ChatGPT and most frequent urological diseases: analysing the quality of information and potential risks for patients.

PURPOSE: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of systems or combinations of algorithms, which mimic human intelligence. ChatGPT is software with artificial intelligence which was recently developed by OpenAI. One of its potential uses could be to consult the information about pathologies and treatments. Our objective was to assess the quality of the information provided by AI like ChatGPT and establish if it is a secure source of information for patients. METHODS: Questions about bladder cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and urinary stones were queried through ChatGPT 4.0. Two urologists analysed the responses provided by ChatGPT using DISCERN questionary and a brief instrument for evaluating the quality of informed consent documents. RESULTS: The overall information provided in all pathologies was well-balanced. In each pathology was explained its anatomical location, affected population and a description of the symptoms. It concluded with the established risk factors and possible treatment. All treatment answers had a moderate quality score with DISCERN (3 of 5 points). The answers about surgical options contain the recovery time, type of anaesthesia, and potential complications. After analysing all the responses related to each disease, all pathologies except BPH achieved a DISCERN score of 4. CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT information should be used with caution since the chatbot does not disclose the sources of information and may contain bias even with simple questions related to the basics of urologic diseases.

Long-Term Experience with Hyperthermic Chemotherapy (HIVEC) Using Mitomycin-C in Patients with Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer in Spain.

(1) Background: Intravesical mitomycin-C (MMC) combined with hyperthermia is increasingly used in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), especially in the context of a relative BCG shortage. We aim to determine real-world data on the long-term treatment outcomes of adjunct hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy (HIVEC) with MMC and a COMBAT® bladder recirculation system (BRS); (2) Methods: A prospective observational trial was performed on patients with NMIBC treated with HIVEC using BRS in nine academic institutions in Spain between 2012-2020 (HIVEC-E). Treatment effectiveness (recurrence, progression and overall mortality) was evaluated in patients treated with HIVEC MMC 40mg in the adjuvant setting, with baseline data and a clinical follow-up, that comprise the Full Analysis Set (FAS). Safety, according to the number and severity of adverse effects (AEs), was evaluated in the safety (SAF) population, composed by patients with at least one adjunct HIVEC MMC instillation; (3) Results: The FAS population (n = 502) received a median number of 8.78 ± 3.28 (range 1-20) HIVEC MMC instillations. The median follow-up duration was 24.5 ± 16.5 (range 1-81) months. Its distribution, based on EAU risk stratification, was 297 (59.2%) for intermediate and 205 (40.8%) for high-risk. The figures for five-year recurrence-free and progression-free survival were 50.37% (53.3% for intermediate and 47.14% for high-risk) and 89.83% (94.02% for intermediate and 84.23% for high-risk), respectively. A multivariate analysis identified recurrent tumors (HR 1.83), the duration of adjuvant HIVEC therapy <4 months (HR 1.72) and that high-risk group (HR 1.47) were at an increased risk of recurrence. Independent factors of progression were high-risk (HR 3.89), recurrent tumors (HR 3.32) and the induction of HIVEC therapy without maintenance (HR 2.37). The overall survival was determined by patient age at diagnosis (HR 3.36) and the treatment duration (HR 1.82). The SAF population (n = 592) revealed 406 (68.58%) patients without AEs and 186 (31.42%) with at least one AE: 170 (28.72%) of grade 1-2 and 16 (2.7%) of grade 3-4. The most frequent AEs were dysuria (10%), pain (7.1%), urgency (5.7%), skin rash (4.9%), spasms (3.7%) and hematuria (3.6%); (4) Conclusions: HIVEC using BRS is efficacious and well tolerated. A longer treatment duration, its use in naïve patients and the intermediate-risk disease are independent determinants of success. Furthermore, a monthly maintenance of adjunct MMC HIVEC diminishes the progression rate of NMIBC.

