético cuya manifestación fundamental es una colestasis crónica producida por una hipoplasia de las vías biliares intrahepáticas, y se asocia a malformaciones congénitas cardiacas, renales y esqueléticas en pacientes con un fenotipo peculiar. Tiene una frecuencia de aparición de 1 por cada 100 000 nacidos vivos. La lesión histológica está dada por una reducción en la relación entre el número de conductos biliares y el de los espacios porta. Tiene una mortalidad global de un 20 %, y los pacientes pueden llegar a necesitar transplante hepático para su supervivencia. Se describe un paciente de 6 años de edad, femenina, que ingresa a los 23 días de nacida en el Hospital Pediátrico "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña" por bronconeumonía, pero durante su estancia en el hospital se detecta síndrome colestásico dado por íctero y acolia, además de estenosis pulmonar y facies característica. Se realiza biopsia hepática compatible con síndrome de Alagille. El caso fue evaluado y se diagnostica la enfermedad por la presencia de criterios diagnósticos. Evoluciona de forma estable, con seguimiento por consulta externa hasta los 6 años, cuando ingresa en el Hospital Pediátrico "William Soler" para transplante hepático.

Alagille syndrome is a genetic disorder and its main manifestation is chronic cholestasis caused by intrahepatic bile duct hypoplasia. It is associated with cardiac, renal and skeletal congenital malformations with peculiar phenotypes. It can occur in one per 100 000 livebirths. The histological lesions are caused by a reduction of the ratio of the number of bile ducts and the number of porta spaces. The global mortality rate of the disease is 20 % and the patients may need some hepatic transplantation for survival. Here is the case of a 6 years-old girl who was admitted to "Dr Eduardo Agramonte Piña" hospital when she was 23-days-old because she had bronchopneumonia, but during her stay at hospital, she was detected a cholestatic syndrome with jaundice and acholia in addition to pulmonary stenosis and characteristic facies. A hepatic biopsy was performed. On the basis of some diagnostic criteria, the case was evaluated and diagnosed with this disease. Her progression was stable and she was followed-up until she was 6 years of age when she finally was admitted to "William Soler" hospital for liver transplantation.

Glaucoma facotóxico en el síndrome de pseudoexfoliación postcirugía de catarata. Presentación de un caso

Se presenta un caso clínico en el Hospital General Docente Julio Trigo López, de un paciente del sexo masculino, con síndrome de pseudoexfoliación en ambos ojos, que después de la cirugía de catarata desarrolla un glaucoma facotóxico, y con una buena evolución de su cuadro clínico. Los casos con este tipo de síndrome durante la cirugía de catarata son propensos a desarrollar numerosas complicaciones tanto transoperatorias como postoperatorias, todo sobre la base de la debilidad zonular que presentan los mismos y otras alteraciones fisiopatológicas que caracterizan a esta enfermedad. En este caso, la existencia del síndrome pudo haber influido en el desarrollo del glaucoma facotóxico.

We present the case, attended at the Teaching General Hospital Julio Trigo López, of a male patient, with ex-foliation syndrome in both eyes, who after a cataract surgery developed a facotoxic glaucoma, with a good clinical evolution. The cases presenting this kind of syndrome during the cataract surgery are likely to develop several complications as many transurgery as postsurgery, all on the basis of the zonular weakness presenting the same and other physiopathologic alterations characterizing this disease. In this case, the syndrome´s existence could be influenced in the development of the facotoxic glaucoma.

Calidad de la atención nutricional en el paciente pediátrico hospitalizado / Quality of nutritional care in the hospitalized pediatric patient

Introducción: la nutrición es un aspecto importante en la terapéutica actual de los pacientes y tiene una repercusión social, por lo que todo el personal de salud debe considerarlo como un pilar terapéutico a la hora de atender a un enfermo. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de la atención nutricional del paciente pediátrico hospitalizado. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, y la muestra estuvo constituida por 50 pacientes. Se confeccionó un Formulario de Atención Nutricional que sirvió para registrar el estado actual del apoyo nutricional, y de esta forma, se evaluó la calidad de su atención. Resultados: la evaluación nutricional, al momento del ingreso, fue solo de un 18 %, y el diagnóstico del estado nutricional no se realizó en el 96 % de los pacientes ingresados. La realización de exámenes de laboratorio con relevancia nutricional fue de un 12 %, mientras las acciones terapéuticas para corregir los exámenes patológicos fueron de un 50 %. No se daba seguimiento a la curva de peso, y todos los pacientes ingresados mantenían regímenes de ayuno hospitalario por encima del 10 %. Conclusiones: la calidad de la atención nutricional en el paciente pediátrico hospitalizado fue deficiente.

Introduction: nutrition is an important element of the present therapy of patients and has social impact, so the health professional staff should take it as a therapeutic support in the care of a patient. Objective: to evaluate the quality of nutritional care of the hospitalized pediatric patient. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in which the sample was made up of 50 patients. A Formulary of Nutritional Care was prepared, which served to register the current state of the nutritional support and thus evaluated the quality of nutritional care. Results: the nutritional assessment at the time of admission was just made in 18 % of cases and the diagnosis of nutritional state was ignored in 96 % of hospitalized patients. Lab tests of nutritional relevance accounted for just 12 %, whereas the therapeutic actions taken to correct the pathological tests reached 50 %. Weight curves were not followed up, and all the admitted patients kept fasting regimes at hospital over 10 %. Conclusions: the quality of nutritional care of the hospitalized pediatric patient was poor.

