Usual interstitial pneumopathy in a patient with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and microscopic polyangiitis. Case report.

One of the most frequent diffuse interstitial lung diseases is hypersensitivity pneumonitis. It is related to exposure to diverse antigens, causing fibrosis in advanced stages, making the differential diagnosis with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis difficult as it overlaps with the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. On the other hand, there are interstitial lung diseases associated with ANCA, such as microscopic polyangiitis, which is also related to the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. We present the case of a 74-year-old male patient with chronic dyspnea, history of smoking and exposure to organic particles, in addition to a pattern suggestive of moderately severe restriction. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis by presenting granules, however, anti MPO and p-ANCA positivity was found, integrating the simultaneous diagnosis of microscopic polyangiitis. This is a case of difficult diagnosis since these pathologies have not been previously reported to coexist.

Terapia de remediación cognitiva en bulimia nerviosa: Un estudio de caso / Cognitive remediation therapy in bulimia nervosa: A case study

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una evaluación preliminar de la terapia de remediación cognitiva (TRE) en una paciente con bulimia nerviosa (BN). Bajo un diseño pre-post-tratamiento, la paciente (20 años de edad e índice de masa corporal [IMC] de 22.41) completó cuatro pruebas neuropsicológicas, tres medidas de síntomas de BN y dos de sintomatología psiquiátrica (depresión y ansiedad). Con base a las puntuaciones pre y post TRE fue calculado el cambio clínico objetivo (CCO). Los principales efectos neuropsicológicos se registraron en: flexibilidad de pensamiento, proceso visocontructivo, coherencia central y planificación (CCO = 0.39-0.99). También se identificaron cambios relevantes en las medidas de sintomatología psiquiátrica y de BN (CCO = 0.53-0.88), no así en el IMC. Este estudio suma evidencias respecto a la utilidad de la CRT en el tratamiento multidisciplinario, ya no solo de la anorexia nerviosa, sino que extiende su aplicabilidad a la BN.

Abstract The aim of this study was to perform a preliminary evaluation of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) in a patient with bulimia nervosa (BN). The participant was 20 years old with a 22.41kg/m2 body mass index (BMI). Under a pre-post treatment design, the patient was administered four neuropsychological tests, three measures of BN symptoms and two of psychiatric symptomatology (depression and anxiety). Based on the pre and post CRT scores, the objective clinical change (OCC) was calculated. The main neuropsychological effects were observed in cognitive flexibility, visoconstructive processing (memory and central coherence) and working memory (OCC = 0,39-0,99). Relevant changes were also identified in the measures of psychiatric symptomatology and BN (OCC = 0,53-0,88), with no change in BMI. This study adds evidence regarding the usefulness of CRT in the multidisciplinary treatment not only of anorexia nervosa, but also extends its applicability to another eating disorder, BN.

El consumo de bebidas dulces incrementa diferencialmente la expresión de Oxitocina en núcleos hipotalámicos / The consumption of sweet drinks differentially increases the expression of oxytocin in hypothalamic nuclei

Resumen Se reconoce la participación de la oxitocina en el control de la alimentación, pero su mecanismo de acción no se ha establecido totalmente. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del acceso intermitente a una solución de sacarosa, sobre la expresión de las neuronas del núcleo paraventricular (PVN) y del núcleo supraótico (SON) que producen oxitocina (Oxt), y caracterizar la microestructura de la conducta de beber en ratas saciadas. Se tuvieron tres grupos de ratas macho Wistar saciadas, y en la primera hora al inicio del periodo de luz, el grupo Control tuvo agua, el grupo Restringido 5g de una solución de sacarosa al 20% y el grupo Ad libitum acceso libre a la solución de sacarosa. Los sujetos incrementaron el consumo de la solución de sacarosa a pesar de estar saciados; debido a la interrupción del estado de saciedad y la demora de la satisfacción. La actividad de las neuronas de Oxt se incrementó en ambos núcleos, en el grupo Restringido la mayor expresión se observó en el SON y en el grupo Ad libitum en el PVN. No se encontró correlación entre la cantidad de bebida ingerida y la actividad de las neuronas Oxt.

Abstract The role of oxytocin in feeding control is recognized, but its mechanism of action has not been fully established. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of intermittent access to a sucrose solution on the expression of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraotic nucleus (SON) neurons that produce oxytocin (Oxt), and to characterize the microstructure of drinking behavior in satiated rats. Three groups of male Wistar rats satiated were used, and in the first hour at the beginning of the light period, a Control group had water, a Restricted group 5g of a 20% sucrose solution and Ad libitum group with free access to sucrose solution. The experimental subjects increased the consumption of the sucrose solution despite being satiated, due to the interruption of the state of satiety and the delay of the satiation process. Oxt neurons increased their activity in both nuclei, in the Restricted group the highest expression was observed in the SON and in the Ad libitum group in the PVN. No correlation was found between the amount of drink ingested and the activity of Oxt neurons.

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): systematic review of case studies / Trastorno de evitación/restricción de la ingesta de alimentos (TERIA): revisión sistemática de estudios de caso

Abstract Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) has a complex clinical presentation. Since its recognition in the DSM-5, investigations have provided data of this condition, however, its treatment has mostly been reported in case studies. Therefore, the objective of the present study was analyzed clinical characteristics and clinical interventions reported in case reports and case series studies of ARFID, from a literature review according to the PRISMA and CARE guidelines. In total, 41 articles were examined, most of the reported cases were males (53.85%) with ages between 10 to 13 (29.23%), although, 15.38% of the cases had an age range of 20 to 56. Regarding their symptoms, the most frequent was underweight (66.15%), however, 3.08% of these patients were overweight linked to carbohydrate consumption. The most frequent psychiatric comorbidities were anxiety disorders (38.46%). Lastly, the most widely used was hospital treatment (46.34%), with a multidisciplinary approach (65.85%) and as for the most used psychological intervention was Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (21.95%).

