"Long-term oncologic outcomes and risk factors for distant recurrence after pathologic complete response following neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer. A nationwide, multicentre study".

BACKGROUND: Pathologic complete response (pCR) after multimodal treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) is used as surrogate marker of success as it is assumed to correlate with improved oncologic outcome. However, long-term oncologic data are scarce. METHODS: This retrospective, multicentre study updated the oncologic follow-up of prospectively collected data from the Spanish Rectal Cancer Project database. pCR was described as no evidence of tumour cells in the specimen. Endpoints were distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS). Multivariate regression analyses were run to identify factors associated with survival. RESULTS: Overall, 32 different hospitals were involved, providing data on 815 patients with pCR. At a median follow-up of 73.4 (IQR 57.7-99.5) months, distant metastases occurred in 6.4% of patients. Abdominoperineal excision (APE) (HR 2.2, 95%CI 1.2-4.1, p = 0.008) and elevated CEA levels (HR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.7, p = 0.049) were independent risk factors for distant recurrence. Age (years) (HR 1.1; 95%-CI 1.05-41.09; p < 0.001) and ASA III-IV (HR = 2.0; 95%-CI 1.4-2.9; p < 0.001), were the only factors associated with OS. The estimated 12, 36 and 60-months DMFS rates were 96.9%, 91.3%, and 86.8%. The estimated 12, 36 and 60-months OS rates were 99.1%, 94.9% and 89.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of metachronous distant metastases is low after pCR, with high rates of both DMFS and OS. The oncologic prognosis in LARC patients that achieve pCR after neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy is excellent in the long term.

Multicenter clinical trial for the resection of rectal polyps using a new laparoendoscopic hybrid transanal access device.

INTRODUCTION: Complex polyps require the use of advanced endoscopic techniques or minimally invasive surgery for their approach. In rectal polyps it is of special relevance to reach a consensus on the best approach to avoid under- or overtreatment that increases unnecessary morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We describe a prospective, multicenter, pilot clinical trial with a first-in-human medical device. It is hypothesized that UNI-VEC® facilitates transanal laparoendoscopic surgery for the removal of early rectal tumors. The primary objective is to evaluate that it is safe and meets the established functional requirements. Secondary objectives are to evaluate results, complications and level of satisfaction. RESULTS: 16 patients were recruited in 12 months with a minimum follow-up of 2 months. The mean size was 3.4 cm with the largest polyp being 6 cm. Regarding location, the mean was 6.6 cm from the anal margin. Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR) (6.3%), Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection ESD (43.8%), REC (6.3%) and TAMIS (43.8%) were performed. The mean time was 73.25 min. The 56.3% used a 30° camera and 43.8% used the flexible endoscope as a viewing instrument. The 56.3% were benign lesions and 43.8% malignant. Complete resection is achieved in 87.5%. Regarding complications, mild bleeding (Clavien I) occurred in 25%, 6.3% and 21.4% at 24 h, 48 h and 7 days respectively. Continence was assessed according to the Wexner scale. At 7 days, 60% showed perfect continence, 26.7% mild FI and 13.3% moderate FI. At 30 days, 66.7% had perfect continence, 20% mild FI and 13.3% moderate FI. At 2 months, 4 patients were reviewed who at 30 days had a Wexner's degree higher than preoperative and perfect continence was demonstrated in 25% of the patients, 50% mild and 25% moderate. In no case did rectal perforation or major complications requiring urgent reintervention occur. As for the level of reproducibility, safety, level of satisfaction with the device and evaluation of the blister, the evaluation on a scale of 0-10 (9.43, 9.71, 9.29 and 9.50 respectively). All the investigators have previous experience with transanal devices. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of UNI-VEC® for the treatment of rectal lesions. It will facilitate the implementation of hybrid procedures that seek to solve the limitations of pure endoscopic techniques by allowing the concomitant use of conventional laparoscopic and robotic instrumentation with the flexible endoscope.

Más allá de los límites de la disciplina con niños prematuros: una reflexión holística / Beyond the Limits of Discipline with Premature Children: A Holistic Reflection / Além dos limites da disciplina com bebés prematuros: uma reflexão holística

Introducción. En este artículo se presenta una reflexión sobre la necesidad de tener una visión holística en la problemática de la prematurez, para que los equipos del área de salud puedan tener una comprensión de la multiplicidad de factores presentes en el parto prematuro, y sus consecuencias para el menor, la madre, los familiares y el personal de salud involucrado. Tema de reflexión. El tema se sustenta en dos investigaciones realizadas con las madres, los padres y los niños beneficiarios del Programa Madre Canguro en un hospital del Estado, en dos momentos, 2012 y 2014, con algunos de los autores del presente artículo. Conclusiones. Además de la revisión de la literatura científica relacionada con el tema y la problemática, se concluye que, bajo una mirada holística, se comprende de manera integral la problemática y se propicia una mejor comunicación con los padres; con el equipo de la atención en salud, se logra un manejo transdisciplinario, superando los objetos de estudios aislados. Se da así un abordaje integrador y significativo en la cotidianidad de cada actor, desde la piel, con el Programa Madre Canguro, hasta la racionalidad de la ciencia.

