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1.
Nefrologia (Engl Ed) ; 43(3): 360-369, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37635013

RESUMO

We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global CVD risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-Cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (Step 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After Step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of Step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year CVD risk, lifetime CVD risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm-SCORE2, SCORE-OP- is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according different age groups (< 50, 50-69, ≥70 years). Different flow charts of CVD risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD, and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to the levels of glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to the ones published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Estilo de Vida , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Comorbidade
2.
Clin Investig Arterioscler ; 34(4): 219-228, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35906022

RESUMO

We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global cardiovascular disease risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (steps 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year cardiovascular disease risk, lifetime cardiovascular disease risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm ?SCORE2, SCORE2-OP? is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according to different age groups (<50, 50-69, ≥70 years). Different flow charts of cardiovascular disease risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to the levels of glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to the ones published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus , Idoso , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , LDL-Colesterol , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco
3.
Rev Esp Salud Publica ; 962022 Mar 01.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35228510

RESUMO

We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global CVD risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-Cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (Step 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After Step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of Step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year CVD risk, lifetime CVD risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm (SCORE2, SCORE-OP) is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according different age groups (<50, 50-69, >70 years). Different flow charts of CVD risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD, and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to the levels of glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to the ones published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.


Presentamos la adaptación española de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Cardiovascular 2021. En esta actualización además del abordaje individual, se pone mucho más énfasis en las políticas sanitarias como estrategia de prevención poblacional. Se recomienda el cálculo del riesgo vascular de manera sistemática a todas las personas adultas con algún factor de riesgo vascular. Los objetivos terapéuticos para el colesterol LDL, la presión arterial y la glucemia no han cambiado respecto a las anteriores guías, pero se recomienda alcanzar estos objetivos de forma escalonada (etapas 1 y 2). Se recomienda llegar siempre hasta la etapa 2, y la intensificación del tratamiento dependerá del riesgo a los 10 años y de por vida, del beneficio del tratamiento, de las comorbilidades, de la fragilidad y de las preferencias de los pacientes. Las guías presentan por primera vez un nuevo modelo para calcular el riesgo (SCORE2 y SCORE2 OP) de morbimortalidad vascular en los próximos 10 años (infarto de miocardio, ictus y mortalidad vascular) en hombres y mujeres entre 40 y 89 años. Otra de las novedades sustanciales es el establecimiento de diferentes umbrales de riesgo dependiendo de la edad (<50, 50-69, >70 años). Se presentan diferentes algoritmos de cálculo del riesgo vascular y tratamiento de los factores de riesgo vascular para personas aparentemente sanas, pacientes con diabetes y pacientes con enfermedad vascular aterosclerótica. Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica se considerarán de riesgo alto o muy alto según la tasa del filtrado glomerular y el cociente albúmina/creatinina. Se incluyen innovaciones en las recomendaciones sobre los estilos de vida, adaptadas a las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Sanidad, así como aspectos novedosos relacionados con el control de los lípidos, la presión arterial, la diabetes y la insuficiencia renal crónica.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Espanha
4.
Clin Investig Arterioscler ; 33(2): 85-107, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33495044

RESUMO

We present the adaptation for Spain of the updated European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines. In this update, greater stress is laid on the population approach, and especially on the promotion of physical activity and healthy diet through dietary, leisure and active transport policies in Spain. To estimate vascular risk, note should be made of the importance of recalibrating the tables used, by adapting them to population shifts in the prevalence of risk factors and incidence of vascular diseases, with particular attention to the role of chronic kidney disease. At an individual level, the key element is personalised support for changes in behaviour, adherence to medication in high-risk individuals and patients with vascular disease, the fostering of physical activity, and cessation of smoking habit. Furthermore, recent clinical trials with PCSK9 inhibitors are reviewed, along with the need to simplify pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension to improve control and adherence to treatment. In the case of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular disease or high vascular disease risk, when lifestyle changes and metformin are inadequate, the use of drugs with proven vascular benefit should be prioritised. Lastly, guidelines on peripheral arterial disease and other specific diseases are included, as is a recommendation against prescribing antiaggregants in primary prevention.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Estilo de Vida , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Promoção da Saúde , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Humanos , Adesão à Medicação , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Espanha
5.
Hipertens Riesgo Vasc ; 38(1): 21-43, 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33069629