Resumen El Trastorno de evitación/restricción de la ingesta de alimentos (TERIA) tiene una presentación clínica compleja. Desde su reconocimiento en el DSM-5 se han realizado investigaciones que aportan datos de esta condición, sin embargo, su tratamiento se ha reportado mayormente en estudios de casos. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las características e intervenciones clínicas de estudios y series de casos del TERIA, a partir de una revisión de la literatura con base a los lineamientos PRISMA y CARE. En total se examinaron 41 artículos, la mayoría de los casos reportados fueron en hombres (53.85%) con edades entre 10 a 13 (29.23%), aunque, 15.38% de los casos tenían un rango de edad de 20 a 56 años. En cuanto a sus síntomas, el más frecuente fue el bajo peso (66.15%), sin embargo, 3.08% de estos pacientes presentaba sobrepeso ligado al consumo de carbohidratos. Las comorbilidades psiquiátricas más frecuentes fueron los trastornos de ansiedad (38.46%). Por último, el tratamiento más utilizado fue el hospitalario (46.34%), con abordaje multidisciplinar (65.85%) y en cuanto a la intervención psicológica más utilizada fue la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual (21.95%).

Suicide risk model based on the interpersonal theory of suicide: evidence in three regions of Mexico / Modelo de riesgo suicida basado en la teoría interpersonal del suicidio: evidencia en tres regiones de México

Background: Reports of suicidal behavior have increased in Mexico for years. In order to develop a more adequate suicide prevention strategy, it is necessary to understand its predictive factors, so the purpose of this research was to propose a model of suicidal risk in young people, taking into account one of the most current theories on the subject, Joiner's interpersonal theory. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of young people with suicidal ideation from three regions of Mexico was obtained by online survey (N=411), with mean age of 17.89 years (SD. 1.2), 336 women (81.8%), and 75 men (18.2%). Results: First, a multiple linear regression model was created to predict suicidal risk based on thwarted belongingness and perceived burden with 17% explained variance; then a second model was generated with the same variables and including other factors associated with suicide such as self-injury desires, impulsivity and suicide attempts, in addition to variables associated with family conflicts, improving the explained variance to 34%. Lastly, two properly adjusted structural equation models were obtained, one focused on suicidal risk (R2=.21; RMSEA=.026; CFI=.99) and the other on ideation (R2=.18; RMSEA=.070; CFI=.98). Conclusions: The main factors that explain suicidal risk are depressive symptoms, perceived burden and desires for self-injury. Further research on the effect of painful experiences as factors that could predict suicide attempt is suggested.

Introducción: Los reportes de conducta suicida en México han aumentado por años. Para desarrollar una estrategia más adecuada de prevención del suicidio es necesario comprender sus factores predictores, por lo que el propósito de la presente investigación fue proponer un modelo del riesgo suicida en jóvenes tomando en cuenta una de las teorías más vigentes en cuanto al tema, la teoría interpersonal de Joiner. Método: Se obtuvo por encuesta online una muestra no probabilística de jóvenes con ideación suicida de tres regiones de México (N=411), con una edad media de 17.89 años (DE. 1.2), 336 mujeres (81.8%) y 75 hombres (18.2%). Resultados: Primero se conformó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para predecir riesgo suicida a partir del sentido de pertenencia frustrado y la carga percibida con 17% de varianza explicada; después se generó un segundo modelo con las mismas variables e incluyendo otros factores asociados al suicidio como los deseos de autolesión, impulsividad e intentos suicidas, además de variables asociadas a conflictos familiares, mejorando la varianza explicada hasta un 34%. Por último, se obtuvieron dos modelos de ecuaciones estructurales con ajuste adecuado, uno enfocado en riesgo suicida (R2=.21; RMSEA=.026; CFI=.99) y otro en la ideación (R2=.18; RMSEA=.070; CFI=.98). Conclusiones: Los principales factores que explican el riesgo suicida son los síntomas depresivos, la carga percibida y los deseos de autolesión, se sugiere seguir investigando sobre el efecto de experiencias dolorosas como factores que podrían predecir el intento suicida.

Suicide risk model based on the interpersonal theory of suicide: evidence in three regions of Mexico

Background: Reports of suicidal behavior have increased in Mexico for years. In order to develop a more adequate suicide prevention strategy, it is necessary to understand its predictive factors, so the purpose of this research was to propose a model of suicidal risk in young people, taking into account one of the most current theories on the subject, Joiner's interpersonal theory. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of young people with suicidal ideation from three regions of Mexico was obtained by online survey (N=411), with mean age of 17.89 years (SD. 1.2), 336 women (81.8%), and 75 men (18.2%). Results: First, a multiple linear regression model was created to predict suicidal risk based on thwarted belongingness and perceived burden with 17% explained variance; then a second model was generated with the same variables and including other factors associated with suicide such as self-injury desires, impulsivity and suicide attempts, in addition to variables associated with family conflicts, improving the explained variance to 34%. Lastly, two properly adjusted structural equation models were obtained, one focused on suicidal risk (R2=.21; RMSEA=.026; CFI=.99) and the other on ideation (R2=.18; RMSEA=.070; CFI=.98). Conclusions: The main factors that explain suicidal risk are depressive symptoms, perceived burden and desires for self-injury. Further research on the effect of painful experiences as factors that could predict suicide attempt is suggested.