Introduction. This article presents a reflection on the need for a holistic view of the problem of premature births, so that healthcare teams can understand the multiplicity of factors present in premature births, and its consequences for the minor, the mother, the family members, and the healthcare staff involved. Topic of reflection. The topic is based on two investigations carried out with mothers, fathers, and children's beneficiaries of the Mother Kangaroo Program in a State hospital, at two moments, 2012 and 2014, with some of the authors of this article. Conclusions. In addition to the review of the scientific literature related to the topic and the problem, it is concluded that, under a holistic view, the problem is understood in a comprehensive way and better communication with the parents is encouraged. With the healthcare team, cross-disciplinary handling is achieved, overcoming the objects of isolated studies. As such, there is an integrative and significant approach in the daily life of each actor, from the skin, with the Mother Kangaroo Program, to the rationality of science.

Introdução. Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a necessidade de se ter uma visão holística da problemática da prematuridade, para que as equipes da área da saúde possam ter uma compreensão da multiplicidade de fatores presentes no parto prematuro, e suas consequências para a criança, a mãe, os familiares e o pessoal de saúde envolvido. Tópico de reflexão. O tema é baseado em duas pesquisas realizadas com mães, pais e filhos beneficiários do Programa Mãe Canguru em um hospital estadual, em dois momentos, 2012 e 2014, com alguns dos autores deste artigo. Conclusões. Além da revisão da literatura científica relacionada ao tópico e ao problema, conclui-se que, sob uma visão holística, o problema é plenamente compreendido e incentiva-se uma melhor comunicação com os pais; com a equipe de saúde, consegue-se uma gestão transdisciplinar, superando os objetos de estudos isolados. Isto proporciona uma abordagem integradora e significativa no cotidiano de cada ator, desde a pele, com o Programa Mãe Canguru, até a racionalidade da ciência.

Primary HPV and Molecular Cervical Cancer Screening in US Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

BACKGROUND: Primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening (PHS) utilizes oncogenic human papillomavirus (oncHPV) testing as the initial cervical cancer screening method and typically, if positive, additional reflex-triage (eg, HPV16/18-genotyping, Pap testing). While US guidelines support PHS usage in the general population, PHS has been little studied in women living with HIV (WLWH). METHODS: We enrolled n = 865 WLWH (323 from the Women's Interagency HIV Study [WIHS] and 542 from WIHS-affiliated colposcopy clinics). All participants underwent Pap and oncHPV testing, including HPV16/18-genotyping. WIHS WLWH who tested oncHPV[+] or had cytologic atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse (ASC-US+) underwent colposcopy, as did a random 21% of WLWH who were oncHPV[-]/Pap[-] (controls). Most participants additionally underwent p16/Ki-67 immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: Mean age was 46 years, median CD4 was 592 cells/µL, 95% used antiretroviral therapy. Seventy WLWH had histologically-determined cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or greater (CIN-2+), of which 33 were defined as precancer (ie, [i] CIN-3+ or [ii] CIN-2 if concurrent with cytologic high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [HSILs]). PHS had 87% sensitivity (Se) for precancer, 9% positive predictive value (PPV), and a 35% colposcopy referral rate (Colpo). "PHS with reflex HPV16/18-genotyping and Pap testing" had 84% Se, 16% PPV, 30% Colpo. PHS with only HPV16/18-genotyping had 24% Colpo. "Concurrent oncHPV and Pap Testing" (Co-Testing) had 91% Se, 12% PPV, 40% Colpo. p16/Ki-67 immunochemistry had the highest PPV, 20%, but 13% specimen inadequacy. CONCLUSIONS: PHS with reflex HPV16/18-genotyping had fewer unnecessary colposcopies and (if confirmed) could be a potential alternative to Co-Testing in WLWH.

Preoperative oral antibiotics and surgical-site infections in colon surgery (ORALEV): a multicentre, single-blind, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics can reduce the incidence of surgical-site infections, but no randomised controlled trial has assessed oral antibiotics alone without mechanical bowel preparation. The aim of this study was to determine whether prophylaxis with oral antibiotics the day before elective colon surgery affects the incidence of postoperative surgical-site infections. METHODS: In this multicentre, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial (ORALEV), patients undergoing colon surgery were recruited from five major hospitals in Spain and 47 colorectal surgeons at these hospitals participated. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were diagnosed with neoplasia or diverticular disease and if a partial colon resection or total colectomy was indicated. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) using online randomisation tables to either administration of oral antibiotics the day before surgery (experimental group) or no administration of oral antibiotics before surgery (control group). For the experimental group, ciprofloxacin 750 mg was given every 12 h (two doses at 1200 h and 0000 h) and metronidazole 250 mg every 8 h (three doses at 1200 h, 1800 h, and 0000 h) the day before surgery. All patients were given intravenous cefuroxime 1·5 g and metronidazole 1 g at the time of anaesthetic induction. The primary outcome was incidence of surgical-site infections. Patients were followed up for 1 month after surgery and all postsurgical complications were registered. This study was registered with EudraCT, 2014-002345-21, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02505581, and is closed to accrual. FINDINGS: Between May 2, 2015, and April 15, 2017, we assessed 582 patients for eligibility, of whom 565 were eligible and randomly assigned to receive either no oral antibiotics (n=282) or oral antibiotics (n=282) before surgery. 13 participants in the control group and 16 in the experimental group were subsequently excluded; 269 participants in the control group and 267 in the experimental group received their assigned intervention. The incidence of surgical-site infections in the control group (30 [11%] of 269) was significantly higher than in the experimental group (13 [5%] of 267; χ2 test p=0·013). Oral antibiotics were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of surgical-site infections compared with no oral antibiotics (odds ratio 0·41, 95% CI 0·20-0·80; p=0·008). More complications (including surgical-site infections) were observed in the control group than in the experimental group (76 [28%] vs 51 [19%]; p=0·017), although there was no difference in severity as assessed by Clavien-Dindo score. No differences were noted between groups in terms of local complications, surgical complications, or medical complications that were not related to septic complications. INTERPRETATION: The administration of oral antibiotics as prophylaxis the day before colon surgery significantly reduces the incidence of surgical-site infections without mechanical bowel preparation and should be routinely adopted before elective colon surgery. FUNDING: Fundación Asociación Española de Coloproctología.