RESUMO

We present the adaptation for Spain of the updated European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines. In this update, greater stress is laid on the population approach, and especially on the promotion of physical activity and healthy diet through dietary, leisure and active transport policies in Spain. To estimate vascular risk, note should be made of the importance of recalibrating the tables used, by adapting them to population shifts in the prevalence of risk factors and incidence of vascular diseases, with particular attention to the role of chronic kidney disease. At an individual level, the key element is personalised support for changes in behaviour, adherence to medication in high-risk individuals and patients with vascular disease, the fostering of physical activity, and cessation of smoking habit. Furthermore, recent clinical trials with PCSK9 inhibitors are reviewed, along with the need to simplify pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension to improve control and adherence to treatment. In the case of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular disease or high vascular disease risk, when lifestyle changes and metformin are inadequate, the use of drugs with proven vascular benefit should be prioritised. Lastly, guidelines on peripheral arterial disease and other specific diseases are included, as is a recommendation against prescribing antiaggregants in primary prevention.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Estilo de Vida , Doenças Vasculares/prevenção & controle , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Humanos , Hipertensão/terapia , Adesão à Medicação , Inibidores de PCSK9 , Fatores de Risco , Espanha , Doenças Vasculares/etiologia
6.
Rev Esp Salud Publica ; 942020 Sep 11.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32915170

RESUMO

We present the adaptation for Spain of the updated European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines. In this update, greater stress is laid on the population approach, and especially on the promotion of physical activity and healthy diet through dietary, leisure and active transport policies in Spain. To estimate vascular risk, note should be made of the importance of recalibrating the tables used, by adapting them to population shifts in the prevalence of risk factors and incidence of vascular diseases, with particular attention to the role of chronic kidney disease. At an individual level, the key element is personalised support for changes in behaviour, adherence to medication in high-risk individuals and patients with vascular disease, the fostering of physical activity, and cessation of smoking habit. Furthermore, recent clinical trials with PCSK9 inhibitors are reviewed, along with the need to simplify pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension to improve control and adherence to treatment. In the case of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular disease or high vascular disease risk, when lifestyle changes and metformin are inadequate, the use of drugs with proven vascular benefit should be prioritised. Lastly, guidelines on peripheral arterial disease and other specific diseases are included, as is a recommendation against prescribing antiaggregants in primary prevention.


Presentamos la adaptación para España de la actualización de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Vascular. En esta actualización se hace mayor énfasis en el abordaje poblacional, especialmente en la promoción de la actividad física y de una dieta saludable mediante políticas alimentarias y de ocio y transporte activo en España. Para estimar el riesgo vascular, se destaca la importancia de recalibrar las tablas que se utilicen, adaptándolas a los cambios poblaciones en la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo y en la incidencia de enfermedades vasculares, con particular atención al papel de la enfermedad renal crónica. A nivel individual resulta clave el apoyo personalizado para el cambio de conducta, la adherencia a la medicación en los individuos de alto riesgo y pacientes con enfermedad vascular, la promoción de la actividad física y el abandono del hábito tabáquico. Además, se revisan los ensayos clínicos recientes con inhibidores de PCKS9, la necesidad de simplificar el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial para mejorar su control y la adherencia al tratamiento. En los pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2 y enfermedad vascular o riesgo vascular alto, cuando los cambios de estilo de vida y la metformina resultan insuficientes, deben priorizarse los fármacos con demostrado beneficio vascular. Por último, se incluyen pautas sobre enfermedad arterial periférica y otras enfermedades específicas, y se recomienda no prescribir antiagregantes en prevención primaria.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Inibidores de PCSK9 , Prevenção Primária/métodos , Cardiologia/normas , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Adesão à Medicação , Metformina/administração & dosagem , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Prevenção Primária/normas , Fatores de Risco , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Espanha
7.
Clin Investig Arterioscler ; 31(5): 203-209, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31320121