Introducción: Los reportes de conducta suicida en México han aumentado por años. Para desarrollar una estrategia más adecuada de prevención del suicidio es necesario comprender sus factores predictores, por lo que el propósito de la presente investigación fue proponer un modelo del riesgo suicida en jóvenes tomando en cuenta una de las teorías más vigentes en cuanto al tema, la teoría interpersonal de Joiner. Método: Se obtuvo por encuesta online una muestra no probabilística de jóvenes con ideación suicida de tres regiones de México (N=411), con una edad media de 17.89 años (DE. 1.2), 336 mujeres (81.8%) y 75 hombres (18.2%). Resultados: Primero se conformó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para predecir riesgo suicida a partir del sentido de pertenencia frustrado y la carga percibida con 17% de varianza explicada; después se generó un segundo modelo con las mismas variables e incluyendo otros factores asociados al suicidio como los deseos de autolesión, impulsividad e intentos suicidas, además de variables asociadas a conflictos familiares, mejorando la varianza explicada hasta un 34%. Por último, se obtuvieron dos modelos de ecuaciones estructurales con ajuste adecuado, uno enfocado en riesgo suicida (R2=.21; RMSEA=.026; CFI=.99) y otro en la ideación (R2=.18; RMSEA=.070; CFI=.98). Conclusiones: Los principales factores que explican el riesgo suicida son los síntomas depresivos, la carga percibida y los deseos de autolesión, se sugiere seguir investigando sobre el efecto de experiencias dolorosas como factores que podrían predecir el intento suicida.

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus and renal cell cancer after renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a risk factor for cancer in the general population. However, few data are available on the association between post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) and cancer after transplantation. METHODS: We analyzed this issue in a Spanish cohort of patients without diabetes before transplantation. PTDM was diagnosed with consensus criteria at 12 months after transplantation and 12 months before the diagnosis of cancer. The association between PTDM and cancer (overall and specific types) was evaluated with regression analysis. RESULTS: During a follow-up of 12 years (interquartile range 8-14), 85 cases of 603 developed cancer (829/100 000/year) and 164 (27%) PTDM. The most frequent cancers were renal cell cancer (RCC) n = 15, 146/cases/100 000/year), lung (n = 12, 117/cases/100 000/year), colon (n = 9, 88/cases/100 000/year) and prostate (n = 9, 88/cases/100 000/year). In logistic regression, PTDM was not associated with cancer. Eight of the 164 patients with PTDM (4.9%) vs 7 of the 439 without PTDM developed RCC (1.6%) (P = .027). In multivariate analysis, PTDM was independently associated with RCC [odds ratio (OR) 2.92, confidence interval (CI) 1.03-8.27], adjusting for smoking (OR 4.020, 95% CI 1.34-12.02) and other covariates. PTDM was not associated with other types of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PTDM must be considered a population at risk for RCC and accordingly, the subject of active surveillance.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism: an endocrine orphan disease. case report

Introduction: Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a heterogeneous group of rare endocrine disorders characterized by resistance to the parathyroid hormone. There are few reports on PHP in Colombia, so the publication of the present case contributes to increase the interest in its research in the clinical setting. Case presentation: An 18-year-old male with a history of hypothyroidism diagnosed at 4 months of age, stunted growth, delayed puberty, obesity, brachydactyly, pathologic fractures, femoral osteochondroma, insomnia, paresthesia, and chronic constipation was referred to the endocrinology service of a tertiary care center in Bogotá (Colombia) after being hospitalized following a seizure episode. On admission, laboratory tests revealed hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, 25-hydroxy vitamin D in the range of insufficiency and elevated PTH. Imaging studies showed heterotopic ossifications and calcifications of the basal ganglia. A genetic study confirmed the diagnosis of PHP1A, so treatment was started with calcium, cholecalciferol and phosphorus chelators, leading to a satisfactory course. Both the patient and his first-degree relatives received genetic counseling and interdisciplinary assessment. Conclusion: Although PHP type 1A is an unrecognized complex genetic disorder, it has a critical clinical importance within the differential diagnoses of hypocalcemia. Without prompt diagnosis and treatment, patients may experience serious and potentially fatal metabolic consequences.

Introducción. El seudohipoparatiroidismo (SPT) es un trastorno genético poco frecuente que se caracteriza por la resistencia a la hormona paratiroidea (PTH). En Colombia existen pocos reportes sobre esta enfermedad, por lo que la publicación del presente caso contribuye a aumentar el interés en su búsqueda en el ámbito clínico. Presentación del caso. Hombre de 18 años con antecedente de hipotiroidismo (diagnosticado a los 4 meses de nacido), retraso del crecimiento, desarrollo puberal tardío, obesidad, braquidactilia, fracturas patológicas, osteocondroma femoral, insomnio, parestesias y estreñimiento crónico, quien asistió al servicio de endocrinología de un hospital de tercer nivel de Bogotá (Colombia) remitido luego de haber estado hospitalizado por un episodio convulsivo. En dicha hospitalización los laboratorios evidenciaron hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia y 25-OH vitamina D en rango de insuficiencia con niveles elevados de PTH, y los estudios imagenológicos demostraron osificaciones heterotópicas y calcificaciones de ganglios basales del cerebro. Al paciente se le realizó un estudio genético que confirmó el diagnóstico de SPT1A, por lo que se le inició manejo con suplencia de calcio, colecalciferol y quelantes de fósforo, con lo cual evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Tanto el paciente como sus familiares de primer grado recibieron asesoramiento y valoración interdisciplinaria. Conclusiones. El SPT1A es un trastorno genético complejo poco conocido pero de alta importancia clínica dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de hipocalcemia que debe considerarse ya que sin el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos, los pacientes pueden presentar consecuencias metabólicas graves y potencialmente fatales.