Seroprevalencia contra toxocara canis en niños de 1 a 6 años con y sin síntomas respiratorios de barquisimeto, venezuela / Seroprevalence against Toxocara canis in children of 1-6 years without respiratory symptoms barquisimeto, Venezuela

Sabiendo la existencia de casos de Síndrome de Larva Migrans Visceral en Venezuela, es necesario conocer la seroprevalencia contra uno de sus agentes causales: Toxocara canis. Determinar la presencia de anticuerpos séricos IgG anti- Toxocara canis y su relación con síntomas respiratorios y factores de riesgo para Síndrome de Larva Migrans Visceral en niños de 1 a 6 años, que acudieron a dos ambulatorios urbanos de Barquisimeto-Venezuela. Se evaluaron 215 niños y niñas de 1 a 6 años de edad con y sin síntomas respiratorios. Previa información y solicitud del consentimiento informado de sus representantes, se les entrevistó y tomó muestra de sangre para determinar anticuerpos IgG séricos anti-Toxocara canis por ELISA, con el estuche DRG®. Se calcularon porcentajes y proporciones y se usaron Prevalencia Relativa (PR) y Chi Cuadrado con intervalo de confianza de 95%. Se detectaron anticuerpos en 34,4%. El mayor porcentaje de seroreactivos estuvo representado por los niños con síntomas respiratorios (83,8%), los del grupo de edad de 3 a 4 años (55,4%), el sexo masculino (54,1%), quienes refirieroncontacto con tierra y/o geofagia (95,9%) y contacto con cachorros caninos menores de 3 meses de edad (90,5%), quienes consumían agua de calidad inadecuada (85,1%) y quienes disponían inadecuadamente las excretas caninas (60,8%). La elevada seroprevalencia crea la necesidad de nuevos estudios para evaluar con precisión las características epidemiológicas de la infección por T. canis en Lara y Venezuela a fin de establecer planes adecuados de control

In view of the presence of Visceral Larva Migrans Syndrome in Venezuela, it is necessary to know the seroprevalence against one of its causal agents: Toxocara canis. A transversal study was performed to determine the presence of serum IgG anti-Toxocara canis antibodies and their relation with respiratory symptoms and risk factors for Visceral Larva Migrans Syndrome in patients from 1 to 6 years, who assisted to two urban outpatient clinics of Barquisimeto-Venezuela. 215 children 1 to 6 years old with and without respiratory symptoms were evaluated. Previous information on the investigation and request of the consent in writing of their care givers, an interview was withheld and a blood sample was drawn to determine serum IgG anti-Toxocara canis antibodies by the ELISA method, with DRG® commercial kit. Percentage and proportions were calculated and Relative Prevalence (RP) and x Squared used, with an interval of statistical confidence of 95%. Antibodies were detected in 34.4% of the children. The greater percentage of seroreactives was represented by children with respiratory symptoms (83.8%), those inthe age group of 3 to 4 years (55.4%), boys (54.1%), those who referred soil contact and/or geophagy (95.9%) and contact with puppies under three months of age (90.5%), that consumed water of inadequate quality (85.1%) and that had inadequate disposal of canine excretes (60.8%). The high seroprevalence creates the necessity of new studies to evaluate accurately the epidemiologic characteristics of the infection by T. canis in Lara and Venezuela in order to establish suitable control plans

Síndrome endotelial iridocorneal: reporte de un caso / Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome: report of a case

Se presenta un caso clínico en el municipio Cristóbal Rojas, estado Miranda, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, con el diagnóstico de síndrome endotelial iridocorneal (atrofia esencial de iris) en un paciente del sexo masculino, con una buena evolución de su cuadro clínico, controlado solo con hipotensores oculares. Este síndrome se observa en el sexo femenino fundamentalmente, y es una entidad poco frecuente, no solo dentro de las enfermedades oftalmológicas sino también dentro del grupo de los glaucomas, y de muy mal pronóstico.

We present a clinical case from the municipality Cristobal Rojas, Miranda State, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, with the diagnostic of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (the iris essential atrophy) in a male patient, with a good evolution, only controlled with ocular hypotensors. This syndrome is observed mainly in the female genre, and it is a little frequent entity, not only among the ophthalmologic diseases but also among the glaucoma group. It has a very bad prognosis.

Strecker aldehydes and α-keto acids, produced by carbonyl-amine reactions, contribute to the formation of acrylamide.

The formation and disappearance of acrylamide in binary and ternary mixtures of asparagine (or acrylamide), carbonyl compounds and amino acid derivatives was studied in an attempt to understand the different reactions produced in mixtures of carbonyl compounds and amino acids. The carbonyl compounds assayed included glucose, 2,4-decadienal, mercaptopyruvic acid, phenylpyruvic acid, and phenylacetaldehyde. The assayed amino acids were cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, and phenylalanine, in addition to asparagine. All assayed carbonyl compounds were able to convert asparagine into acrylamide to various extents, and some of them were more reactive than glucose. In addition, they inhibited the Michael additions responsible for acrylamide disappearance. On the other hand, the addition of amino acids mostly resulted in decreases of acrylamide, although acrylamide also increased in some mixtures. Amino acids decreased acrylamide yield because of both their competence with asparagine for carbonyl compounds and their reaction with the produced acrylamide. However, carbonyl-amine reactions formed new carbonyl compounds, which increased acrylamide content. Therefore, asparagine degradation in the presence of amino acids is likely to be a balance between the decrease of degradation produced by the original carbonyl compounds and the increase of degradation due to the carbonyl compounds formed.