RESUMO
PURPOSE: To model absolute neutrophil count (ANC) suppression in response to acute radiation (AR) exposure and evaluate ANC time course as a predictor of overall survival (OS) in response to AR exposure with or without treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in nonhuman primates. METHODS: Source data were obtained from two pivotal studies conducted in rhesus macaques exposed to 750 cGy of whole body irradiation on day 0 that received either placebo, daily filgrastim, or pegfilgrastim (days 1 and 8 after irradiation). Animals were observed for 60 days with ANC measured every 1 to 2 days. The population model of ANC response to AR and the link between observed ANC time course and OS consisted of three submodels characterizing injury due to radiation, granulopoiesis, and a time-to-event model of OS. RESULTS: The ANC response model accurately described the effects of AR exposure on the duration of neutropenia. ANC was a valid surrogate for survival because it explained 76% (95% CI, 41%-97%) and 73.2% (95% CI, 38.7%-99.9%) of the treatment effect for filgrastim and pegfilgrastim, respectively. CONCLUSION: The current model linking radiation injury to neutropenia and ANC time course to OS can be used as a basis for translating these effects to humans.
Assuntos
Filgrastim/administração & dosagem , Modelos Biológicos , Neutropenia/prevenção & controle , Neutrófilos , Polietilenoglicóis/administração & dosagem , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Animais , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Contagem de Leucócitos , Leucopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucopoese/efeitos da radiação , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Neutropenia/sangue , Neutropenia/etiologia , Neutropenia/mortalidade , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/sangue , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/mortalidade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Acute exposure to high doses of radiation leads to severe myelosuppression, but few treatments are currently available to treat hematopoietic syndrome of acute radiation syndrome. Granulocyte colony stimulating factors (e.g., filgrastim) stimulate proliferation of neutrophil precursors and enhance mature neutrophil function. Owing to ethical constraints on conducting clinical research in lethally irradiated humans, we developed a model-based strategy to integrate preclinical experience in irradiated nonhuman primates (NHPs) and other clinical myelosuppressive conditions to inform filgrastim dosing to treat hematopoietic syndrome of acute radiation syndrome. Models predicting neutrophil counts and overall survival based on drug exposures were calibrated and scaled from NHPs to adult and pediatric human subjects. Several scenarios were examined investigating variations in filgrastim doses, dose frequency, treatment initiation, and duration, as well as the effect of age and radiation dose rate. Model-based simulations and established safety profiles supported that a subcutaneous filgrastim dose of 10 µg/kg once daily provides a significant survival benefit (50%) over placebo in both adults and children, provided that the treatment is initiated within 1-14 days after radiation exposure and lasts 2-3 weeks. For treatment durations of longer than 3 weeks, filgrastim treatment is not expected to provide significantly greater benefit. This survival benefit is expected to hold for the wide range of radiation doses and dose rates (0.01-1,000 Gy/hours) examined.
Assuntos
Síndrome Aguda da Radiação/tratamento farmacológico , Filgrastim/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Hematológicos/administração & dosagem , Síndrome Aguda da Radiação/mortalidade , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Animais , Criança , Simulação por Computador , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Feminino , Células Precursoras de Granulócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Mielopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
AIMS: The peptide nangibotide is the first clinical-stage agent targeting the immunoreceptor TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1) and is being investigated as a novel therapy for acute inflammatory disorders such as septic shock. This first-in-man, randomized, double-blind, ascending dose, placebo-controlled Phase I study evaluated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of nangibotide. METHODS: Twenty-seven healthy subjects (aged 18-45 years) were randomized into eight groups. Nangibotide was administered as a single continuous intravenous infusion. The first two groups received a single i.v. dose of 1 and 10 mg, respectively, over 15 min. Subsequent groups were randomized in a product : placebo ratio of 3:1 at doses ranging from 0.03 to 6 mg kg-1 h-1 over 7 h 45 min, preceded by a 15-minute loading dose of up to 5 mg kg-1 . RESULTS: Nangibotide was safe and well tolerated up to the highest dose tested. There were only few adverse events and they were mild in severity and considered unrelated to treatment. Nangibotide displayed dose-proportional PK properties, with a clearance of 6.6 l kg-1 h-1 for a subject of 70 kg and a 3 min effective half-life, which are compatible with extensive enzymatic metabolism in blood. Central and peripheral volumes of distribution were 16.7 l and 15.9 l respectively, indicating limited distribution of the drug mainly in blood and interstitial fluid. No circulating anti-drug antibodies were detectable up to 28 days after administration. CONCLUSIONS: The novel immunomodulator nangibotide displayed favourable safety and PK profiles at all doses, including expected pharmacologically active doses, and warrants further clinical development.
Assuntos
Drogas em Investigação/farmacocinética , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacocinética , Peptídeos/farmacocinética , Receptor Gatilho 1 Expresso em Células Mieloides/antagonistas & inibidores , Adulto , Área Sob a Curva , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Drogas em Investigação/administração & dosagem , Drogas em Investigação/efeitos adversos , Meia-Vida , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Fatores Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Peptídeos/administração & dosagem , Peptídeos/efeitos adversos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: The objective of the present study was to use pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling to characterize the effects of chemotherapy on the granulopoietic system and to predict the absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) for patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia treated with filgrastim and pegfilgrastim. METHODS: Data were extracted from 10 phase I-III studies conducted in 110 healthy adults, and 618 adult and 52 paediatric patients on chemotherapy following administration of filgrastim or pegfilgrastim. The structural model accounted for ANC dynamics and the effects of filgrastim and pegfilgrastim, chemotherapy and corticosteroids. The impact of neutrophils on drug disposition was based on a drug receptor-binding model that assumed quasi-equilibrium and stimulation of the production and maturation of neutrophils upon treatment. The chemotherapy and corticosteroid effects were represented by kinetic-pharmacodynamic-type models, where chemotherapy stimulated elimination of neutrophil precursors at the mitotic stage, and corticosteroids stimulated neutrophil production. RESULTS: The systemic half-lives of filgrastim (2.6 h) and pegfilgrastim (10.1 h) were as expected. The effective half-life of chemotherapy was 9.6 h, with a 2-day killing effect. The rate of receptor elimination from mitotic compartments exhibited extreme interindividual variability (% coefficient of variation >200), suggesting marked differences in sensitivity to chemotherapy effects on ANCs. The stimulatory effects of pegfilgrastim were significantly greater than those of filgrastim. Model qualification confirmed the predictive capability of this model. CONCLUSION: This qualified model simulates the time course of ANC in the absence or presence of chemotherapy and predicts nadir, time to nadir and time of recovery from different grades of neutropenia upon treatment with filgrastim and pegfilgrastim.