Sarcopenia HIBA score predicts sarcopenia and mortality in patients on the liver transplant waiting list.

Sarcopenia is a prevalent condition that predicts prognosis in patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT). The gold standard for the diagnosis of sarcopenia is the assessment of the muscular area at L3 with computed tomography (CT) scan (skeletal muscle index [SMI]), but the routine use of CT scan is limited in clinical practice. Thus, we designed a single-center observational study aimed to evaluate the clinical factors associated with the presence of sarcopenia by SMI, and to build a score capable of predicting or excluding the presence of sarcopenia in patients on the LT waiting list (WL). Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to establish the factors independently associated with sarcopenia, and the Sarcopenia Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA) score was built from the resulting model after internal validation analysis by bootstrapping and correction for optimism. The predictive capability of mortality on the WL was evaluated with competing risk regression analysis. A total of 215 patients with cirrhosis on the LT WL were included. The independent factors associated with the presence of sarcopenia were male sex (odds ratio [OR]: 6.09, p < 0.001), body mass index (OR: 0.74, p < 0.001), Child Pugh (OR: 1.44, p < 0.001), and the ratio creatinine/Cystatin C (OR: 0.03, p = 0.007). The Sarcopenia HIBA score constructed with these variables showed an area under the curve of 0.862. During follow-up, 77 (36%) patients underwent LT, 46 (21%) died, and 92 (43%) remained alive. After adjusting for Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium, Sarcopenia HIBA score was an independent predictor of WL mortality (subhazard ratio: 1.19; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.40; p = 0.042). Sarcopenia HIBA score is an easy-to-use, objective, and reliable diagnostic and predictive tool that can be useful to improve the prognostic evaluation and allow identifying a group of patients with a higher risk of death while awaiting LT.

Descripción morfométrica de la anatomía externa e interna del Ambystoma mexicanum / Morphometric description of the external and internal anatomy of Ambystoma mexicanum

RESUMEN: El Ambystoma mexicanum o comúnmente llamado axolote, es un anfibio miembro del género Ambystoma que comprende 32 especies presentes desde el sur de Canadá hasta la región central de México. Actualmente esta especie se encuentra en peligro de extinción debido a cambios fisicoquímicos en su medio ambiente y la depredación por organismos introducidos en su hábitat. Dentro de las múltiples estrategias para su conservación se encuentran el desarrollo de programas de investigación, educación y desarrollo del manejo clínico. El objetivo del presente trabajo estuvo enfocado en obtener y analizar datos morfométricos acompañados por una descripción de la anatomía externa e interna de la especie Ambystoma mexicanum con el propósito de contribuir a su conservación. Por lo anterior, cinco ejemplares de la especie Ambystoma mexicanum de 2 años, criados en cautiverio, fueron estudiados para obtener valores morfométricos externos e internos utilizando un calibrador vernier, balanzas analíticas y rayos X. Los resultados de la observación externa mostraron el dimorfismo sexual característico de estas especies presentes en la zona peri cloacal, además, el análisis radiográfico permitió observar y señalar algunas estructuras óseas del esqueleto axial y apendicular. Los ejemplares presentaron un peso promedio de 31,6 g y una longitud de 15,7 cm. Los miembros anteriores mostraron una longitud de 2,92 cm y 2,8 cm en los miembros posteriores. El análisis de los órganos internos mostró que el corazón tiene un peso de 0,036 g y una longitud de 0,75 cm, los pulmones un peso de 0,019 g y una longitud de 2,6 cm, el estómago arrojó una longitud de 4,86 cm y el intestino 10,88 cm. En conclusión, los valores presentados en el presente trabajo sirven de referencia en futuros trabajos de investigación clínica veterinaria y manejo zootécnico del axolote para su conservación y preservación.

SUMMARY: The Ambystoma mexicanum commonly known as axolotl, is an amphibian and member of the genus Ambystoma which includes 32 species that can be found from southern Canada to central Mexico. Currently this species is in danger of extinction due to physicochemical changes in its environment and predation by organisms introduced into its habitat. Among the multiple strategies to aid in its conservation are the development of research programs, education and development of clinical management. The objective of this work is focused on obtaining and analyzing morphometric data accompanied by a description of the external and internal anatomy of the species Ambystoma mexicanum with the purpose of contributing to the conservation of this species. Therefore, five 2-year-old specimens of the Ambystoma mexicanum species, raised in captivity, were studied to obtain external and internal morphometric values using a vernier caliper, analytical balances and X-rays. The results of external observation showed the characteristic sexual dimorphism of these species present in the pericloacal zone. Furthermore, the radiographic analysis allowed to observe and point out some bony structures of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The specimens presented an average weight of 31.60 g and a length of 15.70 cm. The forelimbs showed a length of 2.92 cm and 2.8 cm in the hindlimbs. Analysis of the internal organs showed that the heart had a weight of 0.036 g and a length of 0.75 cm, the lungs a weight of 0.019 g and a length of 2.6 cm, the stomach had a length of 4.86 cm and the intestine 10.88 cm. In conclusion, the values presented in this work serve as a reference for future veterinary clinical research and zootechnical management of the axolotl for its conservation and preservation.