[Standarization of PCNL reporting: Comparative methodology.] / Nuevo sistema de comparación de resultados tras nefrolitotomía percutánea de un modo más homogéneo.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a new renal lithiasis classification on the stone free rate. The new system would allow standarization of comparison between different series of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients undergoing NPCL between November 2011 and November 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The stones were classified as simple (pelvic and/or calyceal stones that required a single access and/or use of a rigid nephroscope), complex (required the use of more than one percutaneous access and/or flexible instruments and/or combined access) and extremely complex (complete staghorn stones or anatomical alterations), according to the Ibarluzea-Llanes classification. Other variables analyzed were age, sex, diabetes, hypertension or taking anticoagulants, stones composition, placement of postoperative nephrostomy and surgical time. We performed a univariate and multivariate analysis using the chi-square or Fisher test and logistic regression. RESULTS: Sixty-nine procedures were included in 57 patients with a mean age of 51 years (13-84) and a mean follow-up time of 30 months. The stone free rate was 86%, 75% and 55% for a simple, complex or extremely complex stone, both at three months and a year. Only the stone type was associated with a worse stone free rate (p 0.03) with RR of 2.5 for a 95% CI. CONCLUSIONS: The Ibarluzea-Llanes clasification could be used as a new system for standarization of PCNL outcomes reporting.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto de una nueva clasificación de la litiasis renal sobre la tasa libre de litiasis, para su utilización como sistema que permita comparar distintas series de nefrolitotomía percutánea de un modo más homogéneo.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron de forma retrospectiva pacientes sometidos a nefrolitotomía percutánea (NLPC) entre noviembre 2011 y noviembre 2016. Las litiasis se clasificaron en simples (litiasis pélvica y/o calicial que requirieron de un único acceso y/o utilización de un nefroscopio rígido), compleja (requirieron la utilización de más de un acceso percutáneo y/o instrumental flexible y/o acceso combinado) y extremadamente compleja (litiasis coraliforme completa o alteraciones anatómicas), de acuerdo con la clasificación de Ibarluzea-Llanes. También se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, antecedentes de diabetes, hipertensión o toma de anticoagulantes, composición de la litiasis, colocación de nefrostomía posquirúrgica y tiempo quirúrgico. Realizamos un análisis univariado y multivariado mediante el test de chi-cuadrado o de Fisher y regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 69 procedimientos en 57 pacientes con una edad media de 51,3 años (13-84) y un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 32,57 meses (rango 71). La tasa libre de litiasis fue del 86%, 75% y 55% para una litiasis simple, compleja o extremadamente compleja, tanto a los tres meses como al año. Únicamente el tipo de litiasis se relacionó con una peor tasa libre de litiasis (p 0,03) con RR de 2,5. CONCLUSIONES: La clasificación del tipo de litiasis de Ibarluzea-Llanes resultó ser un buen modelo predictivo de tasa libre de litiasis tras nefrolitotomía percutánea.

[Results of active surveillance in low and intermediate risk prostate cancer]. / Resultados de la vigilancia active en cancer de prostata de riesgo bajo e intermedio.

In this article we review the most significant published papers on active surveillance in prostate cancer and present the results of our case series. We used as main response variables the percentage of patients remaining in surveillance and the oncological results presented as global, cancer specific and metastasis free survivals. Globally, in published series 71.2% of patients included in active surveillance programs, 10-year overall survival is 68% in the series with longer follow up, and cancer-specific survival varies from 97% to 100%. In our series of 144 patients with median follow up of 3.2 years, 76.3% of the patients continue on surveillance. 24 patients (15.9%) stopped surveillance due to histological progression. 5 patients (21.3%) out of the 23 undergoing surgery presented unfavorable pathological criteria on prostatectomy specimen. No patient has died or developed metastases.

[Overview of urethral strictures: etiology, epidemiology, physiopathology and classification. General principles of urethral repair]. / Aspectos generales de la estenosis uretral: etiología, epidemiología, fisiopatología, clasificación. Principios generales de la reparación uretral.

In this article we present the causes of urethral stenosis in the adult male and review data about incidence. Regarding disease physiopathology we emphasize the inflammatory causes and, more specifically lichen sclerosus, as the clinical scenario that presents the greater difficulty for the management of urethral stenosis since we do not know its natural evolution. Regarding treatment of urethral stenosis we discuss the various options from excision and terminal-terminal anastomosis to oral mucosal graft augmentation urethroplasty, passing by two-step operations in more severe cases. Looking forward to the future a real gate opens with the application of tissue engineering to obtain oral mucosa.