Descripción anatómica del arco venoso dorsal de la mano en una muestra de población de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Anatomical description of the dorsal venous arch of the hand in a population sample of Bucaramanga, Colombia

Se estudió el arco venoso dorsal de la mano (AVD) en una muestra de la población de Bucaramanga en 54 mujeres y 50 hombres. Las variables estudiadas en el AVD fueron: número de venas que lo forman, número de venas que recorren su interior, presencia de una vena que forme su parte lateral y medial, conformación cerrada o discontinua del AVD, si la vena metacarpiana del primer dedo se unía al AVD y contribuía a la formación de la vena cefálica, si la vena metacarpiana del quinto dedo se unía al AVD y contribuía a la formación de la vena basílica. También se revisó la concordancia entre la vena que escogían dos observadores independientes, como la más adecuada para venopunción. La comparación con los textos clásicos de anatomía evidenció concordancia en que cerca de la cabeza de los metacarpianos se forman venas metacarpianas dorsales, pero, no siempre estas venas se unen de forma completa para formar un "arco venoso cerrado" como lo describen los esquemas de la mayoría de los autores. Sólo un 41,8 % fueron AVD cerrados. Las venas metacarpianas del primer y del quinto dedo se unieron al AVD en un 44,23 % y un 89,42 % respectivamente. Este dato, sumado al hecho de que en el primer y quinto dedos pueden existir más de una vena que drene su sangre, las cuales no siempre se unen al AVD, ayudan a explicar la razón de porqué en otros estudios se describe ausencia de venas cefálica o basílica o presencia de varias venas cefálicas que permiten la formación de ciertos patrones de la fosa cubital. Se encontró concordancia del 78,85 % en cuanto a la vena escogida para posible venopunción y en el análisis bivariado, hubo asociación estadística de esta concordancia al cruzarla con el número de venas que recorren el interior del AVD.

The dorsal venous arch of the hand (AVD) was studied in a sample of the Bucaramanga population of 54 women and 50 men. The variables studied in the AVD were: Number of veins that form it, number of veins that run through its interior, presence of a vein that forms its lateral and medial part, closed or discontinuous conformation of the AVD, if the metacarpal vein of the first finger joined the AVD and contributed to the formation of the cephalic vein, if the metacarpal vein of the fifth finger joined the ADL and contributed to the formation of the basilic vein. The concordance between the vein chosen by two independent observers was also reviewed, as the most suitable for venipuncture. The comparison with the classic anatomy texts showed concordance in which dorsal metacarpal veins are formed near the metacarpal head, but these veins do not always unite completely to form a "closed venous arch" as described in metacarpal diagrams by most authors. Only 41.8 % were closed AVD. The metacarpal veins of the first and fifth toes joined the AVD in 44.23 % and 89.42 % respectively. This fact, in addition that in the first and fifth fingers, there may be more than one vein draining the blood, which do not always bind to the AVD, helps explain the reason other studies describe absence of cephalic veins, basilica or presence of several cephalic veins that allow the formation of certain patterns of the cubital fossa. There was 78.85 % agreement regarding the vein chosen for possible venipuncture and in the bivariate analysis, there was a statistical association of this concordance when crossing it with the number of veins that run through the interior of the AVD.

Next-generation Sequencing for ALK and ROS1 Rearrangement Detection in Patients With Non-small-cell Lung Cancer: Implications of FISH-positive Patterns.