Expression of enamel proteins in human dental pulp stem cells by the effect of extracellular matrix / Expresión de proteínas de esmalte en células madre de pulpa dental humana por el efecto de matriz extracelular

SUMMARY: Mesenchymal stem cells are present in adult tissues such as the human dental pulp. They are pluripotent and can differentiate into various specialized cell types in vitro through appropriate stimuli. Ameloblasts produce human tooth enamel only during embryonic development before tooth eruption, so endogenous regeneration is not possible. Various efforts have been aimed at generating natural or artificial substitutes for dental enamel with properties similar to the specific components of said tissue. The purpose of this study was to induce human dental pulp stem cells to produce enamel proteins using extracellular matrix derived from the rat tail tendon and pigskin. Primary cultures of human dental pulp stem cells were established and characterized by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, using mesenchymal cell markers such as CD14, CD40, CD44, CD105, and STRO-1. The cells were then incubated with the extracellular matrix for fourteen days and labeled with specific antibodies to detect the expression of dental enamel proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, enamelisin, tuftelin, and parvalbumin, characteristics of the phenotype of ameloblasts. This work demonstrated a positive effect of the extracellular matrix to induce the expression of enamel proteins in the stem cells of the human dental pulp.

RESUMEN: Las células madre mesenquimales están presentes en los tejidos adultos como la pulpa dental humana. Son pluripotentes y pueden diferenciarse en varios tipos de células especializadas in vitro a través de estímulos adecuados. Los ameloblastos producen esmalte dental humano sólo durante el desarrollo embrionario antes de la erupción dental, por lo que no es posible su regeneración endógena. Varios esfuerzos se han orientado a generar sustitutos naturales o artificiales de esmalte dental con propiedades similares a los componentes específicos de este tejido. El propósito de este estudio fue inducir células madre de pulpa dental humana para producir proteínas del esmalte dental a través del estímulo de matriz extracelular derivada del tendón de la cola de rata y piel de cerdo. Se establecieron cultivos primarios de células madre de pulpa dental humana y se caracterizaron por RT-PCR e inmunofluorescencia utilizando marcadores de células mesenquimales como CD14, CD40, CD44, CD105 y STRO-1. Posteriormente, las células se incubaron con matriz extracelular durante un período de catorce días y se marcaron con anticuerpos específicos para detectar la expresión de proteínas de esmalte dental como amelogenina, ameloblastina, enamelisina, tuftelina y parvalbúmina, las cuales son características del fenotipo de ameloblastos. Este trabajo demostró el efecto positivo que tiene el empleo de la matriz extracelular para inducir la expresión de proteínas de esmalte en las células pluripotenciales de la pulpa dental humana.

Melanocortinas y su participación en el desarrollo de la obesidad

Resumen La obesidad y el sobrepeso son problemas de origen multifactorial, la interacción de los factores ambientales, genéticos y conductuales parecen ser la clave en el desarrollo de esta patología. Los receptores MC3 (rMC3) y MC4 (rMC4), participan en la regulación del balance energético (consumo de alimento, gasto energético y peso corporal), su mutación genética está asociada con el incremento de la adiposidad y el desarrollo de la obesidad. El conocimiento que se tiene de estos receptores y su función aún es limitado, principalmente con respecto a los rMC3 y, aunque los rMC4 se están posicionando como un blanco terapéutico potencial para el tratamiento de la obesidad, se requiere de mayor investigación clínica. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este documento es presentar evidencia de la participación de los receptores MC3 y MC4 en el desarrollo de la obesidad, a través de los resultados encontrados en algunas investigaciones, tanto en modelos animales como en humanos.

Abstract Obesity and overweight are problems of multifactorial origin, the interaction of environmental, genetic, and behavioral factors seems to be the key in the development of this pathology. The MC3 (rMC3) and MC4 (rMC4) receptors participate in the regulation of energy balance (food intake, energy expenditure and body weight), their genetic mutation is associated with increased adiposity and the development of obesity. Knowledge of these receptors and their function is still limited, mainly with respect to rMC3 and, although rMC4 are positioning themselves as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity, further clinical research is required. Therefore, the purpose of this document is to present the participation of MC3 and MC4 receptors in the development of obesity, through the results found in some investigations, both in animal and in human´s models.

Conductas alimentarias de riesgo, percepción de prácticas parentales y conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria / Risk eating behaviors, perception of parental practices and assertive behaviors in high school students / Risk eating behaviors, perception of parental practices and assertive behaviors in high school students

RESUMEN Introducción. Se considera que la adolescencia tardía es una etapa de vulnerabilidad para la salud psicológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), prácticas parentales y conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria de acuerdo con el sexo. Método. Con un diseño no-experimental de tipo transversal, participaron 200 estudiantes mexicanos (104 hombres y 96 mujeres) de una preparatoria pública, con edad promedio de 16.52 (DE = 1.05 años), quienes después de un consentimiento informado contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias-26 (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Adolescentes (PP-A) la cual posee nueve subescalas, cuatro hacia el padre (PPp) y cinco hacia la madre (PPm) y la Escala de Conducta Asertiva (CABS, por sus siglas en inglés), todos validados para población mexicana. Resultados. Se encontraron asociaciones diferenciales de acuerdo con el sexo: en las mujeres el EAT-26-Total se asoció con: CABS-Total, Comunicación paterna, Imposición y Control Psicológico materno (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectivamente); mientras que, en los hombres sólo se asoció con Imposición paterna (rs = -.30). El CABS-Total se asoció con todas las subescalas de las PPm en las mujeres (rango rs = .22 a .36) y en los hombres solo con Comunicación, Control Psicológico y Conductual (rs = .30 .35, -.23) Conclusión. En los estudiantes mexicanos de preparatoria -en las mujeres en mayor grado- a mayor CAR mayor estilo agresivo (no asertividad), mayor control psicológico materno y menor control conductual materno.