RESUMO

AIM: To describe the management of atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) in routine clinical practice in the Primary Care (PC) setting in Spain. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study based on a structured questionnaire designed for this study and addressed to PC physicians. The questionnaire content was based on a literature review and was validated by 3 experts in AD. RESULTS: A total of 1029 PC physicians participated in the study. 96.99% indicated that AD is determinant for cardiovascular risk, even if LDL-C levels are appropriate. 88.43% evaluated residual cardiovascular risk in their clinical practice, however, only 27.89% of them evaluated it in secondary prevention. Regarding diagnosis, 82.22% reported that TC, TG, HDL-C and non-HDL-C are essential measures when evaluating AD. Almost all physicians reported that they can request fractionated cholesterol to assess HDL-C and LDL-C, however 3.69% could not. Physicians (95.63%) considered that the first step in AD treatment should be diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation and pharmaceutical treatment, if necessary. 19.1% agreed partially or completely that gemfibrozil is the most suitable fibrate to associate with statins. 74.83% completely agreed that fenofibrate is the most suitable fibrate to combine with statins. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians have access to general Spanish guidelines and recommendations associated with AD management, however, it is necessary to continue rising awareness about the importance of early detection and optimal control of AD to reduce patients' cardiovascular risk.


Assuntos
Aterosclerose/terapia , Dislipidemias/terapia , Médicos de Atenção Primária/estatística & dados numéricos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Aterosclerose/diagnóstico , Estudos Transversais , Dislipidemias/diagnóstico , Feminino , Fenofibrato/administração & dosagem , Genfibrozila/administração & dosagem , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/administração & dosagem , Hipolipemiantes/administração & dosagem , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Espanha
8.
Nutr Hosp ; 34(1): 180-185, 2017 02 01.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28244790

RESUMO

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) phenotypes in the province of Leon. Methods: Multicenter epidemiological cross-sectional study (30 health centers in the province of Leon). It included patients older than 35 years diagnosed and treated for COPD. Study variables: age, sex, habitat, anthropometric data, smoking, postbronchodilator spirometry, dyspnea (mMRC), exacerbations, severity (Bodex Index), hospitalization, treatment, monitoring and characterization of the phenotype (GesEOPC 2014). Results are expressed with CI 95.5%. Results: 833 patients were included. 85.8% male with an average age of 64.69 (53.66 to 75.61) and 20.65 years (4.47 to 36.8) years course of COPD. 86.67% (80.30 to 93.30) had smoked. Prevalence of phenotypes: 58.8% (55.2 to 61.9) not exacerbator, 13.6% (11.3 to 16.3) FMEA, 10.8% (8.8 to 13.3) exacerbator with emphysema and 16.7% (14.2 to 19.3) exacerbator with chronic bronchitis, p < 0.05. In the not exacerbator phenotype mild forms predominate and are controlled by general practitioner doctors. In the exacerbator phenotypes severe forms predominate and monitoring is shared by GP doctors and pulmonologists. Exacerbations are more common in exacerbator phenotypes with chronic bronchitis (40%), emphysema (27%) and FMEA (23%), p = 0.004. The exacerbator phenotype with chronic bronchitis have exacerbations an average of 6.4, 4 hospitalitations and 4 drugs prescribed/year. The exacerbator phenotype with emphysema have 5.7 exacerbations, 2.8 hospitalitations and 3.1 drugs prescribed/year. The FMEA have an average of 5 exacerbations, 1 hospitalitation and 2.6 prescribed drugs/year, p < 0.001. Conclusions: The clinical phenotypes are postulated as prognostic and therapeutic targets. Knowing its prevalence enables personalized treatment planning and better reallocation of resources for control and monitoring of COPD.


Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de los fenotipos de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) en la provincia de León. Métodos: estudio epidemiológico, transversal, multicéntrico (30 centros de salud de la provincia de León). Incluyó pacientes mayores de 35 años diagnosticados y tratados de EPOC. Variables a estudio: edad, sexo, hábitat, datos antropométricos, tabaquismo, espirometría posbroncodilatadora, disnea (mMRC), reagudizaciones, gravedad (índice Bodex), hospitalizaciones, tratamiento, seguimiento y caracterización del fenotipo (GesEOPC 2014). Los resultados se expresan con sus IC al 95,5%. Resultados: se incluyeron 833 pacientes, el 85,8% varones, edad media: 64,69 (53,66-75,61) años y 20,65 (4,47-36,8) años de evolución de la EPOC. El 86,67% (80,30-93,30) habían fumado. Prevalencia de fenotipos: 58,8% (55,2-61,9) no agudizador, 13,6% (11,3-16,3) FMEA, 10,8% (8,8-13,3) agudizador con enfisema y 16,7% (14,2-19,3) agudizador con bronquitis crónica, p < 0,05. En el fenotipo no reagudizador predominan las formas leves y son controlados por médicos de familia. En los agudizadores predominan las formas graves y el seguimiento es compartido por médicos de familia y neumólogos. Las reagudizaciones son más frecuentes en los fenotipos agudizadores con bronquitis crónica (40%), con enfisema (27%) y FMEA (23%), p = 0,004. Los fenotipos agudizadores con bronquitis crónica tienen una media de 6 reagudizaciones, 4 ingresos y 4 fármacos prescritos/año. Los fenotipos agudizadores con enfisema 5,7 reagudizaciones, 2,8 ingresos y 3,1 fármacos prescritos/año. Los FMEA 5 reagudizaciones, 1 ingreso y 2,6 fármacos prescritos/año, p < 0,001. Conclusiones: los fenotipos clínicos se postulan como dianas terapéuticas y pronósticas. Conocer su prevalencia permitirá una planificación terapéutica personalizada y mejor reasignación de recursos para el control y seguimiento de la EPOC.


Assuntos
Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Prevalência , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/fisiopatologia , Espanha/epidemiologia
9.
Nutr Hosp ; 33(6): 1405-1409, 2016 Nov 29.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28000473

RESUMO

Objetivos: estimar el porcentaje de pacientes con EPOC adiestrados en la consulta para el manejo de inhaladores en la provincia de León.Métodos: estudio epidemiológico, transversal, multicéntrico (30 centros de salud de la provincia de León). Incluyó pacientes mayores de 35 años diagnosticados y tratados de EPOC. Variables a estudio: edad, sexo, hábitat, datos antropométricos, estado nutricional, tabaquismo, espirometría postboroncodilatadora, disnea (mMRC), reagudizaciones, gravedad (Índice Bodex), hospitalizaciones, tratamiento, seguimiento y caracterización del fenotipo (GesEOPC 2014). Los resultados se expresan con sus IC al 95,5%.Resultados: se incluyeron 833 pacientes, el 85,8% varones, con edad media de 64,69 (53,66-75,61) años y 20,65 (4,47-36,8) años evolución de la EPOC. Empleaban 1,88 (1,64-2,16) dispositivos inhaladores de media, p = 0,006, (57% de forma correcta, 23% regular y el 20% incorrecta). El 20,9% no recibieron adiestramiento para usar inhaladores frente al 79,1% adiestrados, p < 0,001, (9,4% por neumólogos, 20,3% enfermeras y 43,5% médicos familia, p = 0,002). Los pacientes bien adiestrados realizan mejor el tratamiento, en el 60,60% (58,91-62,29), p = 0,002. No hubo diferencias significativas en el adiestramiento por tabaquismo, gravedad, ingresos hospitalarios, ni calidad de vida, obteniendo una reducción significativa del número de agudizaciones, siendo de 1,59 (1,12-2,15) reagudizaciones medias en el grupo adiestrado frente a 3,29 (2,50-4,11) en los no adiestrados, p = 0,002.Conclusiones: el nivel de adiestramiento en el uso de inhaladores en los pacientes con EPOC es insuficiente en nuestro medio. La mejor formación de los profesionales y la simplificación de los dispositivos contribuirán a que un mayor número de pacientes realicen el tratamiento de forma adecuada.


Assuntos
Nebulizadores e Vaporizadores , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/epidemiologia , Espanha/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
10.
Nutr Hosp ; 33(5): 585, 2016 Sep 20.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27759989