BACKGROUND: Detection of ALK and ROS1 gene rearrangements in non-small-cell lung cancer is required for directing patient care. Although fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry have been established as gold standard methods, next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms are called to be at least equally successful. Comparison of these methods for translation into daily use is currently under investigation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty non-small-cell lung cancer paraffin-embedded samples with previous ALK (n = 33) and ROS1 (n = 7) FISH results were examined with the Oncomine Focus Assay and tested for ALK and ROS1 immunoreactivity. Clinical implications of concurrent molecular alterations and concordance between methods were evaluated. RESULTS: NGS was successful in 32 (80%) cases: 25 ALK and 7 ROS1. Few concomitant alterations were detected: 1 ALK rearranged case had an ALK p.L1196M-resistant mutation, 4 had CDK4, MYC, and/or ALK amplifications, and 1 ROS1 rearranged case showed a FGFR4 amplification. Comparison between techniques revealed 5 (16%) discordant cases that had lower progression-free survival than concordant cases: 7.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-13) versus 19.4 (95% confidence interval, 10.1-28.6). Remarkably, 4 of these cases had isolated 3' signal FISH pattern (P = .026). CONCLUSION: Our data support that the identification of 3' isolated signal FISH pattern in ALK and ROS1 cases might suggest a false-positive result. NGS seems a reliable technique to assess ALK and ROS1 rearrangements, offering the advantage over immunohistochemistry of detecting other molecular alterations with potential therapeutic implications.

Elementos morfológicos implicados en la enseñanza de las competencias para lograr una adecuada venopunción periférica / Morphological elements involved in the teaching of competences to achieve adequate peripheral venipuncture

RESUMEN: La venopunción periférica es un procedimiento muy común y necesario para la administración de múltiples sustancias. Cada enfermero(a) debe recibir la capacitación en varios aspectos que le permitan adquirir la competencia de realizar una venopunción segura. Uno de los elementos de mayor relevancia se relaciona con la anatomía aplicada, particularmente con la descripción de varios patrones de organización de las venas superficiales del antebrazo y su relación con estructuras neurovasculares cercanas. Los patrones de acuerdo a su distribución, podrían jugar a favor o en contra de las complicaciones durante o después de la punción. En este artículo describimos las respuestas de docentes de las escuelas de Enfermería de varias regiones de Colombia frente a la enseñanza de estos temas anatómicos. Sobresale el hecho que solamente en el 56,5 % de la escuela de Enfermería se realiza la enseñanza completa de los conceptos anatómicos que servirán para mejorar la seguridad del paciente en el momento de una venopunción periférica.

SUMMARY: Peripheral venipuncture is a very common and necessary procedure for the administration of multiple substances. Each Nurse must receive training in several aspects that allows him/her to acquire the competence to perform a safe venipuncture. One of the most relevant elements is related to applied anatomy, particularly with the description of various organization patterns of the superficial veins of the forearm, and their relation to nearby neurovascular structures. These patterns according to their distribution, could play for, or against complications during or after puncture. In this article, we describe the responses of teachers from the Nursing Schools of several regions of Colombia while teaching these anatomical subjects. It is noteworthy, that only 56,5 % of Nursing Schools included complete instruction of anatomical concepts that improve patient safety at the time of a peripheral venipuncture. Therefore, nearly 50 % of students do not receive information on updated anatomical terminology.

Programa de Enfermería UNAB: 10 años transformando la enfermería a través del conocimiento / UNAB Nursing Program: Ten years transforming nursing profession through knowledge / Programa de Enfermagem da UNAB: 10 anos transformando a enfermagem através do conhecimento

Hace 10 años, en enero de 2008, la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB) inició la primera cohorte de estudiantes del Programa de Enfermería. No obstante, para hablar sobre qué significan estos 10 años para el Programa de Enfermería, se debe recordar cómo nació la idea de crear la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud.

Laparoscopy may decrease morbidity and length of stay after elective colon cancer resection, especially in frail patients: results from an observational real-life study.

BACKGROUND: Advantages of laparoscopic approach in colon cancer surgery have been previously demonstrated in controlled, randomized trials and in retrospective analysis of large administrative databases. Nevertheless, evidence of these advantages in prospective, observational studies from real-life settings is scarce. METHODS: This is a prospective, observational study, including a consecutive series of patients that underwent elective colonic resection for cancer in 52 Spanish hospitals. Pre-/intraoperative data, related to patient, tumor, surgical procedure, and hospital, were recorded as well as 60-day post-operative outcomes, including wound infection, complications, anastomotic leak, length of stay, and mortality. A univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to determine the influence of laparoscopy on short-term post-operative outcome. A sub-analysis of the effect of laparoscopy according to patients' pre-operative risk (ASA Score I-II vs. III-IV) was also performed. RESULTS: 2968 patients were included: 44.2% were initially operated by laparoscopy, with a 13.9% conversion rate to laparotomy. At univariate analysis, laparoscopy was associated with a decreased mortality (p = 0.015), morbidity (p < 0.0001), wound infection (p < 0.0001), and post-operative length of stay (p < 0.0001). At multivariate analysis, laparoscopy resulted as an independent protective factor for morbidity (OR 0.7; p = 0.004), wound infection (OR 0.6; p < 0.0001), and length of post-operative stay (Effect-2 days; p < 0.0001), compared to open approach. These advantages were more relevant in high-risk patients (ASA III-IV), even if the majority of them were operated by open approach (67.1%). CONCLUSIONS: In a real-life setting, laparoscopy decreases wound infection rate, post-operative complications, and length of stay, especially in ASA III-IV patients.