ABSTRACT Background. Late adolescence is considered a risk stage for psychological health. The objective of this research was evaluating the association among risk eating behaviors (REB), parental practices and assertive behavior in high school students according to sex. Method. With a non-experimental design and transversal study participated 200 students (104 men and 96 women) from a public high school with age mean of 16.52 (SD = 1.05 years), who after signing informed consent fulfilled the Eating Attitudes Test- 26 (EAT), the Scale of Parental Practices for Adolescents (PP-A) which has nine subscales, four towards the father (PPf) and five towards the mother (PPm) and the Assertive Behavior Scale (CABS), all of them validated for Mexican population. Results . Differential associations were found according to sex: in women, EAT-26-Total was associated with CABS-Total, parental Communication, maternal Imposition and maternal Psychological Control (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectively); but in men, was only associated with parental Imposition (rs = -.30). The CABS-Total was associated with all PPm subscales in women (range rs = .22 to .36) and in men only with Communication, Psychological and Behavioral Control (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusion . The high school students-women to a greater degree- higher REB greater aggressive style (no assertiveness), greater maternal psychological control and less maternal behavioral control.

ABSTRACT Background : Late adolescence is considered a risk stage for psychological health. The objective of this research was evaluating the association among risk eating behaviors (REB), parental practices and assertive behavior in high school students according to sex. Method : With a non-experimental design and transversal study participated 200 students (104 men and 96 women) from a public high school with age mean of 16.52 (SD = 1.05 years), who after signing in- formed consent fulfilled the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT), the Scale of Parental Practices for Adolescents (PP-A) which has nine subscales, four towards the father (PPf) and five towards the mother (PPm) and the Assertive Behavior Scale (CABS), all of them validated for Mexican population. Results : Differential associations were found according to sex: in women, EAT-26-Total was associated with CABS-Total, parental Communication, maternal Imposition and maternal Psychological Control (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectively); but in men, was only associated with parental Imposition (rs = -.30). The CABS-Total was associated with all PPm subscales in women (range rs = .22 to .36) and in men only with Communication, Psychological and Behavioral Control (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusion : The high school students -women to a greater degree- higher REB greater aggressive style (no assertiveness), greater maternal psychological control and less maternal behavioral control.

RESUMEN Introducción : Se considera que la adolescencia tardía es una etapa de vulnerabilidad para la salud psicológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), prácticas parentalesPublication published by the Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica - IPOPS Work under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0)conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria de acuerdo con el sexo. Método : Con un diseño no-experimental de tipo transversal, participaron 200 estudiantes mexicanos (104 hombres y 96 mujeres) de una preparatoria pública, con edad promedio de 16.52 (DE = 1.05 años), quienes después de un consentimiento informado contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias-26 (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Adolescentes (PP-A) la cual posee nueve subescalas, cuatro hacia el padre (PPp) y cinco hacia la madre (PPm) y la Escala de Conducta Asertiva (CABS, por sus siglas en inglés), todos validados para población mexicana. Resultados : Se encontraron asociaciones diferenciales de acuerdo con el sexo: en las mujeres el EAT- 26-Total se asoció con: CABS-Total, Comunicación paterna, Imposición y Control Psicológico materno (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectivamente); mientras que, en los hombres sólo se asoció con Imposición paterna (rs = -.30). El CABS-Total se asoció con todas las subescalas de las PPm en las mujeres (rango rs = .22 a .36) y en los hombres solo con Comunicación, Control Psicológico y Conductual (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusión : En los estudiantes mexicanos de preparatoria -en las mujeres en mayor grado- a mayor CAR mayor estilo agresivo (no asertividad), mayor control psicológico materno y menor control conductual materno.

The Vacuolating Autotransporter Toxin (Vat) of Escherichia coli Causes Cell Cytoskeleton Changes and Produces Non-lysosomal Vacuole Formation in Bladder Epithelial Cells.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect more than 150 million people, with a cost of over 3.5 billion dollars, each year. Escherichia coli is associated with 70-80% of UTIs. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) has virulence factors including adhesins, siderophores, and toxins that damage host cells. Vacuolating autotransporter toxin (Vat) is a member of serine protease autotransporter proteins of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) present in some uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains. Vat has been identified in 20-36% of UPEC and is present in almost 68% of urosepsis isolates. However, the mechanism of action of Vat on host cells is not well-known. Thus, in this study the effect of Vat in a urothelium model of bladder cells was investigated. Several toxin concentrations were tested for different time periods, resulting in 15-47% of cellular damage as measured by the LDH assay. Vat induced vacuole formation on the urothelium model in a time-dependent manner. Vat treatment showed loss of the intercellular contacts on the bladder cell monolayer, observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. This was also shown using antibodies against ZO-1 and occludin by immunofluorescence. Additionally, changes in permeability of the epithelial monolayer was demonstrated with a fluorescence-based permeability assay. Cellular damage was also evaluated by the identification of cytoskeletal changes produced by Vat. Thus, after Vat treatment, cells presented F-actin distribution changes and loss of stress fibers in comparison with control cells. Vat also modified tubulin, but it was not found to affect Arp3 distribution. In order to find the nature of the vacuoles generated by Vat, the Lysotracker deep red fluorescent dye for the detection of acidic organelles was used. Cells treated with Vat showed generation of some vacuoles without acidic content. An ex vivo experiment with mouse bladder exposed to Vat demonstrated loss of integrity of the urothelium. In conclusion, Vat induced cellular damage, vacuole formation, and urothelial barrier dysregulation of bladder epithelial cells. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of these vacuoles induced by Vat and their relationship with the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection.