RESUMO

Objetivos: estimar las actividades preventivas que realizan los pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) en la provincia de León.Métodos: estudio epidemiológico, transversal, multicéntrico (30 centros de salud de la provincia de León). Incluyó pacientes mayores de 35 años diagnosticados y tratados de EPOC. Variables a estudio: edad, sexo, hábitat, datos antropométricos, tabaquismo, estado nutricional, ejercicio físico, vacunación antigripal, vacunación, antineumocócica (VNP23 y VNC13), fenotipo, gravedad, reagudizaciones y hospitalizaciones. Los resultados se expresan con sus IC al 95,5%.Resultados: se incluyeron 833 pacientes, el 85,8% varones, edad media: 64,69 años (53,66-75,61) y 20,65 años (4,47-36,8) de evolución de la EPOC. El 86,67% (80,30-93,30) tenían antecedentes de tabaquismo (n = 722), de 35,26 años de evolución (17,87-52,64), consumían 28,36 paquetes al año (9,60-46,86), p < 0,001, siendo el 58% fumadores severos. En fumadores activos (n = 288) la intervención más efectiva fue terapia cognitivo-conductual más vareniclina, con abstinencias del 29,86%. En total dejaron de fumar el 51,05% (49,49-52,70) de los pacientes con EPOC, p < 0,001. El 73,67% (71,78-75,65) realizaba ejercicio prescrito, el 88,76% (84,82-90,7) realizaba dieta equilibrada, el 89,7% (87,8-91,8) estaba vacunado frente a la gripe, siendo esta más frecuente en los mayores de 65 años y hospitalizados, p < 0,001. El 9,61% (7,7-11,6) de los no vacunados tuvo reagudizaciones que requirieron ingreso hospitalario, p < 0,001. La tasa de vacunación con VNP23 fue del 52,8% (49,3-56,4) vs.4,97% (3,0-6,61) de VNC13, p < 0,05.Conclusiones: las actividades preventivas en los pacientes con EPOC se realizan de forma óptima en nuestro entorno, superior a la media nacional, aunque se deben lograr mayores tasas de cobertura de vacunación frente al neumococo.


Assuntos
Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Dieta , Terapia por Exercício , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/epidemiologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Espanha/epidemiologia
11.
Nutr Hosp ; 33(4): 398, 2016 Jul 19.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27571673

RESUMO

Introducción: estimar la prevalencia del tabaquismo y analizar cómo se diagnostican y se trata a los fumadores diagnosticados de EPOC.Métodos: estudio epidemiológico, transversal, multicéntrico (30 centros salud de la provincia de León). Incluyó pacientes mayores de 35 años diagnosticados y tratados de EPOC. Variables analizadas: edad, sexo, hábitat, datos antropométricos, tabaquismo, número de paquetes/año, cooximetría, dependencia (escala analógico-visual), motivación (test de Fagerström), autoeficacia, estado anímico, intentos previos, terapia cognitivo-conductual, tratamiento farmacológico (TSN, bupropión, vareniclina) y recaídas. Los resultados se expresan con sus IC al 95,5%.Resultados: se incluyó a 833 pacientes, el 85,8% varones, edad media: 64,69 (53,66-75,61) años y 20,65 (4,47-36,8) años de evolución de la EPOC. El 86,67% (80,30-93,30) tenían antecedentes de tabaquismo (n = 722), de 35,26 (17,87-52,64) años de evolución, con consumo medio 28,36 (9,60-46,86) paquetes año, p < 0,001, siendo el 58% fumadores severos. El 57,4% (53,90-60,60) son exfumadores. El 29,3% (26,40-32,70) fumadores activos declarados vs. 35,11% (33,90-37,12) fumadores diagnosticados por cooximetría p < 0,05. Los 288 fumadores activos, presentaban baja motivación (49,80%), alta dependencia (49,5%), actitud negativa (52,60%), bajo estado de ánimo (32,05%), con 2,72 (1,74-3,67) intentos para dejar de fumar, p < 0,0001. La terapia conductivo-conductual (TCC) combinado con tratamiento farmacológico se realizó en el 55,8% (52,2-54,9), p < 0,05; La intervención más efectiva fue TCC combinada con vareniclina logrando una abstinencia del 29,86%. En total dejaron de fumar un 51,05% (49,49-52,70) de los pacientes con EPOC, p < 0,001.Conclusiones: la prevalencia de tabaquismo en la EPOC en nuestro medio continúa siendo inadmisiblemente elevada. Es necesaria una mayor implicación para disminuir su impacto en la salud de estos pacientes.


Assuntos
Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/terapia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Terapia Comportamental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/epidemiologia , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/etiologia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Espanha/epidemiologia
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