El beneficio penitenciario del adelantamiento de la libertad condicional en España. Análisis histórico-evolutivo de la institución / The prison system's benefit of granting parole in advance in Spain. Historical-evolutionary analysis of the Institution / O benefício penitenciário do adiantamento da liberdade condicional na Espanha. Análise histórico-evolutivo da instituição

Se tiene como objetivo analizar la evolución histórica y normativa del beneficio del adelantamiento de la libertad condicional, desde sus orígenes hasta nuestros días, que constituye actualmente un mecanismo fundamental para que la ejecución de la pena cumpla con su función preventiva especial positiva, traducida en la resocialización del penado. Asimismo, se prestará especial atención a las limitaciones y restricciones impuestas por las reformas de los últimos años para su concesión y disfrute. Para ello, se plantea una metodología basada en un estudio sobre los antecedentes internacionales del sistema progresivo de ejecución de condenas, y un análisis evolutivo de la normativa penal y penitenciaria española, abordando la temática de manera analítica, descriptiva y sucinta de la normativa reguladora de la institución, poniendo de manifiesto la constante y creciente rigidez de la normativa punitiva reguladora del beneficio del adelantamiento de la libertad condicional. Y es que un siglo después de que se instaurase la libertad condicional en España, el mecanismo de otorgamiento de su adelantamiento se concibe de extremada, si no imposible, concesión.

The objective here is to analyze the historical and normative evolution of the benefit of granting parole in advance, from its origins to this day. At present it has become an essential mechanism to make sentence enforcement fulfill its special positive function translated into the resocialization of the convicted prisoner. Likewise, particular attention will be given to the limitations and constraints imposed to both parole granting and enjoyment in the past years. For this purpose, a methodology has been proposed on the basis of a study on international backgrounds of the gradual serving of sentences, and an evolutionary analysis of the Spanish criminal and penitentiary normative. The matter is approached in an analytical, descriptive and concise manner, while highlighting the persistent and even growing rigidity of the Institution's punitive regulations governing the benefit of granting an early release from prison. And, notwithstanding benefits, a century after having introduced parole in Spain the advancement of the granting of parole is being deemed to be an extreme -if not impossible- concession.

O objetivo é analisar a evolução histórica e normativa do benefício de adiantamento da liberdade condicional, de suas origens ao tempo atual, que é um mecanismo fundamental para que a execução da pena cumpra sua função preventiva especial positiva, traduzida no ressocialização do punido. Também, prestará atenção especial às limitações e às restrições impostas pelas reformas dos últimos anos para sua concessão e usufruto. Para isso, se considera a metodologia baseada em um estudo sobre os antecedentes internacionais do sistema progressivo da execução das sentenças, e uma análise evolutiva da normativa penal e penitenciária espanhola, abordando a temática de maneira analítica, descritiva e sucinta da normativa reguladora da instituição, mostrando a constante e crescente rigidez da normativa punitiva reguladora do benefício do adiantamento da liberdade condicional. E é que um século depois que a liberdade condicional em Espanha foi restaurada, o mecanismo de conceder de outorgamento do seu adiantamento e concebido do extremada, se não impossível, concessão.

Intervenciones psicológicas para cuidadores con síntomas depresivos: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Psychological interventions for caregivers with depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis

Está bien establecido que los cuidados no profesionales, un componente fundamental de la atención a personas dependientes, pueden aumentar el riesgo de trastornos mentales en el cuidador, especialmente de depresión. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis para determinar la eficacia de las intervenciones psicológicas, para reducir los síntomas depresivos, dirigidas a cuidadores no profesionales. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de estudios publicados entre los años 1980 y 2013 en las bases de datos Medline y PsycInfo, así como en las referencias de otras revisiones y metanálisis y capítulos de libro relevantes, de los cuales se seleccionaron 13 estudios. Aunque la mayoría de las intervenciones obtuvieron resultados positivos en la reducción de la sintomatología depresiva, en general, sus efectos fueron moderados (tamaño del efecto = -0.49, intervalo de confianza 95% [-0.62,-0.36]). Se han producido importantes avances en relación con la calidad de los estudios, pero todavía se encontraron algunas limitaciones que restringen el alcance de sus hallazgos. Es necesario realizar más estudios que cumplan con los estándares de excelencia y, más concretamente, de prevención indicada de la depresión.

It has been well determined that nonprofessional caregiving, which is a fundamental component of care to dependent persons, may lead to an increased risk for mental disorders in caregivers, especially depression. This paper sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of psychological interventions to reduce depressive symptoms aimed at nonprofessional caregivers. A comprehensive search of studies published from 1980 to 2013 was conducted in Medline and PsycInfo databases, as well as in the references of other reviews, meta-analysis and relevant book chapters, thereby shortlisting 13 papers. Although most of the interventions reached positive results in decreasing depressive symptomatology, their effects in general were moderate (ES = -0.49, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.36]). Important advances have been produced regarding the quality of the studies, but some limitations are still found which restrict the scope of their findings. It is necessary to conduct further studies that meet excellence standards and, more concretely, regarding indicated prevention of depression.