Body dissatisfaction and quality of life: contribution to the occurrence of anomalous eating behaviors in administrative personnel in hospitals / Insatisfacción corporal y calidad de vida: contribución a la ocurrencia de conductas alimentarias anómalas en administrativos hospitalarios

Abstract The purpose of this study involved assessing the predictive capacity of the body mass index (BMI), body image, positive and negative affect, attitudes toward obese individuals and quality of life (QL) related to the anomalous eating behaviors of administrative personnel of Mexico City's health sector; aside from knowing gender differences and BMI in study variables. A total of 181 administrative employees took part in the study, divided according to their BMI (normal weight, overweight, obese) who filled out a personal data sheet and self-report questionnaires. Findings of this study indicate that body dissatisfaction, along with the perception of vitality and physical well-being may partially explain the presence of the anomalous eating behaviors that promotes excessive weight gain. Additionally, significant differences in positive affect were observed between sexes, aside from differences between the obese and normal weight groups regarding body dissatisfaction, negative affect, physical performance, physical role and social performance.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la capacidad predictiva de variables como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la imagen corporal, el afecto positivo y negativo, las actitudes hacia la gente obesa y la calidad de vida (CV) sobre las conductas alimentarias anómalas del personal administrativo del sector salud en la Ciudad de México, además de conocer las diferencias entre los sexos y del IMC en las variables de estudio. En total, participaron 181 trabajadores administrativos, divididos según su IMC (normopeso, sobrepeso, obesidad), que completaron una hoja de datos generales y cuestionarios de autorreporte. En general, se encontró que la insatisfacción de la imagen corporal, aunada a la percepción de vitalidad y bienestar físico, podría explicar en parte la presencia del comportamiento alimentario anómalo, el cual favorece a la ganancia excesiva de peso corporal. Adicionalmente, se observaron diferencias significativas entre los sexos en el afecto positivo, además de diferencias entre el grupo con obesidad y el grupo normopeso en insatisfacción corporal, afecto negativo, funcionamiento físico, rol físico y funcionamiento social.

The Serine Protease Autotransporters TagB, TagC, and Sha from Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Are Internalized by Human Bladder Epithelial Cells and Cause Actin Cytoskeletal Disruption.

TagB, TagC (tandem autotransporter genes B and C), and Sha (Serine-protease hemagglutinin autotransporter) are recently described members of the SPATE (serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae) family. These SPATEs can cause cytopathic effects on bladder cells and contribute to urinary tract infection in a mouse model. Bladder epithelial cells form an important barrier in the urinary tract. Some SPATEs produced by pathogenic E. coli are known to breach the bladder epithelium. The capacity of these newly described SPATEs to alter bladder epithelial cells and the role of the serine protease active site were investigated. All three SPATE proteins were internalized by bladder epithelial cells and altered the distribution of actin cytoskeleton. Sha and TagC were also shown to degrade mucin and gelatin respectively. Inactivation of the serine catalytic site in each of these SPATEs did not affect secretion of the SPATEs from bacterial cells, but abrogated entry into epithelial cells, cytotoxicity, and proteolytic activity. Thus, our results show that the serine catalytic triad of these proteins is required for internalization in host cells, actin disruption, and degradation of host substrates such as mucin and gelatin.

Cystatin C and Sarcopenia Predict Acute on Chronic Liver Failure Development and Mortality in Patients on the Liver Transplant Waiting List.

BACKGROUND: Cystatin C (CysC) is an early biomarker of renal dysfunction scarcely studied in patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT). Sarcopenia is frequent in cirrhosis and impacts prognosis. We aimed to assess the capability of these factors to predict survival and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in patients awaiting LT, as well as early post-LT outcomes. METHODS: Single-center study that included all cirrhotic patients listed for LT between 2014 and 2017. Competing risk regression analysis was used to evaluate the capability of liver-, kidney-, and global status-related variables at waitlist (WL) inclusion to predict WL mortality and ACLF. Variables associated with post-LT outcomes were evaluated with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: One-hundred-and-eighty patients were included. Fifty-six (31%) patients developed ACLF, 54 (30%) underwent LT and 35 (19%) died. In the adjusted competing risk regression analysis, CysC ≥ 1.5 mg/L, sarcopenia and MELD-Na were independent predictors of ACLF in the WL, while CysC ≥ 1.5 mg/L, sarcopenia and albumin were independent predictors of mortality. The cumulative incidence of ACLF and mortality at 12 months were 50% and 34% in patients with sarcopenia and CysC ≥1.5 mg/L. An estimated glomerular filtration rate by chronic kidney disease (CKD)-EPI-CysC-creatinine <60 mL/min/1.73 m at WL inclusion was an independent predictor of the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the first month post-LT. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of CysC and sarcopenia are strongly associated with the ACLF and mortality in WL. The assessment of both risk factors may improve the prognostic evaluation and allow identifying a group of patients with a very high risk of poor outcomes while awaiting LT.

Genetic Variants Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Spanish Population.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have many affected physiological pathways. Variations in the genes regulating these pathways might affect the incidence and predisposition to this disease. A total of 722 Spanish adults, including 548 patients and 174 controls, were genotyped to better understand the effects of genetic risk loci on the susceptibility to CKD. We analyzed 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes associated with the inflammatory response (interleukins IL-1A, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, ICAM-1), fibrogenesis (TGFB1), homocysteine synthesis (MTHFR), DNA repair (OGG1, MUTYH, XRCC1, ERCC2, ERCC4), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (CYP11B2, AGT), phase-II metabolism (GSTP1, GSTO1, GSTO2), antioxidant capacity (SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GPX1, GPX3, GPX4), and some other genes previously reported to be associated with CKD (GLO1, SLC7A9, SHROOM3, UMOD, VEGFA, MGP, KL). The results showed associations of GPX1, GSTO1, GSTO2, UMOD, and MGP with CKD. Additionally, associations with CKD related pathologies, such as hypertension (GPX4, CYP11B2, ERCC4), cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer predisposition (ERCC2) were also observed. Different genes showed association with biochemical parameters characteristic for CKD, such as creatinine (GPX1, GSTO1, GSTO2, KL, MGP), glomerular filtration rate (GPX1, GSTO1, KL, ICAM-1, MGP), hemoglobin (ERCC2, SHROOM3), resistance index erythropoietin (SOD2, VEGFA, MTHFR, KL), albumin (SOD1, GSTO2, ERCC2, SOD2), phosphorus (IL-4, ERCC4 SOD1, GPX4, GPX1), parathyroid hormone (IL-1A, IL-6, SHROOM3, UMOD, ICAM-1), C-reactive protein (SOD2, TGFB1,GSTP1, XRCC1), and ferritin (SOD2, GSTP1, SLC7A9, GPX4). To our knowledge, this is the second comprehensive study carried out in Spanish patients linking genetic polymorphisms and CKD.