Cardiac troponin I concentrations in horses with colic.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of myocardial injury in horses with colic on the basis of high concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), frequency of cardiac arrhythmias within the first 24 to 48 hours after hospital admission or surgery because of colic, and associations between high cTnI concentrations and cardiac arrhythmias, clinical course, and outcome (survival to discharge from hospital vs nonsurvival [death or euthanasia]). DESIGN: Prospective observational study. ANIMALS: 111 horses with colic. PROCEDURES: Blood was drawn at admission and 12 and 24 hours after admission if horses were treated medically or 12 and 24 hours after surgery if treated surgically. A 24-hour ambulatory ECG was recorded beginning the morning after admission in medically treated cases or after surgery and evaluated for arrhythmias. Clinical and clinicopathologic data and outcome were obtained. Associations between cTnI concentrations and other variables were determined. RESULTS: An abnormal cTnI concentration (≥ 0.10 ng/mL) at admission was significantly associated with the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, outcome, and surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The data suggested that horses with colic and high cTnI concentrations at admission were more likely to have ventricular arrhythmias and have a less favorable prognosis for recovery. High cTnI concentrations in horses with colic were suggestive of myocardial damage.

Distribución de los patrones venosos de la fosa cubital en una muestra de personas nacidas en el departamento de santander, Colombia / Distribution pattern of the veins of the cubital fossa in a sample of people born in the department of santander, Colombia

Se determinó la frecuencia de los patrones venosos superficiales del miembro superior en una muestra de 885 personas (438 hombres y 447 mujeres) nacidas en el Departamento de Santander, Colombia de acuerdo a la clasificación propuesta por del Sol et al. El patrón que predominó fue el I con 524 casos (30%) seguido del patrón III con 451 casos (26%). El patrón I fue el más frecuente tanto en el miembro superior derecho con 286 casos (32%) como en el miembro superior izquierdo con 238 casos (27%). En hombres el patrón predominante fue el I con 307 casos (35%) seguido del patrón II con 228 casos (26%). En mujeres el patrón predominante fue el III con 367 casos (41%) seguido del patrón I con 217 casos (24%). El patrón en "M clásica" tuvo una frecuencia similar en hombres y mujeres con 8%.

We determined the frequency of superficial vein patterns of the upper limb in a sample of 885 people (438 men and 447 women) born in the department of Santander, Colombia according to the classification proposed by del Sol et al. The predominant pattern was I with 524 cases (30%) followed by pattern III with 451 cases (26%). Pattern I was the most prevalent in both the right arm with 286 cases (32%) and in the left upper limb with 238 cases (27%). In men, the pattern I was predominant with 307 cases (35%) followed pattern II with 228 cases (26%). In women the predominant pattern III was with 367 cases (41%) followed the pattern I with 217 cases (24%). The pattern in "M classic" frequency was similar in men and women with 8%.

Caracterización de los Servicios de Asesoramiento Genético en San Juan y Martínez / Characterization of Genetic Counseling in San Juan y Martínez

Introducción: el Asesoramiento Genético actualmente constituye el medio más efectivo de prevención de las enfermedades genéticas, siendo este un eslabón importante en el desarrollo de los programas de la Genética Médica Comunitaria. Objetivo: caracterizar la efectividad y el estado de los servicios de Asesoramiento Genético en el municipio de San Juan y Martínez, Provincia Pinar del Río en el período comprendido entre los años 2003-2009. Material y método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal. Se seleccionó mediante un muestreo no probabilístico a 50 familias. Se aplicó una entrevista que evaluó diferentes variables tales como la efectividad del Asesoramiento Genético, la satisfacción con los servicios de asesoramiento genético, los aspectos éticos del asesoramiento genético entre otras. Resultados: se obtuvo una mejoría de los indicadores de cobertura de los programas de genética en el último período, para un alto por ciento de los encuestados fue buena la efectividad del asesoramiento genético y están satisfechos con el servicio de asesoramiento genético. Conclusiones: con el presente trabajo se demuestra la caracterización de los servicios de asesoramiento genético, siendo evaluado de favorable la efectividad del asesoramiento genético, así como los servicios y el desempeño de los másteres en Asesoramiento Genético.

Introduction: currently genetic counseling constitutes the most effective way to prevent genetic diseases, which is a very important link to the development of Community Medical Genetics. Objective: to characterize the effectiveness and state of Genetic Counseling in San Juan y Martinez, Pinar del Rio province during 2003-2009. Material and method: a retrospective, descriptive and cross sectional study was carried out. Through a non-probabilistic sampling 50 families were chosen. An interview was applied assessing different variables: effectiveness of genetic counseling, satisfaction with the services and the ethical aspects of the genetic counseling among others. Results: some improvements were observed in the last period concerning the coverage of genetic programs, where a high percentage of those polled considered the effectiveness of genetic counseling as good and showed satisfaction. Conclusions: the characterization of genetic counseling is very important to diagnose and prevent genetic diseases and congenital defects in San Juan y Martinez municipality.

Prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of DSM-IV axis I mental disorders among female university students.

This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), axis I mental disorders among Spanish female students and investigated their psychiatric comorbidity and correlates. 1054 female students with a mean age of 22.2 years were randomly selected, with stratification by academic seniority and the type of academic discipline. The cases of mental disorder were identified by clinically trained interviewers with the aid of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Clinician Version. The lifetime prevalence of the targeted psychiatric disorders was 50.8%, and its point prevalence was 37.3%. The commonest disorders were nicotine dependence, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder. Nearly 37% of subjects with a psychiatric disorder had two or more diagnoses. Mental illness was associated with family income, financial independence, type of academic discipline, violence from men, social support, and self-esteem. Psychiatric disorders are common among female university students. Serious attention should be paid to preventive and therapeutic programs in this group.

Eventos adversos de la vacuna cubana antimeningocóccica / Adverse events of antimeningococcal Cuban vaccine

Introducción: en nuestro país hay un sistema de vigilancia exhaustivo que brinda información estadística sobre los eventos adversos a vacunas graves, menos graves y leves. Esta vigilancia es llevada a cabo por el Equipo Básico de Salud; no obstante, en muchas ocasiones al presentar estos eventos una sintomatología poco definida y de poca gravedad, pueden quedar sin diagnóstico y sin investigación. Objetivo: caracterizar los eventos adversos a la vacuna antimeningocóccica VAMENGOC-BC® en los lactantes del municipio Caimito durante el año 2006. Métodos: con un diseño de estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, se analizaron los 381 lactantes de 3 y 5 meses de edad que recibieron de forma programada la vacuna VAMENGOC-BC® según esquema nacional en el año 2006. El instrumento que se empleó para la recogida de la información de las historias clínicas fue la Encuesta Epidemiológica de Eventos Adversos a la Vacunación, establecida por el Programa Nacional de Inmunización. Resultados: de los 381 lactantes que recibieron la vacuna en ese año, hubo 17 con eventos adversos. El mayor porcentaje fue después de administrar la primera dosis (3,01 por ciento). Las manifestaciones locales más frecuentes fueron dolor en el sitio de la inyección con un 50,00 por ciento después de la primera dosis y la induración (66,67 por ciento) después de la segunda. Los eventos adversos sistémicos más frecuentes en la primera dosis fueron la fiebre (54,55 por ciento) e irritabilidad (27,27 por ciento). La incidencia de lactantes con eventos adversos fue mayor en las primeras 72 horas (3,41 por ciento) y en la primera dosis (2,46 por ciento). Sin embargo, la mayoría de las manifestaciones desaparecieron en las primeras 72 horas (3,41 x cada 100 lactantes vacunados), es decir que la recuperación fue rápida. Conclusiones: los eventos adversos locales y sistémicos fueron discretos, con predominio de los segundos, para ambas dosis de la vacuna, y fue la fiebre el evento más frecuente después de aplicadas las dos dosis. No existieron eventos adversos graves que requirieran de hospitalización, ni hubo secuelas.

Introduction: in our country there is a surveillance exhaustive system offering statistical information on the severe, less severe and slight adverse events related to vaccines. This surveillance system is carried out by the Basic Health Staff; however, in many occasions, if these events have a poor defined and of less severity symptomatology they could remain without diagnosis and without research. Objective: using the design of retrospective and descriptive study, it was possible to analyze the 381 infants aged 3 and 5 months received the programmed VAMNGOC-BC® vaccine according the national scheme in 2006. The tool used for collection of information from medical records was the Epidemiological Survey of Adverse Events of Vaccination, established by the National Immunization Program. Results: from the 381 infants received vaccine that year, there were 17 with adverse events. The great percentage was after administration of the first dose (3,01 percent). The more frequent local manifestations was pain in the injection site with 50,00 percent after the first dose and induration (66,67 percent) after the second one. The more frequent systemic adverse effects in the first dose were fiver (54,55 percent) and irritability (27,27 percent). The incidence of infants with adverse events was higher at the first 72 h (3,41 percent) and in the first dose (2,46 percent). However, most of manifestation disappeared during the first 72 h (3,41 by each 100 vaccinated infants, that is, that recovery was fast. Conclusions: the local and systemic adverse events were discrete with predominance of the second ones for both doses of vaccine and the fever was the more frequent event after applied the two doses. There was neither severe adverse event requiring admission nor sequelae.

La investigación al interior del programa de enfermería - UNAB: [editoriales] / Research into the UNAB nurse school program: [editorial]

En el año 2000 la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB, estableció en su plan de desarrollo de manera específica la creación del Programa de Enfermería como una manera de impulsar la naciente Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y como una forma para responder a una necesidad de la región y del país, con crecientes necesidades y demandas de salud por parte de la población, y teniendo en cuenta la reorganización de los servicios de salud y los avances científicos y tecnológicos. Es así como se abordó el tema procurando explorar escenarios que dieran fuerza al programa e hicieran que se posicionara entre las preferidas por los jóvenes que buscasen cursar estudios universitarios.