Mean platelet volume as a prognostic factor for venous thromboembolic disease.

BACKGROUND: Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a risk factor for cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. AIM: To evaluate the association between high MPV and 90-day mortality after an episode of venous thromboembolism (VTE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort of 594 patients with a median age of 73 years (58% women) with a first episode VTE, included in an institutional Thromboembolic Disease registry between 2014 and 2015. MPV values were obtained from the automated blood cell count measured at the moment of VTE diagnosis. Volumes ≥ 11 fL were classified as high. All patients were followed for 90 days to assess survival. RESULTS: The main comorbidities were cancer in 221 patients (37%), sepsis in 172 (29%) and coronary artery disease in 107 (18%). Median MPV was 8 fl (8-9), brain natriuretic peptide 2,000 pg/ml (1,025-3,900) and troponin 40 pg/ml (19.5-75). Overall mortality was 20% (121/594) during the 90 days of follow-up. Thirty three deaths occurred within 7 days and 43 within the first month. The loss of patients from follow-up was 5% (28/594) at 90 days. Mortality among patients with high MP was 36% (23/63). The crude mortality hazard ratio (HR) for high MPV was 2.2 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.4-3.5). When adjusted for sepsis, oncological disease, heart disease, kidney failure and surgery, the mortality HR of high MPV was 2.4 (CI95% 1.5-3.9) in the VTE group, 2.3 (CI95% 1.5-4.4) in the deep venous thrombosis group, and 2.9 (CI95% 1.6 -5.6) in the pulmonary embolism group. CONCLUSIONS: High MPV is an independent risk factor for mortality following an episode of VTE.

Compliance to treatment in diabetic pa tients from Bucaramanga, Colombia: a cross sectional study / Adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes diabéticos de Bucaramanga, Colombia: estudio de corte transversal

Objective: this study is aimed to evaluate knowledge about the disease, some behavioral habits and the level of compliance to pharmacological treatment, in a sample of diabetic patients, attending at hospital institution in the city of Bucaramanga (Colombia), during 2016. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease whose prevalence is increasing significantly in developing countries. Materials and Methods: cross sectional, descriptive study; a sample of 411 diabetic, aged over 35 years, who consulted at cardiovascular risk program, answered in the period between January and December 2016, a self-administered questionnaire that included the instruments IMEVID, Berbés and modified SMMS; Additionally, sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, stratum, education, were included. Results: 90% had a low socioeconomic status and 82.7% only reached primary studies or less. High Pharmacological adherence was observed in only 3.65%, medium adherence in 87.83% and low at 8.52%. Mean level of knowledge about diabetes was 13.32; Almost half (46.72%) scored below the average; Mean of glycosylated hemoglobin was 7.93%; 34.8% scored above this value. 18.7% have an inadequate lifestyle (IMEVID score <60). Low adherence found associated with: alcohol intake, IMEVID score <60, Ask more after eating, have a job and don't use insulin. Conclusion: it is necessary to esta-blish learning strategies and methodologies of motivation and training for diabetic patients, to improve quality of life and knowledge of the diabetes and, in this way,optimize the prognosis of the disease..(AU)

Objetivo: el estudio se propone evaluar el conocimiento sobre la enfermedad, algunos hábitos de comportamiento y el nivel de cumplimiento con el tratamiento farmacológico en una muestra de pacientes diabéticos que asistieron a una institución hospitalaria en la ciudad de Bucaramanga (Colombia) durante el 2016. La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica, su prevalencia está aumentando significativamente en los países en desarrollo. Materiales y Métodos: estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo; una muestra de 411 diabéticos, mayores de 35 años, que consultaron al programa de riesgo cardiovascular, respondieron en el período comprendido entre enero a diciembre de 2016, un cuestionario autoadministrado que incluía los instrumentos IMEVID, Berbés y SMMS modificado; Adicionalmente, se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas como edad, sexo, estrato, educación. Resultados: el 90% tenía un estatus socioeconómico bajo y el 82.7% solo alcanzó estudios primarios o menos. Se observó una alta adherencia farmacológica en solo el 3,65%, una adherencia media en el 87,83% y una baja en el 8,52%. El nivel medio de conocimiento sobre la diabetes fue de 13.32; Casi la mitad (46.72%) puntuó por debajo del promedio; La media de hemoglobina glicosilada fue de 7.93%; El 34.8% puntuó por encima de este valor. El 18.7% tiene un estilo de vida inadecuado (puntuación IMEVID <60). Se encontró que la baja adherencia estaba asociada con: consumo de alcohol, puntaje IMEVID <60, pedir más después de comer, tener un trabajo y no usar insulina. Conclusión: es necesario establecer estrategias de aprendizaje y metodologías de motivación y entrenamiento a los pacientes diabéticos, para mejorar la calidad de vida y el conocimiento de la diabetes, y de esta manera, optimizar el pronóstico de la enfermedad..(AU)