Factores de riesgo de las infecciones respiratorias agudas en pacientes menores de un año / Risk factors of acute respiratory infections in patient younger one year

El comportamiento de las infecciones respiratorias agudas es similar en los países desarrollados y en los subdesarrollados. Constituyen la primera causa de muerte por enfermedad infecciosa en los países desarrollados, y en Cuba se ubica entre las 10 primeras causas de muerte. Bajo un diseño de estudio de corte transversal, se detallan en este artículo los factores de riesgo asociados a estas infecciones en los pacientes menores de un año del Consejo Popular No. 2, perteneciente al Policlínico Flores Betancourt, en Caimito, durante el a±o 2007. De los 67 niños estudiados fueron 54 los que enfermaron. Las infecciones respiratorias agudas altas no complicadas, fueron la forma de presentación más frecuente. Los factores que predominaron en los pacientes expuestos fueron: la lactancia mixta y artificial, la contaminación ambiental, la inmunización regular y/o deficiente, el bajo peso al nacer, la asistencia a instituciones infantiles, las edades maternas de 20 a 24 años de edad, y el nivel escolar materno de preuniversitario concluido

The behavior of acute respiratory infections is similar in developed countries and in those underdeveloped being the first cause of death from infectious disease in the developed ones and in Cuba it is place among the 10 first causes of death. In present cross-sectional study design are detailed the risk factors associated with these infections in patients younger one year from the No. 2 Popular Council from the Flores Betancourt Polyclinic in Caimito municipality over 2007. From the study children 54 become ill. The non-complicated high acute respiratory infections were the more frequent. The factors prevailing in exposed patients were: mixed and artificial breastfeeding, the environmental contamination, the regular and/or poor immunization, the low birth weight, attendance to children institutions, mother aged 20 to 24 and the mother pre-university level concluded

Distribución de los patrones venosos de la fosa cubital en una muestra de personas nacidas en Bucaramanga, Colombia / Distribution pattern of the veins of the cubital fossa in a sample of people born in Bucaramanga, Colombia

El uso racional del acceso a las venas superficiales en la fosa cubital es de especial relevancia en pacientes pediátricos, con fístulas para diálisis, en quimioterapia, o como vías para acceso venoso central. Se han descrito varios patrones venosos con sus beneficios o riesgos. Se determinó la frecuencia de los patrones venosos en una población de ambos sexos nacida en Bucaramanga, Colombia, en 800 miembros superiores (200 hombres y 200 mujeres), conforme a la clasificación propuesta por del Sol et al. (1988, 2007). El análisis descriptivo para variables cualitativas nominales y ordinales mediante porcentajes, las cuantitativas con media y desviación estándar en el caso de variables con distribución normal y las no paramétricas identificadas con número mediante mediana y rango intercuartil. Se comparó género y patrón venoso mediante la prueba de Kwallis y chi cuadrado. El patrón predominante fue el III, 297 casos (37 por ciento) determinado por una alta frecuencia en mujeres (54 por ciento), seguido del II 190 casos (24 por ciento). En el lado derecho para ambos géneros el patrón más frecuente fue el III, 141 casos (35 por ciento), seguidos del II, 89 casos (22 por ciento). En el lado izquierdo para ambos géneros predominó el patrón III, 156 casos (39 por ciento), seguido por el II con 101 casos (25 por ciento). El patrón II fue el mayor en hombres (28 por ciento), seguido del III (21 por ciento). En mujeres predominó el patrón III, seguido del II (19 por ciento). En el lado derecho en hombres, predominó el II (24 por ciento) seguido del IV (23 por ciento). En el lado derecho en mujeres predominó el III (51 por ciento) seguido del II (20 por ciento). En el lado izquierdo en hombres, predominó el patrón II (32 por ciento) seguido del III (21 por ciento). En el lado izquierdo en mujeres predominó III (57 por ciento) seguido del II (18 por ciento). El patrón que en más ocasiones se presentó al mismo tiempo en ambos lados en la misma persona...

The rational use of access to the superficial veins in the cubital fossa is particularly important in pediatric patients, with fistulas for dialysis, chemotherapy, or central venous access routes. Several venous patterns have been described for their benefits or risks. The prevalence of venous patterns in a population of both sexes born in Bucaramanga, Colombia, in 800 upper limbs (200 men and 200 women), according to the classification proposed by del Sol et al. (1988, 2007). The descriptive analysis for nominal and ordinal qualitative variables with percentages, the quantitative mean and standard deviation for normally distributed variables and nonparametric identified by number using median and interquartile range, was compared by gender and venous pattern through test and chi square Kwallis. The predominant pattern was III, 297 cases (37 percent) determined by a high frequency in women (54 percent), followed by II 190 cases (24 percent). On the right side for both sexes the most common pattern was III, 141 cases (35 percent), followed by II, 89 cases (22 percent). On the left side for both genders predominant pattern III, 156 cases (39 percent), followed by the second with 101 cases (25 percent). Pattern II was greater in men (28 percent), followed by III (21 percent). In women the pattern III predominated, followed by II (19 percent). On the right side in men, II predominated (24 percent) followed by IV (23 percent). On the right side III predominated in women (51 percent) followed by II (20 percent). On the left side in men, the predominant pattern II (32 percent) followed by III (21 percent). On the left side in women predominated III (57 percent) followed by II (18 percent). The pattern appeared more often at the same time on both sides in the same person was III (16.6 percent).